{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T03:02:13Z","timestamp":1782788533645,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783030893842","type":"print"},{"value":"9783030893859","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637107200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":320,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Current attempts to understand human-machine systems are complex and unwieldy. Multiple disciplines throw different concepts and constructs at the problem, but there is no agreed-to framework to assemble these interrelated moving parts into a coherent system. We propose<jats:italic>interdependence<\/jats:italic>as the common factor that unifies and explains these moving parts and undergirds the different terms people use to talk about them. In this chapter, we will describe a sound and practical theoretical framework based on interdependence that enables researchers to predict and explain experimental results in terms of interlocking relationships among well-defined operational principles. Our exposition is not intended to be exhaustive, but instead aims to describe the basic principles in a way that allows the gist to be grasped by a broad cross-disciplinary audience through simple illustrations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-89385-9_8","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T18:03:24Z","timestamp":1637085804000},"page":"122-146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["How Interdependence Explains the World of Teamwork"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Matthew","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"Bradshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"8_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, M., Vera, A.H.: No AI is an Island: the case for teaming intelligence. AI Mag. Spring 40, 16\u201328 (2019)","DOI":"10.1609\/aimag.v40i1.2842"},{"key":"8_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1145\/1045339.1045340","volume":"57","author":"D McDermott","year":"1976","unstructured":"McDermott, D.: Artificial intelligence meets natural stupidity. ACM SIGART Bull. 57, 4\u20139 (1976)","journal-title":"ACM SIGART Bull."},{"issue":"3","key":"8_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2013.70","volume":"28","author":"JM Bradshaw","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bradshaw, J.M., Hoffman, R.R., Johnson, M., Woods, D.D.: The seven deadly myths of \u2018autonomous systems.\u2019 IEEE Intell. Syst. 28(3), 54\u201361 (2013)","journal-title":"IEEE Intell. Syst."},{"key":"8_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norman, D.A., Draper, S.W. (eds.): User Centered System Design. Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton (1986)","DOI":"10.1201\/b15703"},{"key":"8_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Billings, C.: Human-centered aircraft automation: a concept and guidelines (1991)","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0104_1"},{"issue":"5","key":"8_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2008.83","volume":"23","author":"RR Hoffman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hoffman, R.R., Deal, S.V.: Influencing versus informing design, Part 1: a gap analysis. IEEE Intell. Syst. 23(5), 78\u201381 (2008)","journal-title":"IEEE Intell. Syst."},{"key":"8_CR7","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-21268-0_10","volume-title":"Coordination, Organizations, Institutions, and Norms in Agent Systems VI","author":"M Johnson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Johnson, M., Bradshaw, J.M., Feltovich, P.J., Jonker, C.M., van Riemsdijk, B., Sierhuis, M.: The fundamental principle of coactive design: interdependence must shape autonomy. In: De Vos, M., Fornara, N., Pitt, J.V., Vouros, G. (eds.) COIN -2010. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 6541, pp. 172\u2013191. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-21268-0_10"},{"issue":"1","key":"8_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1145\/174666.174668","volume":"26","author":"TW Malone","year":"1994","unstructured":"Malone, T.W., Crowston, K.: The interdisciplinary study of coordination. ACM Comput. Surv. 26(1), 87\u2013119 (1994)","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"8_CR9","unstructured":"Salas, E., Rosen, M.A., Burke, C.S., Goodwin, G.F.: The wisdom of collectives in organizations: an update of the teamwork competencies. In: Team Effectiveness in Complex Organizations: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives and Approaches, pp. 39\u201379. Routledge\/Taylor & Francis Group, New York (2009)"},{"key":"8_CR10","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-75524-1_10","volume-title":"Engineering Societies in the Agents World VII","author":"P Feltovich","year":"2007","unstructured":"Feltovich, P., Bradshaw, J., Clancey, W., Johnson, M.: Toward an ontology of regulation: socially-based support for coordination in human and machine joint activity. In: O\u2019Hare, G.M.P., Ricci, A., O\u2019Grady, M.J., Dikenelli, O. (eds.) ESAW 2006. