{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T09:08:21Z","timestamp":1771232901888,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783030908843","type":"print"},{"value":"9783030908850","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-90885-0_19","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T14:04:29Z","timestamp":1636466669000},"page":"205-219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Machine Learning Algorithm for Analysing Infant Mortality in Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3291-7836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atikur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4128-3097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zakir","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6157-2753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enamul","family":"Kabir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0751-7104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rumana","family":"Rois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"19_CR1","unstructured":"CDC: Infant Mortality. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2018). https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/reproductivehealth\/MaternalInfantHealth\/InfantMortality.htm. Accessed 14 July 2021"},{"key":"19_CR2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Millennium development goals (MDGs) (2018). http:\/\/www.who.int\/topics\/millennium-development-goals\/about\/en. Accessed 14 July 2021"},{"key":"19_CR3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). The global health observatory (2018). https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho\/data\/themes\/topics\/indicator-groups\/indicator-group-details\/GHO\/infant-mortality. Accessed 14 July 2021"},{"key":"19_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2019.07.003","volume":"8","author":"J Vijay","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vijay, J., Patel, K.K.: Risk factors of infant mortality in Bangladesh. Clin. Epidemiol. Global Health 8, 211\u2013214 (2020)","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol. Global Health"},{"key":"19_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.11.019","volume":"101","author":"M Hajizadeh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hajizadeh, M., Nandi, A., Heymann, J.: Social inequality in infant mortality: what explains variation across low and middle income countries? Soc. Sci. Med. 101, 36\u201346 (2014)","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"19_CR6","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Success factor for women\u2019s and child\u2019s health: Bangladesh (2015). www.who.int"},{"issue":"1","key":"19_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145401","volume":"11","author":"E Quansah","year":"2016","unstructured":"Quansah, E., Ohene, L.A., Norman, L., Mireku, M.O., Karikari, T.K.: Social factors influencing child health in Ghana. PLoS One 11(1), 1\u201310 (2016)","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"19_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0220076","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220076","volume":"14","author":"GT Kiross","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kiross, G.T., Chojenta, C., Barker, D., Tiruye, T.Y., Loxton, D.: The effect of maternal education on infant mortality in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 14(7), e0220076 (2019)","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"19_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-401","volume":"13","author":"L Dube","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dube, L., Taha, M., Asefa, H.: Determinants of infant mortality in community of Gilgel gibe field research center, Southwest Ethiopia: a matched case control study. BMC Public Health 13, 401 (2013)","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"19_CR10","first-page":"1","volume":"51","author":"MD Leal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Leal, M.D., Bittencourt, S.D., Torres, R.M., Niquini, R.P., Souza, P.R., Jr.: Determinants of infant mortality in the Jequitinhonha valley and in the north and northeast regions of Brazil. Rev Saude Publica 51(12), 1\u20139 (2017)","journal-title":"Rev Saude Publica"},{"issue":"152","key":"19_CR11","first-page":"1","volume":"15","author":"KB Khadka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Khadka, K.B., Lieberman, L.S., Giedraitis, V., Bhatta, L., Pandey, G.: The socio-economic determinants of infant mortality in Nepal: analysis of Nepal demographic health survey. BMC Pediatr. 15(152), 1 (2015)","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"issue":"10","key":"19_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1584686","volume":"38","author":"SL Santos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Santos, S.L., Santos, L.B., Campelo, V., Silva, A.R.: Factors associated with infant mortality in a northeastern Brazilian capital. Rev. Bras. Ginecol. Obstet. 38(10), 482\u2013491 (2016)","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ginecol. Obstet."