{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T21:13:17Z","timestamp":1757452397932,"version":"3.40.3"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9783031081682"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9783031081699"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]],"date-time":"2022-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":159,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The principles in the Agile Manifesto, the Scrum Guide and most other approaches to agile software development emphasize self-organizing teams, but rarely address issues of leadership. In this paper we report on a study of the nature of different aspects of leadership in agile teams. We used an established model of leadership, distinguishing transactional and transformational styles, and asked IT professionals a set of questions about the leadership they experience, both from direct supervisors (hierarchical leadership) and from the team itself (shared leadership). We determined correlation measures of these four types of leadership with the extent of agility in the whole organization. Our results show that agility is indeed related to the transformational style, but that the transactional style also plays a part, especially as shared leadership. Furthermore, even in highly agile software development, leadership by direct supervisors still plays an important role. We propose that, as software development becomes more agile, the transactional aspects of leadership may shift away from the leadership dyad between supervisor and employee into the agile team, while transformational leadership is important for both the team and supervisors. We discuss our results in light of applications for both research and practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-08169-9_7","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]],"date-time":"2022-06-08T18:31:18Z","timestamp":1654713078000},"page":"99-113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Understanding Leadership in Agile Software Development Teams: Who and How?"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Johann","family":"Weichbrodt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Kropp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Biddle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Peggy","family":"Gregory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Anslow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ursina Maria","family":"B\u00fchler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Mateescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Meier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"7_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2016.06.013","volume":"119","author":"K Dikert","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dikert, K., Paasivaara, M., Lassenius, C.: Challenges and success factors for large-scale agile transformations: a systematic literature review. J. Syst. Softw. 119, 87\u2013108 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jss.2016.06.013","journal-title":"J. Syst. Softw."},{"key":"7_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2017.12.009","volume":"29","author":"M Uhl-Bien","year":"2018","unstructured":"Uhl-Bien, M., Arena, M.: Leadership for organizational adaptability: a theoretical synthesis and integrative framework. Leadersh. Q. 29, 89\u2013104 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.leaqua.2017.12.009","journal-title":"Leadersh. Q."},{"key":"7_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/smr.1954","volume":"30","author":"M Kalenda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kalenda, M., Hyna, P., Rossi, B.: Scaling agile in large organizations: practices, challenges, and success factors. J. Softw. Evol. Proc. 30, 1\u201324 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smr.1954","journal-title":"J. Softw. Evol. Proc."},{"key":"7_CR4","unstructured":"Agile Manifesto. http:\/\/www.agilemanifesto.org"},{"key":"7_CR5","unstructured":"Schwaber, K., Sutherland, J.: Scrum Guide (2020). https:\/\/scrumguides.org\/"},{"key":"7_CR6","unstructured":"Berg, C., et al.: Agile 2: The Next Iteration of Agile. Wiley, Indianapolis (2021)"},{"key":"7_CR7","unstructured":"Rigby, D., Elk, S., Berez, S.: The agile C-suite. Harvard Bus. Rev. (2020). https:\/\/hbr.org\/2020\/05\/the-agile-c-suite"},{"key":"7_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1037\/apl0000089","volume":"102","author":"RG Lord","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lord, R.G., Day, D.V., Zaccaro, S.J., Avolio, B.J., Eagly, A.H.: Leadership in applied psychology: three waves of theory and research. J. Appl. Psych. 102, 434\u2013451 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/apl0000089","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psych."},{"key":"7_CR9","unstructured":"Modi, S., Strode, D.: Leadership in agile software development: a systematic literature review. In: ACIS 2020 Proceedings, vol. 55 (2020). https:\/\/aisel.aisnet.org\/acis2020\/55\/"},{"key":"7_CR10","unstructured":"Yang, H., Huff, S., Strode, D.: Leadership in software development: comparing perceptions of agile and traditional project managers. In: AMCIS 2009 Proceedings, vol. 184 (2009). https:\/\/aisel.aisnet.org\/amcis2009\/184"},{"key":"7_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gren, L., Ralph, P.: What makes effective leadership in agile software development teams? In: 44th International Conference on Software Engineering (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2201.08058","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2201.08058"},{"issue":"3","key":"7_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-021-09949-5","volume":"26","author":"SV Spiegler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Spiegler, S.V., Heinecke, C., Wagner, S.: An empirical study on changing leadership in agile teams. Empir. Softw. Eng. 26(3), 1\u201335 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10664-021-09949-5","journal-title":"Empir. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"7_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.89.5.755","volume":"89","author":"TA Judge","year":"2004","unstructured":"Judge, T.A., Piccolo, R.F.: Transformational and transactional leadership: a meta-analytic test of their relative validity. J. Appl. Psychol. 89, 755\u2013768 (2004). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-9010.89.5.755","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"7_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.60.110707.163621","volume":"60","author":"BJ Avolio","year":"2009","unstructured":"Avolio, B.J., Walumbwa, F.O., Weber, T.J.: Leadership: current theories, research, and future directions. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 60, 421\u2013449 (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.psych.60.110707.163621","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"7_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2011.09.009","volume":"22","author":"M Hernandez","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hernandez, M., Eberly, M.B., Avolio, B.J., Johnson, M.D.: The loci and mechanisms of leadership: exploring a more comprehensive view of leadership theory. Leadersh. Q. 22, 1165\u20131185 (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.leaqua.2011.09.009","journal-title":"Leadersh. Q."},{"key":"7_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452229539","volume-title":"Shared Leadership: Reframing the Hows and Whys of Leadership","author":"CL Pearce","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pearce, C.L., Conger, J.A.: Shared Leadership: Reframing the Hows and Whys of Leadership. Sage, Thousands Oaks (2003)"},{"key":"7_CR17","volume-title":"Organizational Psychology","author":"EH Schein","year":"1965","unstructured":"Schein, E.H.: Organizational Psychology. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1965)"},{"key":"7_CR18","volume-title":"Reinventing Organizations","author":"F Laloux","year":"2014","unstructured":"Laloux, F.: Reinventing Organizations. Nelson Parker, Brussels (2014)"},{"key":"7_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2020.110544","volume":"164","author":"M Kropp","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kropp, M., Meier, A., Anslow, C., Biddle, R.: Satisfaction and its correlates in agile software development. J. Syst. Softw. 164, 110544 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jss.2020.110544","journal-title":"J. Syst. Softw."},{"key":"7_CR20","first-page":"89","volume":"17","author":"A Ismail","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ismail, A., Mohamad, M.H., Mohamed, H.A.B., Rafiuddin, N.M., Zhen, K.W.P.: Transformational and transactional leadership styles as a predictor of individual outcomes. Theor. Appl. Econ. 17, 89\u2013104 (2010)","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Econ."},{"key":"7_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/t03624-000","author":"BM Bass","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bass, B.M., Avolio, B.J.: Multifactor leadership questionnaire (MLQ) [Database record]. Am. Psychol. Assoc. PsyTest (1995). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/t03624-000","journal-title":"Am. Psychol. Assoc. PsyTest"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing","Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme Programming"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-031-08169-9_7","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]],"date-time":"2022-06-08T18:31:42Z","timestamp":1654713102000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-031-08169-9_7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"ISBN":["9783031081682","9783031081699"],"references-count":21,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-08169-9_7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1865-1348","1865-1356"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1865-1348"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1865-1356"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 June 2022","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"XP","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Agile Software Development","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Copenhagen","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Denmark","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2022","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"13 June 2022","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"17 June 2022","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"23","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"xpu2022","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/www.agilealliance.org\/xp2022\/call-for-submissions\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Single-blind","order":1,"name":"type","label":"Type","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"EasyChair","order":2,"name":"conference_management_system","label":"Conference Management System","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"40","order":3,"name":"number_of_submissions_sent_for_review","label":"Number of Submissions Sent for Review","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"13","order":4,"name":"number_of_full_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Full Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"1","order":5,"name":"number_of_short_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Short Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"33% - The value is computed by the equation \"Number of Full Papers Accepted \/ Number of Submissions Sent for Review * 100\" and then rounded to a whole number.","order":6,"name":"acceptance_rate_of_full_papers","label":"Acceptance Rate of Full Papers","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"3","order":7,"name":"average_number_of_reviews_per_paper","label":"Average Number of Reviews per Paper","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"2.6","order":8,"name":"average_number_of_papers_per_reviewer","label":"Average Number of Papers per Reviewer","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"Yes","order":9,"name":"external_reviewers_involved","label":"External Reviewers Involved","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}}]}}