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 4457, pp. 175\u2013192. Springer, Heidelberg (2007). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-540-75524-1_10"},{"key":"8_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark, H.H., Brennan, S.: Grounding in communication. Perspect. Soc. Shar. Cogn., 127\u2013149 (1991)","DOI":"10.1037\/10096-006"},{"key":"8_CR12","unstructured":"Clark, H.H.: Using Language. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1996)"},{"issue":"12","key":"8_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1145\/76380.76384","volume":"32","author":"SW Tu","year":"1989","unstructured":"Tu, S.W., Kahn, M.G., Musen, M.A., Fagan, L.M., Ferguson, J.C.: Episodic skeletal-plan refinement based on temporal data. Commun. ACM 32(12), 1439\u20131455 (1989)","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"8_CR14","unstructured":"Billings, C.: Aviation automation: the search for a human-centered approach (1997)"},{"key":"8_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, J.G.J., Lee, J.: Extending the decision field theory to model operators\u2019 reliance on automation in supervisory control situations. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part A Syst. Hum. 36(5), 943\u2013959 (2006)","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCA.2005.855783"},{"issue":"6","key":"8_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2004.74","volume":"19","author":"G Klein","year":"2004","unstructured":"Klein, G., Woods, D.D., Bradshaw, J.M., Hoffman, R.R., Feltovich, P.J.: Ten challenges for making automation a \u2018team player\u2019 in joint human-agent activity. IEEE Intell. Syst. 19(6), 91\u201395 (2004)","journal-title":"IEEE Intell. Syst."},{"issue":"1","key":"8_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1518\/001872095779049516","volume":"37","author":"NB Sarter","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sarter, N.B., Woods, D.D.: How in the world did we ever get into that mode? Mode error and awareness in supervisory control. Hum. Factors J. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc. 37(1), 5\u201319 (1995)","journal-title":"Hum. Factors J. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc."},{"key":"8_CR18","unstructured":"Wiener, E.L.: Human factors of advanced technology (glass cockpit) transport aircraft (Nasa-Cr-177528), p. 222 (1989)"},{"key":"8_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirlik, A., Miller, R., Jagacinski, R.J.: Supervisory control in a dynamic and uncertain environment II: a process model of skilled human environment interaction. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man. Cybern. 23, 929\u2013952 (1993)","DOI":"10.1109\/21.247880"},{"issue":"1","key":"8_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1518\/001872007779598082","volume":"49","author":"E Rovira","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rovira, E., McGarry, K., Parasuraman, R.: Effects of imperfect automation on decision making in a simulated command and control task. Hum. Factors 49(1), 76\u201387 (2007)","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"8_CR21","unstructured":"Myers, K.L., Morley, D.N.: Directing agent communities: an initial framework. In: Proceedings of the IJCAI Workshop on Autonomy, Delegation, and Control: Interacting with Autonomous Agents (2001)"},{"issue":"2","key":"8_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1518\/001872095779064555","volume":"37","author":"MR Endsley","year":"1995","unstructured":"Endsley, M.R., Kiris, E.O.: The out-of-the-loop performance problem and level of control in automation. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc. 37(2), 381\u2013394 (1995)","journal-title":"Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc."},{"key":"8_CR23","unstructured":"Endsley, M.R., Bolt\u00e9, B., Jones, D.G.: Designing for Situation Awareness: An Approach to User-Centered Design. Taylor & Francis, New York (2003)"},{"issue":"4","key":"8_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6564(200023)10:4<409::AID-HFM4>3.0.CO;2-V","volume":"10","author":"DB Kaber","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kaber, D.B., Onal, E., Endsley, M.R.: Design of automation for telerobots and the effect on performance, operator situation awareness, and subjective workload. Hum. Factors Ergon. Manuf. 10(4), 409\u2013430 (2000)","journal-title":"Hum. Factors Ergon. Manuf."