{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:01:28Z","timestamp":1786978888672,"version":"build-2736575974"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":167,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783031237041","type":"print"},{"value":"9783031237058","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-23705-8_16","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,15]],"date-time":"2023-07-15T04:02:10Z","timestamp":1689393730000},"page":"421-455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Brain and Spinal Tumors Originating from the Germ Line Cells"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Tai-Tong","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-Lan","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsi","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin Li-Chun","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald Ming-Tak","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shih-Chieh","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsiu-Ju","family":"Yen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsin-Lun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsui-Fen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"16_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3526","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.19.6303","volume":"27","author":"FK Aarsen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aarsen FK, Paquier PF, Arts WF, Van Veelen ML, Michiels E, Lequin M, Catsman-Berrevoets CE (2009) Cognitive deficits and predictors 3 years after diagnosis of a pilocytic astrocytoma in childhood. J Clin Oncol 27:3526\u20133532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2008.19.6303","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"16_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nou311","volume":"17","author":"S Acharya","year":"2015","unstructured":"Acharya S, DeWees T, Shinohara ET, Perkins SM (2015) Long-term outcomes and late effects for childhood and young adulthood intracranial germinomas. Neuro Oncol 17:741\u2013746. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/nou311","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"16_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx680","volume":"29","author":"N Adra","year":"2018","unstructured":"Adra N et al (2018) Phase II trial of pembrolizumab in patients with platinum refractory germ-cell tumors: a Hoosier Cancer Research Network Study GU14-206. Ann Oncol 29:209\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/annonc\/mdx680","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"16_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.73740","volume":"58","author":"M Agrawal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Agrawal M et al (2010) Teratomas in central nervous system: a clinico-morphological study with review of literature. Neurol India 58:841\u2013846. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0028-3886.73740","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"key":"16_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noq093","volume":"12","author":"C Alapetite","year":"2010","unstructured":"Alapetite C et al (2010) Pattern of relapse and outcome of non-metastatic germinoma patients treated with chemotherapy and limited field radiation: the SFOP experience. Neuro Oncol 12:1318\u20131325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/noq093","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"16_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1979.51.3.0368","volume":"51","author":"JC Allen","year":"1979","unstructured":"Allen JC, Nisselbaum J, Epstein F, Rosen G, Schwartz MK (1979) Alphafetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin determination in cerebrospinal fluid. An aid to the diagnosis and management of intracranial germ-cell tumors. J Neurosurg 51:368\u2013374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1979.51.3.0368","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"16_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anderson R, Copeland TK, Scholer H, Heasman J, Wylie C (2000) The onset of germ cell migration in the mouse embryo. Mech Dev 91:61\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0925-4773(99)00271-3","DOI":"10.1016\/s0925-4773(99)00271-3"},{"issue":"17","key":"16_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4290","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.27430","volume":"118","author":"RS Arora","year":"2012","unstructured":"Arora RS, Alston D, Eden TO, Geraci M, Birch JM (2012) Comparative incidence patterns and trends of gonadal and extragonadal germ cell tumors in England, 1970\u20131923. Cancer 118(17):4290\u20134297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cncr.27430","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"16_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.129430","volume":"5","author":"WA Azab","year":"2014","unstructured":"Azab WA, Nasim K, Salaheddin W (2014) An overview of the current surgical options for pineal region tumors. Surg Neurol Int 5:39. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2152-7806.129430","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"key":"16_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2908","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1996.14.11.2908","volume":"14","author":"C Balmaceda","year":"1996","unstructured":"Balmaceda C et al (1996) Chemotherapy without irradiation\u2014a novel approach for newly diagnosed CNS germ cell tumors: results of an international cooperative trial. The First International Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumor Study. J Clin Oncol 14:2908\u20132915. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.1996.14.11.2908","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"16_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2585","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1999.17.8.2585","volume":"17","author":"M Bamberg","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bamberg M, Kortmann RD, Calaminus G, Becker G, Meisner C, Harms D, Gobel U (1999) Radiation therapy for intracranial germinoma: results of the German cooperative prospective trials MAKEI 83\/86\/89. J Clin Oncol 17:2585\u20132592. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.1999.17.8.2585","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"16_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.21939","volume":"53","author":"PP Bao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bao PP, Zheng Y, Wang CF, Gu K, Jin F, Lu W (2009) Time trends and characteristics of childhood cancer among children age 0\u201314 in Shanghai. Pediatr Blood Cancer 53:13\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pbc.21939","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"16_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Biassoni V et al (2020) Cancers (Basel) 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers12092688","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12092688"},{"key":"16_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-942272","volume":"218","author":"W Biskup","year":"2006","unstructured":"Biskup W, Calaminus G, Schneider DT, Leuschner I, Gobel U (2006) Teratoma with malignant transformation: experiences of the cooperative GPOH protocols MAKEI 83\/86\/89\/96. Klin Padiatr 218:303\u2013308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2006-942272","journal-title":"Klin Padiatr"},{"key":"16_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-009-0200-1","volume":"151","author":"A Biswas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Biswas A, Puri T, Goyal S, Gupta R, Eesa M, Julka PK, Rath GK (2009) Spinal intradural primary germ cell tumour\u2013review of literature and case report. Acta Neurochir (wien) 151:277\u2013284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00701-009-0200-1","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (wien)"},{"key":"16_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3109\/08880019809167228","volume":"15","author":"ME Blohm","year":"1998","unstructured":"Blohm ME, Vesterling-Horner D, Calaminus G, Gobel U (1998) Alpha 1-fetoprotein (AFP) reference values in infants up to 2 years of age. