{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T16:41:54Z","timestamp":1757781714276,"version":"3.40.3"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9783031083365"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9783031083372"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-08337-2_8","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]],"date-time":"2022-06-16T15:52:13Z","timestamp":1655394733000},"page":"89-100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Bias in\u00a0Face Image Classification Machine Learning Models: The Impact of\u00a0Annotator\u2019s Gender and\u00a0Race"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6331-5040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Kafkalias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stylianos","family":"Herodotou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3168-2350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zenonas","family":"Theodosiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6841-8065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Lanitis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"8_CR1","unstructured":"Chicago Face Database. https:\/\/www.chicagofaces.org\/. Accessed 22 Feb 2022"},{"key":"8_CR2","unstructured":"Clickworker crowdsourcing. https:\/\/www.clickworker.com\/. Accessed 22 Feb 2022"},{"key":"8_CR3","unstructured":"Lobe.ai webpage. https:\/\/www.lobe.ai\/. Accessed 22 Feb 2022"},{"key":"8_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christoforou, E., Barlas, P., Otterbacher, J.: It\u2019s about time: a view of crowdsourced data before and during the pandemic. In: Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1\u201314 (2021)","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445317"},{"key":"8_CR5","unstructured":"Coleman, R.: Framing the pictures in our heads: exploring the framing and agenda-setting effects of visual images. In: Doing News Framing Analysis, pp. 249\u2013278. Routledge (2010)"},{"key":"8_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fabbrizzi, S., Papadopoulos, S., Ntoutsi, E., Kompatsiaris, I.: A survey on bias in visual datasets. arXiv preprint arXiv:2107.07919 (2021)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2022.103552"},{"key":"8_CR7","unstructured":"Fei-Fei, L., Fergus, R., Perona, P.: Learning generative visual models from few training examples: an incremental Bayesian approach tested on 101 object categories. In: 2004 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop, p. 178. IEEE (2004)"},{"issue":"12","key":"8_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2014.2321570","volume":"36","author":"S Fu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fu, S., He, H., Hou, Z.G.: Learning race from face: a survey. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 36(12), 2483\u20132509 (2014)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"8_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2019.102805","volume":"189","author":"G Guo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guo, G., Zhang, N.: A survey on deep learning based face recognition. Comput. Vis. Image Underst. 189, 102805 (2019)","journal-title":"Comput. Vis. Image Underst."},{"issue":"9","key":"8_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2011.561915","volume":"16","author":"CA Heuer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Heuer, C.A., McClure, K.J., Puhl, R.M.: Obesity stigma in online news: a visual content analysis. J. Health Commun. 16(9), 976\u2013987 (2011)","journal-title":"J. Health Commun."},{"issue":"6245","key":"8_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa8415","volume":"349","author":"MI Jordan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jordan, M.I., Mitchell, T.M.: Machine learning: trends, perspectives, and prospects. Science 349(6245), 255\u2013260 (2015)","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"8_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.68.2.228","volume":"68","author":"L Jussim","year":"1995","unstructured":"Jussim, L., Nelson, T.E., Manis, M., Soffin, S.: Prejudice, stereotypes, and labeling effects: sources of bias in person perception. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 68(2), 228 (1995)","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"8_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kay, M., Matuszek, C., Munson, S.A.: Unequal representation and gender stereotypes in image search results for occupations. In: Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 3819\u20133828 (2015)","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702520"},{"issue":"2","key":"8_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020401","volume":"18","author":"BC Ko","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ko, B.C.: A brief review of facial emotion recognition based on visual information. Sensors 18(2), 401 (2018)","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"8_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masi, I., Wu, Y., Hassner, T., Natarajan, P.: Deep face recognition: a survey. In: 2018 31st SIBGRAPI Conference on Graphics, Patterns and Images (SIBGRAPI), pp. 471\u2013478. IEEE (2018)","DOI":"10.1109\/SIBGRAPI.2018.00067"},{"issue":"4","key":"8_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2008.106","volume":"31","author":"E Murphy-Chutorian","year":"2008","unstructured":"Murphy-Chutorian, E., Trivedi, M.M.: Head pose estimation in computer vision: a survey. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 31(4), 607\u2013626 (2008)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"issue":"4","key":"8_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s10044-015-0499-6","volume":"18","author":"C-B Ng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ng, C.-B., Tay, Y.-H., Goi, B.-M.: A review of facial gender recognition. Pattern Anal. Appl. 18(4), 739\u2013755 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10044-015-0499-6","journal-title":"Pattern Anal. Appl."},{"key":"8_CR18","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-16181-5_56","volume-title":"Computer Vision - ECCV 2014 Workshops","author":"G Panis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Panis, G., Lanitis, A.: An overview of research activities in facial age estimation using the FG-NET aging database. In: Agapito, L., Bronstein, M.M., Rother, C. (eds.) ECCV 2014. LNCS, vol. 8926, pp. 737\u2013750. Springer, Cham (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-16181-5_56"},{"issue":"3","key":"8_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1068\/p5191","volume":"34","author":"G Rhodes","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rhodes, G., et al.: Attractiveness of own-race, other-race, and mixed-race faces. Perception 34(3), 319\u2013340 (2005)","journal-title":"Perception"},{"issue":"2","key":"8_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014681","volume":"9","author":"CP Said","year":"2009","unstructured":"Said, C.P., Sebe, N., Todorov, A.: Structural resemblance to emotional expressions predicts evaluation of emotionally neutral faces. Emotion 9(2), 260 (2009)","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"2","key":"8_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsn009","volume":"3","author":"A Todorov","year":"2008","unstructured":"Todorov, A., Baron, S.G., Oosterhof, N.N.: Evaluating face trustworthiness: a model based approach. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 3(2), 119\u2013127 (2008)","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"8_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torralba, A., Efros, A.A.: Unbiased look at dataset bias. In: CVPR 2011, pp. 1521\u20131528. IEEE (2011)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2011.5995347"},{"key":"8_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, L., Fan, H., Xiang, J.: Hierarchical multi-task network for race, gender and facial attractiveness recognition. In: 2019 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), pp. 3861\u20133865. IEEE (2019)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2019.8803614"},{"issue":"4","key":"8_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1145\/954339.954342","volume":"35","author":"W Zhao","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zhao, W., Chellappa, R., Phillips, P.J., Rosenfeld, A.: Face recognition: a literature survey. ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR) 35(4), 399\u2013458 (2003)","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR)"}],"container-title":["IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology","Artificial Intelligence Applications and Innovations"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-031-08337-2_8","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T16:14:27Z","timestamp":1675872867000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-031-08337-2_8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"ISBN":["9783031083365","9783031083372"],"references-count":24,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-08337-2_8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1868-4238","1868-422X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1868-4238"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1868-422X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 June 2022","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"AIAI","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"IFIP International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications and Innovations","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Hersonissos","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Greece","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2022","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"17 June 2022","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"20 June 2022","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"18","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"aiai2022","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/ifipaiai.org\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}