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For this purpose, Haptic Pixels vibrating at ultrasonic frequencies are actuated by piezoelectric elements and implanted on a flexible matrix. The design leads to square glass plates of 10 <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\times $$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mo>\u00d7<\/mml:mo>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> 10\u00a0mm<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$^2$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:msup>\n                    <mml:mrow\/>\n                    <mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn>\n                  <\/mml:msup>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> with a thickness of 500 <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\upmu $$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mi>\u03bc<\/mml:mi>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>m, actuated by PZT ceramics with a thickness of 200 <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\upmu $$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mi>\u03bc<\/mml:mi>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>m and a radius of 2.5\u00a0mm bonded on a 100 <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\upmu $$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mi>\u03bc<\/mml:mi>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>m thick PEEK film. Electromechanical characterizations validate the design. The PEEK film between two pixels is exploited to separate them, to obtain the flexibility of the surface and to create an area of friction reduction with a stationary wave. Haptic evaluations are carried out to confirm the performances of the approach on a Haptic Pixel.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-06249-0_24","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]],"date-time":"2022-05-19T16:05:38Z","timestamp":1652976338000},"page":"207-215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Preliminary Design of a Flexible Haptic Surface"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Romain","family":"Le Magueresse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5688-711X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Giraud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabrice","family":"Casset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anis","family":"Kaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brigitte","family":"Desloges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mikael","family":"Colin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"24_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2020.2990712","volume":"13","author":"C Basdogan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Basdogan, C., Giraud, F., et al.: A review of surface haptics: enabling tactile effects on touch surfaces. 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