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 15:135\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/08880019809167228","journal-title":"Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"16_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bonouvrie K, van der Werff Ten Bosch J, van den Akker M (2020) Klinefelter syndrome and germ cell tumors: review of the literature. Int J Pediatr Endocrinol 2020:18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13633-020-00088-0","DOI":"10.1186\/s13633-020-00088-0"},{"key":"16_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brain Tumor Registry of Japan (2001\u20132004) (2014) Neurologia Medico-Chirurgica 54:9\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2176\/nmc.sup.2014-0001","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.sup.2014-0001"},{"key":"16_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2002.96.6.1020","volume":"96","author":"JM Buatti","year":"2002","unstructured":"Buatti JM, Friedman WA (2002) Temporary ventricular drainage and emergency radiotherapy in the management of hydrocephalus associated with germinoma. J Neurosurg 96:1020\u20131022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.2002.96.6.1020","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"16_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.3171\/ped.2007.106.5.379","volume":"106","author":"S Burn","year":"2007","unstructured":"Burn S, Gunny R, Phipps K, Gaze M, Hayward R (2007) Incidence of cavernoma development in children after radiotherapy for brain tumors. J Neurosurg 106:379\u2013383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/ped.2007.106.5.379","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"16_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2621","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1994.12.12.2621","volume":"12","author":"RW Butler","year":"1994","unstructured":"Butler RW, Hill JM, Steinherz PG, Meyers PA, Finlay JL (1994) Neuropsychologic effects of cranial irradiation, intrathecal methotrexate, and systemic methotrexate in childhood cancer. J Clin Oncol 12:2621\u20132629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.1994.12.12.2621","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"16_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1071577","volume":"25","author":"G Calaminus","year":"1994","unstructured":"Calaminus G et al (1994) Intracranial germ cell tumors: a comprehensive update of the European data. Neuropediatrics 25:26\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2008-1071577","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"16_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/not019","volume":"15","author":"G Calaminus","year":"2013","unstructured":"Calaminus G et al (2013) SIOP CNS GCT 96: final report of outcome of a prospective, multinational nonrandomized trial for children and adults with intracranial germinoma, comparing craniospinal irradiation alone with chemotherapy followed by focal primary site irradiation for patients with localized disease. Neuro Oncol 15:788\u2013796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/not019","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"16_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nox122","volume":"19","author":"G Calaminus","year":"2017","unstructured":"Calaminus G et al (2017) Outcome of patients with intracranial non-germinomatous germ cell tumors-lessons from the SIOP-CNS-GCT-96 trial. Neuro Oncol 19:1661\u20131672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/nox122","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"16_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2020.06.012","volume":"136","author":"L Callec","year":"2020","unstructured":"Callec L et al (2020) Relapsing intracranial germ cell tumours warrant retreatment. Eur J Cancer 136:186\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejca.2020.06.012","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"16_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2012.04.017","volume":"20","author":"KH Carlos Chung","year":"2013","unstructured":"Carlos Chung KH, Owler BK, Dexter M, Chaseling R (2013) Paediatric germ cell tumours of the central nervous system: Results and experience from a tertiary-referral paediatric institution in Australia. J Clin Neurosci 20:514\u2013519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2012.04.017","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"16_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Castellino SM, Ullrich NJ, Whelen MJ, Lange BJ (2014) Developing interventions for cancer-related cognitive dysfunction in childhood cancer survivors. J Natl Cancer Inst 106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnci\/dju186","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dju186"},{"key":"16_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.153.6.1269","volume":"153","author":"T Chang","year":"1989","unstructured":"Chang T, Teng MM, Guo WY, Sheng WC (1989) CT of pineal tumors and intracranial germ-cell tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol 153:1269\u20131274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/ajr.153.6.1269","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"16_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2752","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.26564","volume":"118","author":"YW Chen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chen YW et al (2012) Change in treatment strategy for intracranial germinoma: long-term follow-up experience at a single institute. Cancer 118:2752\u20132762. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cncr.26564","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"16_CR30","first-page":"113","volume":"33","author":"WE Dandy","year":"1921","unstructured":"Dandy WE (1921) An operation for the removal of pineal tumors. Surg Gynecol Obstet 33:113\u2013119","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"16_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15257","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71988-7","volume":"10","author":"EL Day","year":"2020","unstructured":"Day EL, Smith ER, Fehnel KP (2020) Single-institution case series of pituitary biopsy for suspected germinoma in the pediatric population: diagnostic utility, operative risks, and biopsy approaches. Sci Rep 10:15257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-71988-7","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"16_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"De Miguel MP, Montiel FA, Iglesias PL, Martinez AB, Nistal M (2009) Epiblast-derived stem cells in embryonic and adult tissues. Int J Dev Biol 53(8\u201310):1529\u20131540. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1387\/ijdb.072413md","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.072413md"},{"key":"16_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2009.05.004","volume":"16","author":"AC Douglas-Akinwande","year":"2009","unstructured":"Douglas-Akinwande AC, Ying J, Momin Z, Mourad A, Hattab EM (2009) Diffusion-weighted imaging characteristics of primary central nervous system germinoma with histopathologic correlation: a retrospective study. Acad Radiol 16:1356\u20131365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acra.2009.05.004","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"key":"16_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2008-0037","volume":"13","author":"ME Echevarria","year":"2008","unstructured":"Echevarria ME, Fangusaro J, Goldman S (2008) Pediatric central nervous system germ cell tumors: a review. Oncologist 13:690\u2013699. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1634\/theoncologist.2008-0037","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"16_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Esfahani DR, Alden T, DiPatri A, Xi G, Goldman S, Tomita T (2020) Pediatric suprasellar germ cell tumors: a clinical and radiographic review of solitary vs. bifocal tumors and its therapeutic implications. Cancers (Basel) 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers12092621","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12092621"},{"key":"16_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3283","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.00701","volume":"37","author":"J Fangusaro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fangusaro J et al (2019) Phase II trial of response-based radiation therapy for patients with localized CNS nongerminomatous germ cell tumors: a children\u2019s oncology group study. J Clin Oncol 37:3283\u20133290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.19.00701","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"16_CR37","unstructured":"Fetcko K, Dey M (2018) Primary central nervous system germ cell tumors: a review and update. Med Res Arch 6"},{"key":"16_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199505000-00005","volume":"19","author":"RJ Freilich","year":"1995","unstructured":"Freilich RJ, Thompson SJ, Walker RW, Rosenblum MK (1995) Adenocarcinomatous transformation of intracranial germ cell tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 19:537\u2013544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000478-199505000-00005","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"16_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01053275","volume":"19","author":"T Fujimaki","year":"1994","unstructured":"Fujimaki T et al (1994) CT and MRI features of intracranial germ cell tumors. J Neurooncol 19:217\u2013226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01053275","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"16_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-014-1247-5","volume":"127","author":"S Fukushima","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fukushima S et al (2014a) Mutually exclusive mutations of KIT and RAS are associated with KIT mRNA expression and chromosomal instability in primary intracranial pure germinomas. Acta Neuropathol 127:911\u2013925","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"16_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-017-1673-2","volume":"133","author":"S Fukushima","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fukushima S et al (2017) Genome-wide methylation profiles in primary intracranial germ cell tumors indicate a primordial germ cell origin for germinomas. Acta Neuropathol 133:445\u2013462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-017-1673-2","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"16_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.09.005","volume":"143","author":"L Galvez-Carvajal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Galvez-Carvajal L et al (2019) Targeted treatment approaches in refractory germ cell tumors. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 143:130\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.09.005","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"key":"16_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1008360523160","volume":"11","author":"U Gobel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gobel U, Schneider DT, Calaminus G, Haas RJ, Schmidt P, Harms D (2000) Germ-cell tumors in childhood and adolescence. GPOH MAKEI and the MAHO study groups. Ann Oncol 11:263\u2013271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1008360523160","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"16_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-002-0650-8","volume":"18","author":"CM Goetz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Goetz CM, Schmid I, Pietsch T, Peraud A, Haas RJ (2002) Mixed malignant germ cell tumour of the lateral ventricle in an 8-month-old girl: case report and review of the literature. Childs Nerv Syst 18:644\u2013647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-002-0650-8","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"16_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2464","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.59.5132","volume":"33","author":"S Goldman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Goldman S et al (2015) Phase II trial assessing the ability of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with or without second-look surgery to eliminate measurable disease for nongerminomatous germ cell tumors: a children\u2019s oncology group study. J Clin Oncol 33:2464\u20132471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2014.59.5132","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"16_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0b013e3181983af5","volume":"31","author":"TL Goodwin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Goodwin TL, Sainani K, Fisher PG (2009) Incidence patterns of central nervous system germ cell tumors: a SEER Study. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 31:541\u2013544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MPH.0b013e3181983af5","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"16_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(199903)45:3<393::aid-ana17>3.0.co;2-b","volume":"45","author":"J Grill","year":"1999","unstructured":"Grill J, Couanet D, Cappelli C, Habrand JL, Rodriguez D, Sainte-Rose C, Kalifa C (1999) Radiation-induced cerebral vasculopathy in children with neurofibromatosis and optic pathway glioma. Ann Neurol 45:393\u2013396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1531-8249(199903)45:3%3c393::aid-ana17%3e3.0.co;2-b","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"16_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2014.09.015","volume":"15","author":"JA Hackett","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hackett JA, Surani MA (2014) Regulatory principles of pluripotency: from the ground state up. Cell Stem Cell 15(4):416\u2013430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.stem.2014.09.015","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"16_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/s0065-230x(08)60352-8","volume":"68","author":"M Hall","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hall M, Peters G (1996) Genetic alterations of cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases, and Cdk inhibitors in human cancer. Adv Cancer Res 68:67\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0065-230x(08)60352-8","journal-title":"Adv Cancer Res"},{"key":"16_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/s0092-8674(00)81519-6","volume":"98","author":"JW Harbour","year":"1999","unstructured":"Harbour JW, Luo RX, Dei Santi A, Postigo AA, Dean DC (1999) Cdk phosphorylation triggers sequential intramolecular interactions that progressively block Rb functions as cells move through G1. Cell 98:859\u2013869. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0092-8674(00)81519-6","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"16_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3285","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.10596","volume":"94","author":"S Heckl","year":"2002","unstructured":"Heckl S, Aschoff A, Kunze S (2002) Radiation-induced cavernous hemangiomas of the brain: a late effect predominantly in children. Cancer 94:3285\u20133291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cncr.10596","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"16_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19920915)70:6<1577::aid-cncr2820700622>3.0.co;2-x","volume":"70","author":"DM Ho","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ho DM, Liu HC (1992) Primary intracranial germ cell tumor. Pathologic study of 51 patients. Cancer 70:1577\u20131584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1097-0142(19920915)70:6%3c1577::aid-cncr2820700622%3e3.0.co;2-x","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"16_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-016-0204-2","volume":"21","author":"M Hu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hu M et al (2016) An update on the clinical diagnostic value of beta-hCG and alphaFP for intracranial germ cell tumors. Eur J Med Res 21:10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40001-016-0204-2","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"16_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.12.052","volume":"84","author":"YW Hu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hu YW et al (2012) Salvage treatment for recurrent intracranial germinoma after reduced-volume radiotherapy: a single-institution experience and review of the literature. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 84:639\u2013647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.12.052","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"16_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12083","volume":"3","author":"GY Hung","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hung GY, Horng JL, Yen HJ, Lee CY (2015) Pre-pubertal and adolescent germ cell neoplasms in Taiwan: time trends and geographic variation. Andrology 3:895\u2013901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/andr.12083","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"16_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1557-x","volume":"131","author":"K Ichimura","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ichimura K et al (2016) Recurrent neomorphic mutations of MTOR in central nervous system and testicular germ cell tumors may be targeted for therapy. Acta Neuropathol 131:889\u2013901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-016-1557-x","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"16_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/s0887-8994(02)00459-9","volume":"27","author":"H Isaacs Jr","year":"2002","unstructured":"Isaacs H Jr (2002) II. Perinatal brain tumors: a review of 250 cases. Pediatr Neurol 27:333\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0887-8994(02)00459-9","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"16_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.3109\/15513815.2014.969558","volume":"33","author":"H Isaacs Jr","year":"2014","unstructured":"Isaacs H Jr (2014) Fetal intracranial teratoma. A Review. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 33:289\u2013292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/15513815.2014.969558","journal-title":"A Review. Fetal Pediatr Pathol"},{"key":"16_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1971.35.5.0550","volume":"35","author":"KG Jamieson","year":"1971","unstructured":"Jamieson KG (1971) Excision of pineal tumors. J Neurosurg 35:550\u2013553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1971.35.5.0550","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"16_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1985.63.2.0155","volume":"63","author":"MT Jennings","year":"1985","unstructured":"Jennings MT, Gelman R, Hochberg F (1985) Intracranial germ-cell tumors: natural history and pathogenesis. J Neurosurg 63:155\u2013167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1985.63.2.0155","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"16_CR61","first-page":"10700","volume":"10","author":"T Jiang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jiang T et al (2017) Primary intracranial embryonal carcinoma in children: report of two cases with review of the literature. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 10:10700\u201310710","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol"},{"key":"16_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3652","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60707-x","volume":"10","author":"AR Jung","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jung AR, Jung CH, Noh JK, Lee YC, Eun YG (2020) Epithelial-mesenchymal transition gene signature is associated with prognosis and tumor microenvironment in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Sci Rep 10:3652. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-60707-x","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"16_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-016-3167-2","volume":"32","author":"A Kakkar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kakkar A et al (2016) Intracranial germ cell tumors: a multi-institutional experience from three tertiary care centers in India. Childs Nerv Syst 32:2173\u20132180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-016-3167-2","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"16_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.573977","volume":"10","author":"K Kalavska","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kalavska K, Schmidtova S, Chovanec M, Mego M (2020) Immunotherapy in testicular germ cell tumors. Front Oncol 10:573977. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2020.573977","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"16_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-18-0634","volume":"28","author":"JM Kang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kang JM et al (2019) A nationwide, population-based epidemiologic study of childhood brain tumors in Korea, 2005\u20132014: a comparison with United States data. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 28:409\u2013416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-18-0634","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"16_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-011-0544-2","volume":"104","author":"T Kawaguchi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kawaguchi T et al (2011) Logarithmic decrease of serum alpha-fetoprotein or human chorionic gonadotropin in response to chemotherapy can distinguish a subgroup with better prognosis among highly malignant intracranial non-germinomatous germ cell tumors. J Neurooncol 104:779\u2013787. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-011-0544-2","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"16_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-006-9282-2","volume":"82","author":"D Keene","year":"2007","unstructured":"Keene D et al (2007) Epidemiological survey of central nervous system germ cell tumors in Canadian children. J Neurooncol 82:289\u2013295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-006-9282-2","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"16_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.14791\/btrt.2020.8.e14","volume":"8","author":"E Keykhosravi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Keykhosravi E et al (2020) Conus medullaris teratoma: case report and literature review. Brain Tumor Res Treat 8:119\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14791\/btrt.2020.8.e14","journal-title":"Brain Tumor Res Treat"},{"key":"16_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.22468","volume":"55","author":"S Khatua","year":"2010","unstructured":"Khatua S et al (2010) Treatment of primary CNS germinomatous germ cell tumors with chemotherapy prior to reduced dose whole ventricular and local boost irradiation. Pediatr Blood Cancer 55:42\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pbc.22468","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"16_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-010-0238-1","volume":"101","author":"CY Kim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim CY et al (2011) Intracranial growing teratoma syndrome: clinical characteristics and treatment strategy. J Neurooncol 101:109\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-010-0238-1","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"16_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kinoshita Y et al (2016) Diffusion-weighted imaging and the apparent diffusion coefficient on 3T MR imaging in the differentiation of craniopharyngiomas and germ cell tumors. Neurosurg Rev 39:207\u2013213; discussion 213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10143-015-0660-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-015-0660-0"},{"key":"16_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1998.89.5.0844","volume":"89","author":"JL Koen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Koen JL, McLendon RE, George TM (1998) Intradural spinal teratoma: evidence for a dysembryogenic origin. Report of four cases. J Neurosurg 89:844\u2013851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1998.89.5.0844","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"16_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.643","volume":"8","author":"EM Krueger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Krueger EM, Invergo DL, Lin JJ (2016) Germinoma with diffuse subependymal spread: a case report. Cureus 8:e643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.643","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"16_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.2.JNS142088","volume":"124","author":"C Kulwin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kulwin C, Matsushima K, Malekpour M, Cohen-Gadol AA (2016) Lateral supracerebellar infratentorial approach for microsurgical resection of large midline pineal region tumors: techniques to expand the operative corridor. J Neurosurg 124:269\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2015.2.JNS142088","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"16_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-009-9951-z","volume":"96","author":"AP Kyritsis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kyritsis AP (2010) Management of primary intracranial germ cell tumors. J Neurooncol 96:143\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-009-9951-z","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"16_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-018-2980-8","volume":"140","author":"CC Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee CC et al (2018a) Stereotactic radiosurgery for hypervascular intracranial tumors. J Neurooncol 140:547\u2013558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-018-2980-8","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"16_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2018.04.032","volume":"101","author":"CY Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee CY et al (2018b) Irradiation-induced secondary tumors following pediatric central nervous system tumors: Experiences of a single institute in Taiwan (1975\u20132013). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 101:1243\u20131252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2018.04.032","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"16_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-016-3542-x","volume":"46","author":"SM Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee SM, Kim IO, Choi YH, Cheon JE, Kim WS, Cho HH, You SK (2016) Early imaging findings in germ cell tumors arising from the basal ganglia. Pediatr Radiol 46:719\u2013726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00247-016-3542-x","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"16_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002647","volume":"95","author":"S Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li S et al (2016) Growing teratoma syndrome secondary to ovarian giant immature teratoma in an adolescent girl: a case report and literature review. Medicine (baltimore) 95:e2647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000002647","journal-title":"Medicine (baltimore)"},{"key":"16_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-001-0752-0","volume":"44","author":"L Liang","year":"2002","unstructured":"Liang L et al (2002) MRI of intracranial germ-cell tumours. Neuroradiology 44:382\u2013388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00234-001-0752-0","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"16_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/not127","volume":"15","author":"SY Liang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liang SY et al (2013) Neuropsychological functions and quality of life in survived patients with intracranial germ cell tumors after treatment. Neuro Oncol 15:1543\u20131551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/not127","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"16_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1200\/JGO.19.00378","volume":"6","author":"APY Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu APY et al (2020) Incidence and outcomes of CNS tumors in Chinese children: comparative analysis with the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results program. JCO Glob Oncol 6:704\u2013721. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JGO.19.00378","journal-title":"JCO Glob Oncol"},{"key":"16_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19821015)50:8<1629::aid-cncr2820500828>3.0.co;2-1","volume":"50","author":"CJ Logothetis","year":"1982","unstructured":"Logothetis CJ, Samuels ML, Trindade A, Johnson DE (1982) The growing teratoma syndrome. Cancer 50:1629\u20131635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1097-0142(19821015)50:8%3c1629::aid-cncr2820500828%3e3.0.co;2-1","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"16_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1545-1","volume":"131","author":"DN Louis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Louis DN et al (2016) The 2016 World Health Organization classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a summary. Acta Neuropathol 131:803\u2013820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-016-1545-1","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"16_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2194","volume":"31","author":"XF Lv","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lv XF et al (2010) Primary intracranial choriocarcinoma: MR imaging findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 31:1994\u20131998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A2194","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"16_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.2298\/VSP1203277M","volume":"69","author":"M Macvanski","year":"2012","unstructured":"Macvanski M et al (2012) Intracranial yolk sac tumor in an adult patient: MRI, diffusion-weighted imaging and 1H MR spectroscopy features. Vojnosanit Pregl 69:277\u2013280","journal-title":"Vojnosanit Pregl"},{"key":"16_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Makino K, Nakamura H, Yano S, Kuratsu J, Kumamoto Brain Tumor Research Group (2013) Incidence of primary central nervous system germ cell tumors in childhood: a regional survey in Kumamoto prefecture in Southern Japan. Pediatr Neurosurg 49:155\u2013158https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000358806","DOI":"10.1159\/000358806"},{"key":"16_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.1202021lm","volume":"56","author":"LS Mamsen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mamsen LS, Brochner CB, Byskov AG, Mollgard K (2012) The migration and loss of human primordial germ stem cells from the hind gut epithelium towards the gonadal ridge. Int J Dev Biol 56:771\u2013778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1387\/ijdb.1202021lm","journal-title":"Int J Dev Biol"},{"key":"16_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.25596","volume":"62","author":"K Margelisch","year":"2015","unstructured":"Margelisch K, Studer M, Ritter BC, Steinlin M, Leibundgut K, Heinks T (2015) Cognitive dysfunction in children with brain tumors at diagnosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 62:1805\u20131812. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pbc.25596","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"16_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Matsutani M, Sano K, Takakura K, Fujimaki T, Nakamura O, Funata N, Seto T (1997) Primary intracranial germ cell tumors: a clinical analysis of 153 histologically verified. cases J Neurosurg 86:446\u2013455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1997.86.3.0446","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1997.86.3.0446"},{"key":"16_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-019-00805-4","volume":"37","author":"M Mego","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mego M et al (2019) Phase II study of avelumab in multiple relapsed\/refractory germ cell cancer. Invest New Drugs 37:748\u2013754. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10637-019-00805-4","journal-title":"Invest New Drugs"},{"key":"16_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Miyake Y, Adachi JI, Suzuki T, Mishima K, Sasaki A, Nishikawa R (2017) Craniospinal germinomas in patient with down syndrome successfully treated with standard-dose chemotherapy and craniospinal irradiation: Case report and literature review. World Neurosurg 108:995 e999\u2013995 e915. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.09.024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.09.024"},{"key":"16_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2004.11.053","volume":"22","author":"S Modak","year":"2004","unstructured":"Modak S et al (2004) Thiotepa-based high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem-cell rescue in patients with recurrent or progressive CNS germ cell tumors. J Clin Oncol 22:1934\u20131943. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2004.11.053","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"16_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1006\/cbio.2001.0436","volume":"240","author":"KA Molyneaux","year":"2001","unstructured":"Molyneaux KA, Stallock J, Schaible K, Wylie C (2001) Time-lapse analysis of living mouse germ cell migration. Dev Bio 240:488\u2013498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/cbio.2001.0436","journal-title":"Dev Bio"},{"key":"16_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2017.11.053","volume":"42","author":"A Monroy-Sosa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Monroy-Sosa A, Reyes-Soto G, Cacho-Diaz B, Granados-Garcia M, Estrada AH, Cano-Valdez AM, Herrera-Gomez A (2018) Brain angiometastasis from a non-seminomatous germ cell tumor: a case report. Int J Surg Case Rep 42:44\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijscr.2017.11.053","journal-title":"Int J Surg Case Rep"},{"key":"16_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30755","volume":"141","author":"MJ Murray","year":"2017","unstructured":"Murray MJ et al (2017) Treatment and outcomes of UK and German patients with relapsed intracranial germ cell tumors following uniform first-line therapy. Int J Cancer 141:621\u2013635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijc.30755","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"16_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e470","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(15)00244-2","volume":"16","author":"MJ Murray","year":"2015","unstructured":"Murray MJ, Bartels U, Nishikawa R, Fangusaro J, Matsutani M, Nicholson JC (2015) Consensus on the management of intracranial germ-cell tumours. Lancet Oncol 16:e470\u2013e477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(15)00244-2","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"16_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.4103\/1817-1745.106480","volume":"7","author":"DJ Nascimento","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nascimento DJ, Leaes CG, Pereira-Lima JF, Oliveira MC (2012) Precocious puberty due to human chorionic gonadotropin secreting germinoma. J Pediatr Neurosci 7:202\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1817-1745.106480","journal-title":"J Pediatr Neurosci"},{"key":"16_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.09.010","volume":"75","author":"A Necchi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Necchi A et al (2019) An open-label randomized phase 2 study of durvalumab alone or in combination with tremelimumab in patients with advanced germ cell tumors (APACHE): results from the first planned interim analysis. Eur Urol 75:201\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.09.010","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"16_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2016.26","volume":"13","author":"B O'Leary","year":"2016","unstructured":"O\u2019Leary B, Finn RS, Turner NC (2016) Treating cancer with selective CDK4\/6 inhibitors. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 13:417\u2013430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrclinonc.2016.26","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"16_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.23146","volume":"57","author":"S O'Neil","year":"2011","unstructured":"O\u2019Neil S et al (2011) Neurocognitive outcomes in pediatric and adolescent patients with central nervous system germinoma treated with a strategy of chemotherapy followed by reduced-dose and volume irradiation. Pediatr Blood Cancer 57:669\u2013673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pbc.23146","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"16_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.02.012","volume":"126","author":"J Oertel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oertel J, Keiner D (2019) Visual-controlled endoscopic biopsy of paraventricular intraparenchymal tumors. World Neurosurg 126:e208\u2013e218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.02.012","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"16_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.026","volume":"62","author":"H Ogino","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ogino H et al (2005) CNS germinoma with elevated serum human chorionic gonadotropin level: clinical characteristics and treatment outcome. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 62:803\u2013808. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.026","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"16_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s003810050172","volume":"14","author":"S Oi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Oi S, Matsuzawa K, Choi JU, Kim DS, Kang JK, Cho BK (1998) Identical characteristics of the patient populations with pineal region tumors in Japan and in Korea and therapeutic modalities. Childs Nerv Syst 14:36\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s003810050172","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"16_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/61.6.531","volume":"61","author":"Y Okada","year":"2002","unstructured":"Okada Y, Nishikawa R, Matsutani M, Louis DN (2002) Hypomethylated X chromosome gain and rare isochromosome 12p in diverse intracranial germ cell tumors. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 61:531\u2013538. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnen\/61.6.531","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"16_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(94)90201-1","volume":"41","author":"N Ono","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ono N et al (1994) Factors affecting functional prognosis in survivors of primary central nervous system germinal tumors. Surg Neurol 41:9\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0090-3019(94)90201-1","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"16_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.92177","volume":"3","author":"K Onuma","year":"2012","unstructured":"Onuma K et al (2012) Navigation-guided endoscopic biopsy for pathological diagnosis for intraparenchymal pure germinoma near the ventricular trigone. Surg Neurol Int 3:9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2152-7806.92177","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"key":"16_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-019-0178-9","volume":"19","author":"JW Oosterhuis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oosterhuis JW, Looijenga LHJ (2019) Human germ cell tumours from a developmental perspective. Nat Rev Cancer 19:522\u2013537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41568-019-0178-9","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"16_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Oosterhuis JW, Stoop H, Honecker F, Looijenga LH (2007) Why human extragonadal germ cell tumours occur in the midline of the body: old concepts, new perspectives. Int J Androl 30:256\u2013263; discussion 263\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2007.00793.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2007.00793.x"},{"key":"16_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"v1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noz150","volume":"21","author":"QT Ostrom","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ostrom QT, Cioffi G, Gittleman H, Patil N, Waite K, Kruchko C, Barnholtz-Sloan JS (2019) CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2012\u20132016. Neuro Oncol 21:v1\u2013v100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/noz150","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"16_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-006-9305-z","volume":"83","author":"S Osuka","year":"2007","unstructured":"Osuka S et al (2007) Long-term outcome of patients with intracranial germinoma. J Neurooncol 83:71\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-006-9305-z","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"16_CR112","first-page":"1166","volume":"26","author":"N Oyama","year":"2005","unstructured":"Oyama N, Terae S, Saitoh S, Sudoh A, Sawamura Y, Miyasaka K (2005) Bilateral germinoma involving the basal ganglia and cerebral white matter. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26:1166\u20131169","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"16_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2000-0312","volume":"5","author":"RJ Packer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Packer RJ, Cohen BH, Cooney K (2000) Intracranial germ cell tumors. Oncologist 5:312\u2013320","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"16_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2014\/7407.3837","volume":"8","author":"A Panda","year":"2014","unstructured":"Panda A, Kandasamy D, Sh C, Jana M (2014) Growing teratoma syndrome of ovary: avoiding a misdiagnosis of tumour recurrence. J Clin Diagn Res 8:197\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7860\/JCDR\/2014\/7407.3837","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"16_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.4143\/crt.2016.204","volume":"49","author":"Y Park","year":"2017","unstructured":"Park Y, Yu ES, Ha B, Park HJ, Kim JH, Kim JY (2017) Neurocognitive and psychological functioning of children with an intracranial germ cell tumor. Cancer Res Treat 49:960\u2013969. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4143\/crt.2016.204","journal-title":"Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"16_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2018.0056","volume":"61","author":"JH Phi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Phi JH, Wang KC, Kim SK (2018) Intracranial germ cell Tumor in the molecular era. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 61:333\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3340\/jkns.2018.0056","journal-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc"},{"key":"16_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Preda O, Nicolae A, Aneiros-Fernandez J, Borda A, Nogales FF (2011) Glypican 3 is a sensitive, but not a specific, marker for the diagnosis of yolk sac tumours. Histopathology 58:312\u2013314; author reply 314\u2013315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2010.03735.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2010.03735.x"},{"key":"16_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073811401398","volume":"26","author":"I Qaddoumi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Qaddoumi I et al (2011) Characterization, treatment, and outcome of intracranial neoplasms in the first 120 days of life. J Child Neurol 26:988\u2013994. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0883073811401398","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"16_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s41016-015-0015-2","volume":"1","author":"K Quan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Quan K, Xu G, Zhao F, Zhu W (2015) Tailored keyhole surgery for basal ganglia cavernous malformation with preoperative three-dimensional pyramidal tracts assessment and intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring. Chin Neurosurg J 1:15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41016-015-0015-2","journal-title":"Chin Neurosurg J"},{"key":"16_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1159\/000121274","volume":"27","author":"AA Razzaq","year":"1997","unstructured":"Razzaq AA, Cohen AR (1997) Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for hypervascular malignant brain tumors of childhood. Pediatr Neurosurg 27:296\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000121274","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"16_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Regis J, Bouillot P, Rouby-Volot F, Figarella-Branger D, Dufour H, Peragut JC (1996) Pineal region tumors and the role of stereotactic biopsy: review of the mortality, morbidity, and diagnostic rates in 370 cases. Neurosurgery 39:907\u2013912; discussion 912\u2013904. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006123-199611000-00003","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199611000-00003"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"16_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S51","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800309","volume":"18","author":"VE Reuter","year":"2005","unstructured":"Reuter VE (2005) Origins and molecular biology of testicular germ cell tumors. Mod Pathol 18(Suppl 2):S51-60. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/modpathol.3800309","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"16_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2815","volume":"11","author":"BE Richardson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Richardson BE, Lehmann R (2010) Mechanism guiding primordial germ cell migration: strategies from different organism. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 11(1):37\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrm2815","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"16_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1080\/080352501750315654","volume":"90","author":"BA Rivarola","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rivarola BA, Mendilaharzu H, Vidal G (2001) Precocious puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar and pineal areas: organic central precocious puberty. Acta Paediatr 90:751\u2013756","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"16_CR125","first-page":"160","volume":"10","author":"ME Rueda-Pedraza","year":"1987","unstructured":"Rueda-Pedraza ME, Heifetz SA, Sesterhenn IA, Clark GB (1987) Primary intracranial germ cell tumors in the first two decades of life. A clinical, light-microscopic, and immunohistochemical analysis of 54 cases. Perspect Pediatr Pathol 10:160\u2013207","journal-title":"Perspect Pediatr Pathol"},{"key":"16_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3171\/ped.2006.104.2.12","volume":"104","author":"EJ Rushing","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rushing EJ et al (2006) Germinoma: unusual imaging and pathological characteristics. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg 104:143\u2013148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/ped.2006.104.2.12","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"16_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.244035164","volume":"24","author":"BA Sandow","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sandow BA, Dory CE, Aguiar MA, Abuhamad AZ (2004) Best cases from the AFIP: congenital intracranial teratoma. Radiographics 24:1165\u20131170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/rg.244035164","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"16_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1999.90.2.0258","volume":"90","author":"K Sano","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sano K (1999) Pathogenesis of intracranial germ cell tumors reconsidered. J Neurosurg 90:258\u2013264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1999.90.2.0258","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"16_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1159\/000210053","volume":"23","author":"K Sato","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sato K, Takeuchi H, Kubota T (2009) Pathology of intracranial germ cell tumors. Prog Neurol Surg 23:59\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000210053","journal-title":"Prog Neurol Surg"},{"key":"16_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/s0959-8049(97)10045-4","volume":"34","author":"Y Sawamura","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sawamura Y, Ikeda J, Shirato H, Tada M, Abe H (1998) Germ cell tumours of the central nervous system: treatment consideration based on 111 cases and their long-term clinical outcomes. Eur J Cancer 34:104\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0959-8049(97)10045-4","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"16_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1159\/000495802","volume":"42","author":"CJ Scheckel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Scheckel CJ, Kosiorek HE, Butterfield R, Ho TH, Hilal T (2019) Germ cell tumors with malignant somatic transformation: a mayo clinic experience. Oncol Res Treat 42:95\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000495802","journal-title":"Oncol Res Treat"},{"key":"16_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2011.12.018","volume":"114","author":"K Schmalisch","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schmalisch K, Pantazis G, Ebner FH, Bornemann A, Honegger J, Tatagiba M (2012) Pineal germinoma with granulomatous reaction, often a pitfall in endoscopic biopsy. Report of two cases and review of the literature. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 114:741\u2013745. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clineuro.2011.12.018","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"16_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.5301\/jbm.2008.3768","volume":"17","author":"E Seregni","year":"2002","unstructured":"Seregni E et al (2002) Serum and cerebrospinal fluid human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in intracranial germ cell tumors. Int J Biol Markers 17:112\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5301\/jbm.2008.3768","journal-title":"Int J Biol Markers"},{"key":"16_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.06.024","volume":"163","author":"RV Sethi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sethi RV, Marino R, Niemierko A, Tarbell NJ, Yock TI, MacDonald SM (2013) Delayed diagnosis in children with intracranial germ cell tumors. J Pediatr 163:1448\u20131453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.06.024","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"16_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/s0360-3016(96)00611-6","volume":"37","author":"Y Shibamoto","year":"1997","unstructured":"Shibamoto Y, Takahashi M, Sasai K (1997) Prognosis of intracranial germinoma with syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells treated by radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 37:505\u2013510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0360-3016(96)00611-6","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"16_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2017.1305535","volume":"6","author":"PJ Siska","year":"2017","unstructured":"Siska PJ et al (2017) Deep exploration of the immune infiltrate and outcome prediction in testicular cancer by quantitative multiplexed immunohistochemistry and gene expression profiling. Oncoimmunology 6:e1305535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/2162402X.2017.1305535","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"16_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-020-0891-x","volume":"123","author":"MA Skowron","year":"2020","unstructured":"Skowron MA et al (2020) CDK4\/6 inhibition presents as a therapeutic option for paediatric and adult germ cell tumours and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via canonical and non-canonical mechanisms. Br J Cancer 123:378\u2013391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41416-020-0891-x","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"16_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.12.3.1609147","volume":"12","author":"JG Smirniotopoulos","year":"1992","unstructured":"Smirniotopoulos JG, Rushing EJ, Mena H (1992) Pineal region masses: differential diagnosis. Radiographics 12:577\u2013596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiographics.12.3.1609147","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"16_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3171\/PED\/2008\/2\/8\/118","volume":"2","author":"Y Sonoda","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sonoda Y et al (2008) Germ cell tumors in the basal ganglia: problems of early diagnosis and treatment. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2:118\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/PED\/2008\/2\/8\/118","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"16_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61299-X","volume":"374","author":"C Soussain","year":"2009","unstructured":"Soussain C, Ricard D, Fike JR, Mazeron JJ, Psimaras D, Delattre JY (2009) CNS complications of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Lancet 374:1639\u20131651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61299-X","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"16_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem.2001.14.6.789","volume":"14","author":"J Starzyk","year":"2001","unstructured":"Starzyk J, Starzyk B, Bartnik-Mikuta A, Urbanowicz W, Dziatkowiak H (2001) Gonadotropin releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in a 5 year-old girl with suprasellar germ cell tumor secreting beta-hCG and alpha-fetoprotein. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 14:789\u2013796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpem.2001.14.6.789","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"16_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1971.35.2.0197","volume":"35","author":"BM Stein","year":"1971","unstructured":"Stein BM (1971) The infratentorial supracerebellar approach to pineal lesions. J Neurosurg 35:197\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1971.35.2.0197","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"16_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2009.07.017","volume":"41","author":"WR Sukov","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sukov WR, Cheville JC, Giannini C, Carlson AW, Shearer BM, Sinnwell JP, Ketterling RP (2010) Isochromosome 12p and polysomy 12 in primary central nervous system germ cell tumors: frequency and association with clinicopathologic features. Hum Pathol 41:232\u2013238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.humpath.2009.07.017","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"16_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noz139","volume":"21","author":"H Takami","year":"2019","unstructured":"Takami H et al (2019) Integrated clinical, histopathological, and molecular data analysis of 190 central nervous system germ cell tumors from the iGCT Consortium. Neuro Oncol 21:1565\u20131577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/noz139","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"16_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12570","volume":"46","author":"H Takami","year":"2020","unstructured":"Takami H et al (2020a) Intratumoural immune cell landscape in germinoma reveals multipotent lineages and exhibits prognostic significance. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 46:111\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nan.12570","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol"},{"key":"16_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Takami H et al (2020b) Comparison on epidemiology, tumor location, histology, and prognosis of intracranial germ cell tumors between Mayo Clinic and Japanese consortium cohorts. J Neurosurg, 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2019.11.JNS191576","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.11.JNS191576"},{"key":"16_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-87755-1_5","volume-title":"Ovarian Cancer","author":"G Teilum","year":"1968","unstructured":"Teilum G (1968) Tumours of germinal origin. Ovarian Cancer. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 58\u201373"},{"key":"16_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-018-03045-3","volume":"141","author":"WWY Tso","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tso WWY et al (2019) Neurocognitive function, performance status, and quality of life in pediatric intracranial germ cell tumor survivors. J Neurooncol 141:393\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-018-03045-3","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"16_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.10.074","volume":"134","author":"S Tsuyuguchi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tsuyuguchi S et al (2020) Primary and recurrent growing teratoma syndrome in central nervous system nongerminomatous germ cell tumors: case series and review of the literature. World Neurosurg 134:e360\u2013e371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.10.074","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"16_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10014-004-0171-0","volume":"22","author":"S Utsuki","year":"2005","unstructured":"Utsuki S, Oka H, Tanizaki Y, Kondo K, Kawano N, Fujii K (2005) Pathological features of intracranial germinomas with reference to fibrous tissue and granulomatous change. Brain Tumor Pathol 22:9\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10014-004-0171-0","journal-title":"Brain Tumor Pathol"},{"key":"16_CR151","first-page":"216","volume":"53","author":"WP Van Wagenen","year":"1931","unstructured":"Van Wagenen WP (1931) A surgical approach for the removal of certain pineal tumors. Report of a case. Surg Gynecol Obstet 53:216\u2013220","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"16_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2013.06.006","volume":"61","author":"A Vasiljevic","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vasiljevic A, Szathmari A, Champier J, Fevre-Montange M, Jouvet A (2015) Histopathology of pineal germ cell tumors. Neurochirurgie 61:130\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuchi.2013.06.006","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"16_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vaughn DJ, Hwang WT, Lal P, Rosen MA, Gallagher M, O\u2019Dwyer PJ (2015) Phase 2 trial of the cyclin-dependent kinase 4\/6 inhibitor palbociclib in patients with retinoblastoma protein-expressing germ cell tumors. Cancer 121:1463\u20131468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cncr.29213","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.29213"},{"key":"16_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Viale GL, Pau A, Sehrbundt E, Turtas S (2001) The subchoroidal approach to the third ventricle: surgical anatomy according to Galen. Neurosurgery 49:986\u2013990; discussion 990\u2013981. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006123-200110000-00038","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200110000-00038"},{"key":"16_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-013-2128-2","volume":"29","author":"HH Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang HH et al (2013) Preoperative embolization of hypervascular pediatric brain tumors: evaluation of technical safety and outcome. Childs Nerv Syst 29:2043\u20132049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-013-2128-2","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"16_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-11-132","volume":"11","author":"HW Wang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wang HW et al (2010a) Pediatric primary central nervous system germ cell tumors of different prognosis groups show characteristic miRNome traits and chromosome copy number variations. BMC Genomics 11:132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2164-11-132","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"16_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-010-1247-2","volume":"26","author":"Y Wang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wang Y, Zou L, Gao B (2010b) Intracranial germinoma: clinical and MRI findings in 56 patients. Childs Nerv Syst 26:1773\u20131777. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-010-1247-2","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"16_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13296","volume":"511","author":"L Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang L et al (2014) Novel somatic and germline mutations in intracranial germ cell tumours. Nature 511:241\u2013245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature13296","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"16_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Winkler PA, Ilmberger J, Krishnan KG, Reulen HJ (2000) Transcallosal interforniceal-transforaminal approach for removing lesions occupying the third ventricular space: clinical and neuropsychological results. Neurosurgery 46:879\u2013888; discussion 888\u2013890. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006123-200004000-00020","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200004000-00020"},{"key":"16_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2007.01.017","volume":"460","author":"SS Wolf","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wolf SS, Patchev VK, Obendorf M (2007) A novel variant of the putative demethylase gene, s-JMJD1C, is a coactivator of the AR. Arch Biochem Biophys 460:56\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.abb.2007.01.017","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"16_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-010-1325-5","volume":"27","author":"TT Wong","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wong TT, Chen HH, Liang ML, Yen YS, Chang FC (2011a) Neuroendoscopy in the management of pineal tumors. Childs Nerv Syst 27:949\u2013959. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-010-1325-5","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"16_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.21430","volume":"104","author":"TT Wong","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wong TT et al (2005) Primary pediatric brain tumors: statistics of Taipei VGH, Taiwan (1975\u20132004). Cancer 104:2156\u20132167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cncr.21430","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"16_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-011-1523-9","volume":"27","author":"TT Wong","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wong TT, Liang ML, Chen HH, Chang FC (2011b) Hydrocephalus with brain tumors in children. Childs Nerv Syst 27:1723\u20131734. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-011-1523-9","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"16_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-017-2513-x","volume":"134","author":"CC Wu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wu CC et al (2017) MRI features of pediatric intracranial germ cell tumor subtypes. J Neurooncol 134:221\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-017-2513-x","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"16_CR165","first-page":"9002","volume":"7","author":"P Yang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yang P, Li L, Kuang W, Li B, Zhou B, Yang J, Huang H (2014) Intracranial multiple germ cell tumors: a case report and review of literature. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 7:9002\u20139007","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol"},{"key":"16_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2014.1945","volume":"8","author":"S Zhao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhao S, Shao G, Guo W, Chen X, Liu Q (2014) Intracranial pure yolk sac tumor in the anterior third ventricle of an adult: a case report. Exp Ther Med 8:1471\u20131472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/etm.2014.1945","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"16_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1998.88.6.1050","volume":"88","author":"IM Ziyal","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ziyal IM, Sekhar LN, Salas E, Olan WJ (1998) Combined supra\/infratentorial-transsinus approach to large pineal region tumors. J Neurosurg 88:1050\u20131057. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1998.88.6.1050","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"}],"container-title":["Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology","Human Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors: From Bench to Bedside. Volume 2"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-031-23705-8_16","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,15]],"date-time":"2023-07-15T04:05:37Z","timestamp":1689393937000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-031-23705-8_16"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"ISBN":["9783031237041","9783031237058"],"references-count":167,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-23705-8_16","relation":{},"ISSN":["0065-2598","2214-8019"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0065-2598","type":"print"},{"value":"2214-8019","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 July 2023","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}}]}}