},{"key":"19_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-020-03002-x","volume":"20","author":"AG Baraki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baraki, A.G., et al.: Factors affecting infant mortality in the general population: evidence from the 2016 Ethiopian demographic and health survey (EDHS); a multilevel analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 20, 299 (2020)","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"3","key":"19_CR14","first-page":"142","volume":"26","author":"S Varghese","year":"2013","unstructured":"Varghese, S., Prasad, J.H., Jacob, K.S.: Domestic violence as a risk factor for infant and child mortality: a community-based case-control study from southern India. Natl. Med. J. India 26(3), 142\u2013146 (2013)","journal-title":"Natl. Med. J. India"},{"key":"19_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2190-1","volume":"19","author":"YA Mohamoud","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mohamoud, Y.A., Kirby, R.S., Ehrenthal, D.B.: Poverty, urban-rural classification and term infant mortality: a population-based multilevel analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 19, 40 (2019)","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"19_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-019-1421-y","volume":"19","author":"FH de Bitencourt","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Bitencourt, F.H., Schwartz, I.V.D., Vianna, F.S.L.: Infant mortality in Brazil attributable to inborn errors of metabolism associated with sudden death: a time-series study (2002\u20132014). BMC Pediatr. 19, 52 (2019)","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"19_CR17","first-page":"1","volume":"15","author":"CS Vilanova","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vilanova, C.S., et al.: The relationship between the different low birth weight strata of newborns with infant mortality and the influence of the main health determinants in the extreme south of Brazil. Popul. Health Metrics 15, 1\u201310 (2019)","journal-title":"Popul. Health Metrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"19_CR18","first-page":"1","volume":"12","author":"M Hajipour","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hajipour, M., et al.: Predictive factors of infant mortality using data mining in Iran. J. Comprehen. Pediatr. 12(1), 1\u20138 (2021)","journal-title":"J. Comprehen. Pediatr."},{"issue":"9","key":"19_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1379","volume":"17","author":"D Dancer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dancer, D., Rammohan, A., Smith, M.D.: Infant mortality and child nutrition in Bangladesh. Health Econ. 17(9), 1015\u20131035 (2008)","journal-title":"Health Econ."},{"key":"19_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179805","volume":"12","author":"M Alghamdi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alghamdi, M., Al-Mallah, M., Keteyian, S., Brawner, C., Ehrman, J., Sakr, S.: Predicting diabetes mellitus using SMOTE and ensemble machine learning approach: the Henry Ford Exercise Testing (FIT) project. PLoS One 12, 1 (2017)","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"19_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13755-020-00129-1","volume":"8","author":"S Supriya","year":"2020","unstructured":"Supriya, S., Siuly, S., Wang, H., Zhang, Y.: Automated epilepsy detection techniques from electroencephalogram signals: a review study. Health Inf. Sci. Syst. 8(1), 1\u201315 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13755-020-00129-1","journal-title":"Health Inf. Sci. Syst."},{"key":"19_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2016.12.005","volume":"155","author":"YZD Pandey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pandey, Y.Z.D., Yin, X., Wang, H.: Accurate vessel segmentation using maximum entropy incorporating line detection and phase-preserving denoising. Comput. Vision Image Underst. 155, 162\u2013172 (2017)","journal-title":"Comput. Vision Image Underst."},{"key":"19_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarki, R., Ahmed, K., Wang, H., Zhang, Y.: Image Preprocessing in Classification and Identification of Diabetic Eye Diseases. Data Sci. Eng. 1\u201317 (2021)","DOI":"10.1007\/s41019-021-00167-z"},{"key":"19_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1109\/TETCI.2018.2876529","volume":"5","author":"S Supriya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Supriya, S., Siuly, S., Wang, H., Zhang, Y.: EEG sleep stages analysis and classification based on weighed complex network features. IEEE Trans. Emerg. Topics Comput. Intell. 5, 236\u2013246 (2018)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Emerg. Topics Comput. Intell."},{"issue":"1","key":"19_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13755-020-00125-5","volume":"8","author":"R Sarki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sarki, R., Ahmed, K., Wang, H., Zhang, Y.: Automated detection of mild and multi-class diabetic eye diseases using deep learning. Health Inf. Sci. Syst. 8(1), 1\u20139 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13755-020-00125-5","journal-title":"Health Inf. Sci. Syst."},{"issue":"10","key":"19_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-020-00239-1","volume":"2","author":"BA Mateen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mateen, B.A., Liley, J., Denniston, A.K., Holmes, C.C., Vollmer, S.J.: Improving the quality of machine learning in health applications and clinical research. Nat. Mach. Intell. 2(10), 554\u2013556 (2020)","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"19_CR27","unstructured":"National institute of population research and training (NIPROT), Bangladesh demographic and health survey 2017\u20132018. Mitra and Associates, Dhaka, Bangladesh and ICF International, Calverton, Maryland, USA (2019)"},{"key":"19_CR28","unstructured":"R Core Team: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. http:\/\/www.R-project.org"},{"issue":"11","key":"19_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i11","volume":"36","author":"MB Kursa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kursa, M.B., Rudnicki, W.R.: Feature selection with the Boruta package. J. Statist. Softw. 36(11), 1\u201313 (2010)","journal-title":"J. Statist. Softw."},{"key":"19_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-50017-1","volume-title":"Introduction to Data Science","author":"L Igual","year":"2017","unstructured":"Igual, L., Segu\u00ed, S.: Introduction to Data Science. Springer, Cham (2017)"},{"key":"19_CR31","volume-title":"Introduction to Machine Learning","author":"NL Nilsson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Nilsson, N.L.: Introduction to Machine Learning. Stanford University, Stanford, CA (1997)"},{"issue":"1","key":"19_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","volume":"45","author":"L Breiman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Breiman, L.: Random forests. Mach. Learn. 