{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T23:10:02Z","timestamp":1778886602721,"version":"3.51.4"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783030893842","type":"print"},{"value":"9783030893859","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-89385-9_5","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T18:03:24Z","timestamp":1637085804000},"page":"73-89","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Finding the Path Toward Design of\u00a0Synergistic Human-Centric Complex\u00a0Systems"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Hesham Y.","family":"Fouad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali K.","family":"Raz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Llinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William F.","family":"Lawless","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ranjeev","family":"Mittu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"5_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1002\/sys.21482","volume":"22","author":"I Lluch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lluch, I., Golkar, A.: Architecting federations of systems: a framework for capturing synergy. Syst. Eng. 22(4), 295\u2013312 (2019)","journal-title":"Syst. Eng."},{"key":"5_CR2","unstructured":"Gunning, D.: Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI): technical report defense advanced research projects agency darpa-baa-16-53. DARPA, Arlington (2016)"},{"key":"5_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Barredo Arrieta, A., et al.: Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI): concepts, taxonomies, opportunities and challenges toward responsible AI. Inf. Fus. 58, 82\u2013115, June 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.inffus.2019.12.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2019.12.012"},{"key":"5_CR4","unstructured":"Chalmers, D.J.: Strong and weak emergence. In: Davies, P., Clayton, P. (eds.) The Re-Emergence of Emergence: The Emergentist Hypothesis From Science to Religion, Oxford University Press, Oxford (2006)"},{"key":"5_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Neace, K.S., Chipkevich, M.B.A.: Designed complex adaptive systems exhibiting weak emergence. In: IEEE National Aerospace and Electronics Conference, NAECON 2018, pp. 214\u2013221. July 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/NAECON.2018.8556693","DOI":"10.1109\/NAECON.2018.8556693"},{"key":"5_CR6","unstructured":"INCOSE. INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook: A Guide for System Life Cycle Processes and Activities, 4 edn, Wiley, Hoboken (2015)"},{"issue":"3","key":"5_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1002\/sys.20076","volume":"10","author":"WB Rouse","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rouse, W.B.: Complex engineered, organizational and natural systems: issues underlying the complexity of systems and fundamental research needed to address these issues. Syst. Eng. 10(3), 260\u2013271 (2007)","journal-title":"Syst. Eng."},{"issue":"3","key":"5_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/sys.21439","volume":"21","author":"AK Raz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Raz, A.K., Kenley, C.R., DeLaurentis, D.A.: System architecting and design space characterization. ChSyst. Eng. 21(3), 227\u2013242 (2018)","journal-title":"ChSyst. Eng."},{"key":"5_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raz, A.K., Llinas, J., Mittu, R., Lawless, W.: Engineering for emergence in information fusion systems: a review of some challenges. In: 2019 22th International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION), pp. 1\u20138. July 2019","DOI":"10.23919\/FUSION43075.2019.9011211"},{"key":"5_CR10","unstructured":"Higginbotham Hey, S.: Data scientists: show your machine-learning work. IEEE Spectrum"},{"key":"5_CR11","unstructured":"Sculley, D., et al.: Hidden technical debt in machine learning systems. In: Cortes, C., Lawrence, N.D.D., Lee, D., Sugiyama, M., Garnett, R. (eds.) Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 28, pp. 2503\u20132511. Curran Associates Inc., Red Hook (2015)"},{"key":"5_CR12","unstructured":"Barab\u00e0si, A.L.: Network science: understanding the internal organization of complex systems (Invited Talk). In: 2012 AAAI Spring Symposium Series, March 2012, https:\/\/www.aaai.org\/ocs\/index.php\/SSS\/SSS12\/paper\/view\/4333. Accessed 29 Apr 2020"},{"key":"5_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu, Y.-Y. Barab\u00e1si, A.