},{"key":"8_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parasuraman, R., Sheridan, T., Wickens, C.: A model for types and levels of human interaction with automation. Syst. Man Cybern. Part A IEEE Trans. 30(3), 286\u2013297 (2000)","DOI":"10.1109\/3468.844354"},{"issue":"3","key":"8_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1080\/001401399185595","volume":"42","author":"MR Endsley","year":"1999","unstructured":"Endsley, M.R.: Level of automation effects on performance, situation awareness and workload in a dynamic control task. Ergonomics 42(3), 462\u2013492 (1999)","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"8_CR27","unstructured":"Sarter, N.B., Woods, D.D., Billings, C.E.: Automation surprises. In: Salvendy, G. (ed.) Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics, 2nd edn., pp. 1926\u20131943. Wiley (1997)"},{"issue":"10","key":"8_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138008924809","volume":"23","author":"EL Wiener","year":"1980","unstructured":"Wiener, E.L., Curry, R.E.: Flight-deck automation: promises and problems. Ergonomics 23(10), 995\u20131011 (1980)","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"issue":"3","key":"8_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.2307\/258792","volume":"20","author":"RC Mayer","year":"1995","unstructured":"Mayer, R.C., Davis, J.H., Schoorman, F.D.: An integrative model of organizational trust. Acad. Manag. Rev. 20(3), 709\u2013734 (1995)","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"8_CR30","first-page":"379","volume-title":"Trust in Human-Robot Interaction","author":"M Johnson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Johnson, M., Bradshaw, J.M.: The role of interdependence in trust. In: Nam, C.S., Lyons, J.B. (eds.) Trust in Human-Robot Interaction, pp. 379\u2013403. Academic Press, London (2020)"},{"key":"8_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffman, R.R.: A taxonomy of emergent trusting in the human-machine relationship. In: Cognitive Systems Engineering: The Future for a Changing World, pp. 137\u2013164 (2017)","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315572529-8"},{"key":"8_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffman, R.R., Johnson, M., Bradshaw, J.M., Underbrink, A.: Trust in automation. IEEE Intell. Syst. 28(1), 84\u201388 (2013)","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2013.24"},{"issue":"1","key":"8_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.5898\/JHRI.3.1.Johnson","volume":"3","author":"M Johnson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Johnson, M., Bradshaw, J.M., Feltovich, P.J., Jonker, C.M., van Riemsdijk, B.M., Sierhuis, M.: Coactive design: designing support for interdependence in joint activity. J. Human-Robot Interact. 3(1), 43\u201369 (2014)","journal-title":"J. Human-Robot Interact."},{"key":"8_CR34","unstructured":"Johnson, M., Vignati, M., Duran, D.: Understanding human-autonomy teaming through interdependence analysis. In: Symposium on Human Autonomy Teaming (2018)"},{"key":"8_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carff, J., Johnson, M., El-Sheikh, E.M., Pratt, J.E.: Human-robot team navigation in visually complex environments. In: 2009 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, IROS 2009 (2009)","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2009.5354321"},{"key":"8_CR36","unstructured":"Johnson, M., Carff, J., Pratt, J.E.: Coactive design for human-MAV team navigation. In: International Micro Air Vehicle Conference and Competition (2012)"},{"key":"8_CR37","unstructured":"Bradshaw, J.M., Feltovich, P.J., Johnson, M.: Human-agent interaction (2011)"},{"issue":"2","key":"8_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.21571","volume":"32","author":"M Johnson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Johnson, M., et al.: Team IHMC\u2019s lessons learned from the DARPA robotics challenge trials. J. F. Robot. 32(2), 192\u2013208 (2015)","journal-title":"J. F. Robot."},{"issue":"2","key":"8_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.21674","volume":"34","author":"M Johnson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Johnson, M., et al.: Team IHMC\u2019s lessons learned from the DARPA Robotics challenge: finding data in the rubble. J. F. Robot. 34(2), 241\u2013261 (2017)","journal-title":"J. F. Robot."},{"key":"8_CR40","unstructured":"Zach, M.S.: Unmanned tactical autonomous control and collaboration coactive design. Calhoun, the NPS Institutional Archive (2016)"},{"key":"8_CR41","unstructured":"Beierl, C., Tschirley, D.: Unmanned tactical autonomous control and collaboration situation awareness (2017)"},{"key":"8_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zachary, W., Johnson, M., Hoffman, R., Thomas, T., Rosoff, A., Santarelli, T.: A context-based approach to robot-human interaction. Procedia Manuf. 