45(1), 5\u201332 (2001)","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"19_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4302-5990-9","volume-title":"Efficient Learning Machines","author":"M Awad","year":"2015","unstructured":"Awad, M., Khanna, R.: Efficient Learning Machines. A press, Berkeley, CA (2015)"},{"issue":"2","key":"19_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009715923555","volume":"2","author":"CJ Burges","year":"1998","unstructured":"Burges, C.J.: A tutorial on support vector machines for pattern recognition. Data Mining Knowl. Disc. 2(2), 121\u2013167 (1998)","journal-title":"Data Mining Knowl. Disc."},{"issue":"2","key":"19_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1109\/72.914517","volume":"12","author":"KR M\u00fcller","year":"2001","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, K.R., Mika, S., R\u00e4tsch, G., Tsuda, K., Sch\u00f6lkopf, B.: An introduction to kernel-based learning algorithms. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 12(2), 181\u2013201 (2001)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw."},{"key":"19_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-2440-0","volume-title":"The Nature of Statistical Learning Theory","author":"VN Vapnik","year":"1995","unstructured":"Vapnik, V.N.: The Nature of Statistical Learning Theory. Springer-Verlag, New York (1995)"},{"key":"19_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2005.10.010","volume":"27","author":"T Fawcett","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fawcett, T.: Introduction to ROC analysis. Pattern Recogn. Lett. 27, 861\u2013874 (2006)","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn. Lett."},{"key":"19_CR38","first-page":"1","volume":"31","author":"W Koehrsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Koehrsen, W.: An implementation and explanation of the random forest in Python. Towards Data Sci. 31, 1 (2018)","journal-title":"Towards Data Sci."}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Health Information Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-030-90885-0_19","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T14:09:54Z","timestamp":1636466994000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-90885-0_19"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"ISBN":["9783030908843","9783030908850"],"references-count":38,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-90885-0_19","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 November 2021","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"No conflict of interest exits among the authors.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Patient Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"This article does not include any data of human participants conducted by any of the authors. The Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) was approved by ICF Macro Institutional Review Board and the National Research Ethics Committee of the Bangladesh Medical Research Council. Written consent was given by participants in relation to this survey before the interview. All identification of the survey participants was dis-identified before publishing the data. In this study, we used the secondary data that are freely available on the DHS website:","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Statement"}},{"value":"HIS","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Health Information Science","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Melbourne, VIC","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Australia","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2021","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"25 October 2021","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"28 October 2021","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"10","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"his22021","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"http:\/\/his-conferences.org\/2021\/index.html","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Single-blind","order":1,"name":"type","label":"Type","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"EasyChair","order":2,"name":"conference_management_system","label":"Conference Management System","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"56","order":3,"name":"number_of_submissions_sent_for_review","label":"Number of Submissions Sent for Review","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"16","order":4,"name":"number_of_full_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Full Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"7","order":5,"name":"number_of_short_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Short Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"29% - The value is computed by the equation \"Number of Full Papers Accepted \/ Number of Submissions Sent for Review * 100\" and then rounded to a whole number.","order":6,"name":"acceptance_rate_of_full_papers","label":"Acceptance Rate of Full Papers","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"3","order":7,"name":"average_number_of_reviews_per_paper","label":"Average Number of Reviews per Paper","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"5","order":8,"name":"average_number_of_papers_per_reviewer","label":"Average Number of Papers per Reviewer","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"Yes","order":9,"name":"external_reviewers_involved","label":"External Reviewers Involved","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}}]}}