-L.: Control principles of complex systems. Rev. Mod. Phys. 88(3), 035006, September 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/RevModPhys.88.035006","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.88.035006"},{"issue":"5","key":"5_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1086\/678456","volume":"122","author":"LP Hansen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hansen, L.P.: Nobel lecture: uncertainty outside and inside economic models. J. Polit. Econ 122(5), 945\u2013987 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/678456","journal-title":"J. Polit. Econ"},{"key":"5_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mann, R.P.: Collective decision making by rational individuals. PNAS 115(44) (2018)","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1811964115"},{"issue":"12","key":"5_CR16","first-page":"1195","volume":"21","author":"WF Lawless","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lawless, W.F.: The interdependence of autonomous human-machine teams: the entropy of teams, but not individuals. Adv. Sci. Entropy 21(12), 1195 (2019)","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. Entropy"},{"issue":"1","key":"5_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1609\/aimag.v23i1.1612","volume":"23","author":"J Pearl","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pearl, J.: Reasoning with cause and effect. AI Mag. 23(1), 95\u201395 (2002). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1609\/aimag.v23i1.1612","journal-title":"AI Mag."},{"key":"5_CR18","unstructured":"Pearl, J., Mackenzie, D.: AI can\u2019t reason why. Wall Street J. (2018). https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/ai-cant-reason-why-1526657442. Accessed 27 Apr 2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"5_CR19","first-page":"5","volume":"40","author":"WF Lawless","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lawless, W.F., Mittu, R., Sofge, D., Hiatt, L.: Artificial intelligence, autonomy, and human-machine teams \u2013 interdependence, context, and explainable AI. AI Mag. 40(3), 5\u201313 (2019)","journal-title":"AI Mag."},{"key":"5_CR20","unstructured":"Cummings, J.: Team Science successes and challenges. In: National Science Foundation Sponsored Workshop on Fundamentals of Team Science and the Science of Team Science, Bethesda (2015)"},{"key":"5_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooke, N.: Effective human-artificial intelligence teaming. In: AAAI-2020 Spring Symposium, Stanford (2020)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-77283-3_4"},{"key":"5_CR22","unstructured":"NTSB: Preliminary Report Released for Crash Involving Pedestrian, Uber Technologies Inc., Test Vehicle. https:\/\/www.ntsb.gov\/news\/press-releases\/Pages\/NR20180524.aspx. Accessed 13 Mar 2019"},{"key":"5_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fouad, H., Moskowitz, I., Brock, D., Scott, M.: Integrating expert human decision-making in artificial intelligence applications. In: Lawless, W.F., Ranjeev, M., Sofge, D. (eds.) Human-machine Shared Contexts, Elsevier, London (2020)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-820543-3.00013-4"},{"issue":"6","key":"5_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.04.010","volume":"9","author":"R Marois","year":"2005","unstructured":"Marois, R., Ivanoff, J.: Capacity limits of information processing in the brain. Trends Cogn. Sci. 9(6), 296\u2013305 (2005). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2005.04.010","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"5_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.3415","volume":"32","author":"L Ch\u00e9rif","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ch\u00e9rif, L., Wood, V., Marois, A., Labont\u00e9, K., Vachon, F.: Multitasking in the military: cognitive consequences and potential solutions. Appl. Cogn. Psychol. 32(4), 429\u2013439 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acp.3415","journal-title":"Appl. Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"5_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brock, D., Wasylyshyn, C., McClimens, B., Perzanowski, B.: Facilitating the watchstander\u2019s voice communications task in future Navy operations. In: 2011 - MILCOM 2011 Military Communications Conference, pp. 2222\u20132226, November 2021","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM.2011.6127692"},{"key":"5_CR27","unstructured":"Brock, S.C., McClimens, P.B., McClimens, B., Radivilova, T., Bulakh, V.: Evaluating Listeners\u2019 Attention to, and Comprehension of, Serially Interleaved, Rate-accelerated Speech (2012)"},{"key":"5_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saaty, T.L.: The Analytic Hierarchy Process. McGraw-Hill, New York (1980)","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA214804"},{"issue":"4","key":"5_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.3390\/e15041152","volume":"15","author":"LM Martyushev","year":"2013","unstructured":"Martyushev, L.M.: Entropy and entropy production: old misconceptions and new breakthroughs. Entropy 15(4), 1152\u20131170 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e15041152","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"5_CR30","unstructured":"Holland, O.T.: Taxonomy for the modeling and simulation of emergent behavior systems. In: Proceedings of the 2007 Spring Simulation Multiconference, vol. 2, pp. 28\u201335 (2007)"},{"key":"5_CR31","unstructured":"Fromm, J.: On engineering and emergence (2006)"},{"key":"5_CR32","unstructured":"Belani, H., Vukovi\u0107, M.