3 (2015)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2015.07.171"},{"issue":"2","key":"8_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s13218-012-0179-2","volume":"26","author":"JM Bradshaw","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bradshaw, J.M., et al.: Sol: an agent-based framework for cyber situation awareness. KI - K\u00fcnstliche Intelligenz 26(2), 127\u2013140 (2012)","journal-title":"KI - K\u00fcnstliche Intelligenz"},{"key":"8_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, K.H., Chua, K.W.L., Koh, D.S.M., Tan, A.L.S.: Team Cognitive Walkthrough: Fusing Creativity and Effectiveness for a Novel Operation, pp. 117\u2013126 (2019)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-96071-5_13"},{"key":"8_CR45","series-title":"Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-96071-5_13","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA 2018)","author":"KH Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee, K.H., Chua, K.W.L., Koh, D.S.M., Tan, A.L.S.: Team cognitive walkthrough: fusing creativity and effectiveness for a novel operation. In: Bagnara, S., Tartaglia, R., Albolino, S., Alexander, T., Fujita, Y. (eds.) IEA 2018. AISC, vol. 824, pp. 117\u2013126. Springer, Cham (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-96071-5_13"},{"key":"8_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koolen, T., et al.: Summary of Team IHMC\u2019s virtual robotics challenge entry. In: IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots, vol. 2015, pp. 307\u2013314 (2015)","DOI":"10.1109\/HUMANOIDS.2013.7029992"},{"key":"8_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chua Wei Liang, K., Johnson, M., Eskridge, T., Keller, B.: AOA: ambient obstacle avoidance interface. In: The 23rd IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication, pp. 18\u201323 (2014)","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2014.6926224"},{"key":"8_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, M., Bradshaw, J.M., Feltovich, P.J.: Tomorrow\u2019s human\u2013machine design tools: from levels of automation to interdependencies. J. Cogn. Eng. Decis. Mak. 12, 155534341773646 (2017)","DOI":"10.1177\/1555343417736462"},{"key":"8_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calhoun, G., Draper, M.: Effect of level of automation on unmanned aerial vehicle routing task. In: Proc. Hum. (2009)","DOI":"10.1037\/e578382012-008"},{"key":"8_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Wickens, C.: Stages and levels of automation in support of space teleoperations. Hum. Factors 56, 1050\u20131061 (2014)","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720814522830"},{"issue":"2","key":"8_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2012.1","volume":"27","author":"M Johnson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Johnson, M., Bradshaw, J.M., Feltovich, P.J., Jonker, C., van Riemsdijk, B., Sierhuis, M.: Autonomy and interdependence in human-agent-robot teams. Intell. Syst. IEEE 27(2), 43\u201351 (2012)","journal-title":"Intell. Syst. IEEE"},{"issue":"2","key":"8_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/1463922021000054335","volume":"5","author":"DB Kaber","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kaber, D.B., Endsley, M.R.: The effects of level of automation and adaptive automation on human performance, situation awareness and workload in a dynamic control task. Theor. Issues Ergon. Sci. 5(2), 113\u2013153 (2004)","journal-title":"Theor. Issues Ergon. Sci."},{"key":"8_CR53","unstructured":"Whalley, M.S., et al.: Flight test results for a new mission\u2010adaptive autonomy system on the rascal JUH\u201060A black hawk. In: American Helicopter Society 72th Annual Forum (2016)"},{"issue":"3","key":"8_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720813501549","volume":"56","author":"L Onnasch","year":"2014","unstructured":"Onnasch, L., Wickens, C.D., Li, H., Manzey, D.: Human performance consequences of stages and levels of automation. Hum. Factors 56(3), 476\u2013488 (2014)","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Engineering Artificially Intelligent Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-030-89385-9_8","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T09:08:53Z","timestamp":1726132133000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-89385-9_8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"ISBN":["9783030893842","9783030893859"],"references-count":54,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-89385-9_8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 November 2021","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}}]}}