\u017d., Car, M.: Requirements engineering challenges in building AI-based complex systems (2020). arXiv:1908.11791 [cs], Accessed 29 Apr 2020"},{"key":"5_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Flach, P.: performance evaluation in machine learning: the good, the bad, the ugly, and the way forward. In: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, vol. 33, pp. 9808\u20139814 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1609\/aaai.v33i01.33019808","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v33i01.33019808"},{"issue":"3","key":"5_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-016-9505-7","volume":"48","author":"J Hern\u00e1ndez-Orallo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Orallo, J.: Evaluation in artificial intelligence: from task-oriented to ability-oriented measurement. Artif. Intell. Rev. 48(3), 397\u2013447 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10462-016-9505-7","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Rev."},{"key":"5_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fouad, H., Moskowitz, I.S.: Meta-agents: using multi-agent networks to manage dynamic changes in the internet of things. In: Lawless, W., Mittu, R., Sofge, D., Moskowitz, I.S., Russell, S. (eds.) Artificial Intelligence for the Internet of Everything, Academic Press, pp. 271\u2013281 (2019)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-817636-8.00014-4"},{"key":"5_CR36","unstructured":"Mihailescu, R.-C., Spalazzese, R., Heyer, C., Davidsson. P.: A role-based approach for orchestrating emergent configurations in the internet of things. Internet of Things, arXiv:1809.09870 [cs], September 2018"},{"key":"5_CR37","unstructured":"Simon, J.: The Sciences of the artificial. MIT Press, Cambridge (2019)"},{"key":"5_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valckenaers, P., Brussel, H.V., Holvoet, T.: Fundamentals of holonic systems and their implications for self-adaptive and self-organizing systems. In: 2008 Second IEEE International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems Workshops, pp. 168\u2013173 October 2008","DOI":"10.1109\/SASOW.2008.29"},{"key":"5_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moradi, M., Moradi, M., Bayat, F., Nadjaran Toosi, A.: Collective hybrid intelligence: towards a conceptual framework. Int. J. Crowd Sci. 3(2), 198\u2013220, January 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IJCS-03-2019-0012","DOI":"10.1108\/IJCS-03-2019-0012"},{"key":"5_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stephanidis, C.C., et al. : Seven HCI Grand Challenges. Int. J. Hum. Comput. Int. 35 (14), 1229\u20131269, August 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10447318.2019.1619259","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2019.1619259"},{"key":"5_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boy, G.A.: Human-centered design of complex systems: an experience-based approach. Des. Sci. 3 (2017)","DOI":"10.1017\/dsj.2017.8"},{"issue":"4","key":"5_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3390\/systems6040044","volume":"6","author":"AM Madni","year":"2018","unstructured":"Madni, A.M., Madni, C.C.: Architectural framework for exploring adaptive human-machine teaming options in simulated dynamic environments. Systems 6(4), 44 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems6040044","journal-title":"Systems"},{"key":"5_CR43","unstructured":"Timme, N., Alford, W., Flecker, B., Beggs, J.M.: Multivariate information measures: an experimentalist\u2019s perspective, August 2012. arXiv:1111.6857 [physics, stat], http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1111.6857. Accessed 29 Apr 2020"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Engineering Artificially Intelligent Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-030-89385-9_5","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,15]],"date-time":"2023-01-15T10:05:01Z","timestamp":1673777101000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-89385-9_5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"ISBN":["9783030893842","9783030893859"],"references-count":43,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-89385-9_5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 November 2021","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}}]}}