{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:36:36Z","timestamp":1787963796259,"version":"build-2784847793"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":170,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783031237041","type":"print"},{"value":"9783031237058","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-23705-8_6","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,15]],"date-time":"2023-07-15T08:02:10Z","timestamp":1689408130000},"page":"153-173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Benign and Malignant Tumors of the Pineal Region"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Pavan S.","family":"Upadhyayula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin A.","family":"Neira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael L.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey N.","family":"Bruce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"6_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.6.JNS11506","volume":"115","author":"WN Al-Holou","year":"2011","unstructured":"Al-Holou WN, Terman SW, Kilburg C et al (2011) Prevalence and natural history of pineal cysts in adults. J Neurosurg 115:1106\u20131114","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"6_CR2","first-page":"181","volume":"65","author":"SM Al-Hussain","year":"2006","unstructured":"Al-Hussain SM (2006) The pinealocytes of the human pineal gland: A light and electron microscopic study. Folia Morphol 65:181\u2013187","journal-title":"Folia Morphol"},{"key":"6_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1979.51.3.0368","volume":"51","author":"JC Allen","year":"1979","unstructured":"Allen JC, Nisselbaum J, Epstein F et al (1979) Alphafetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin determination in cerebrospinal fluid. An aid to the diagnosis and management of intracranial germ-cell tumors. J Neurosurg 51:368\u2013374","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"6_CR4","unstructured":"Apuzzo M, Tung H (1993) Supratentorial approaches to the pineal region. In: Brain surgery: complication avoidance and management. Churchill-Livingstone, New York"},{"key":"6_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arendt J (1978) Melatonin assays in body fluids. J Neural Transm Suppl 265\u2013278","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-379260-0.50013-3"},{"key":"6_CR6","first-page":"235","volume":"1","author":"N Arita","year":"1980","unstructured":"Arita N, Ushio Y, Hayakawa T et al (1980) Serum levels of alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin and carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with primary intracranial germ cell tumors. Oncodev Biol Med 1:235\u2013240","journal-title":"Oncodev Biol Med"},{"key":"6_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.5414\/NPP27325","volume":"27","author":"A Arivazhagan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Arivazhagan A, Anandh B, Santosh V, Chandramouli BA (2008) Pineal parenchymal tumors\u2013utility of immunohistochemical markers in prognostication. Clin Neuropathol 27:325\u2013333","journal-title":"Clin Neuropathol"},{"key":"6_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(88)90161-9","volume":"29","author":"JI Ausman","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ausman JI, Malik GM, Dujovny M, Mann R (1988) Three-quarter prone approach to the pineal-tentorial region. Surg Neurol 29:298\u2013306","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"6_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2908","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1996.14.11.2908","volume":"14","author":"C Balmaceda","year":"1996","unstructured":"Balmaceda C, Heller G, Rosenblum M et al (1996) Chemotherapy without irradiation\u2013a novel approach for newly diagnosed CNS germ cell tumors: results of an international cooperative trial. The first international central nervous system germ cell tumor study. J Clin Oncol 14:2908\u20132915","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"6_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2014.06.002","volume":"61","author":"A Balossier","year":"2015","unstructured":"Balossier A, Blond S, Touzet G et al (2015) Endoscopic versus stereotactic procedure for pineal tumour biopsies: Comparative review of the literature and learning from a 25-year experience. Neurochirurgie 61:146\u2013154","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"6_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.03.088","volume":"92","author":"A Balossier","year":"2016","unstructured":"Balossier A, Blond S, Reyns N (2016) Endoscopic versus stereotactic procedure for pineal tumor biopsies: focus on overall efficacy rate. World Neurosurg 92:223\u2013228","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"6_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2585","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1999.17.8.2585","volume":"17","author":"M Bamberg","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bamberg M, Kortmann RD, Calaminus G et al (1999) Radiation therapy for intracranial germinoma: results of the German cooperative prospective trials MAKEI 83\/86\/89. J Clin Oncol 17:2585\u20132592","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"6_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19971101)80:9<1792::AID-CNCR14>3.0.CO;2-0","volume":"80","author":"MC Baranzelli","year":"1997","unstructured":"Baranzelli MC, Patte C, Bouffet E et al (1997) Nonmetastatic intracranial germinoma: the experience of the French Society of Pediatric Oncology. Cancer 80:1792\u20131797","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"6_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.6133.328","volume":"2","author":"SG Barber","year":"1978","unstructured":"Barber SG, Smith JA, Hughes RC (1978) Melatonin as a tumour marker in a patient with pineal tumour. Br Med J 2:328","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"6_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barnett DW, Olson JJ, Thomas WG, Hunter SB (1995) Low-grade astrocytomas arising from the pineal gland. Surg Neurol 43:70\u201375; discussion 75\u201376","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(95)80043-G"},{"key":"6_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19800315)45:6<1408::AID-CNCR2820450619>3.0.CO;2-0","volume":"45","author":"A Borit","year":"1980","unstructured":"Borit A, Blackwood W, Mair WG (1980) The separation of pineocytoma from pineoblastoma. Cancer 45:1408\u20131418","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"6_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouffet E, on behalf of the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise d\u2019Oncologie P\u00e9diatrique, Baranzelli MC et al (1999) Combined treatment modality for intracranial germinomas: results of a multicentre SFOP experience. Br J Cancer 79:1199\u20131204","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6690192"},{"key":"6_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlx008","volume":"76","author":"C Boulagnon-Rombi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boulagnon-Rombi C, Fleury C, Fichel C et al (2017) Immunohistochemical approach to the differential diagnosis of meningiomas and their mimics. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 76:289\u2013298","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"6_CR19","unstructured":"Bruce JN, Stein BM (1993) Complications of surgery for pineal region tumors. In: Posto KD, Friedman KD, McCormick PC (eds) Postoperative complications in intracranial surgery. Thieme, New York"},{"key":"6_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruce JN, Connolly ES, Sonabend AM (2012a) Pineal cell and germ cell tumors. In: Brain tumors. Elsevier Ltd., pp 646\u2013671","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-06967-3.00034-X"},{"key":"6_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruce JN, Sander Connolly E, Sonabend AM (2012b) Pineal cell and germ cell tumors. Brain Tumors 646\u2013671","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-06967-3.00034-X"},{"key":"6_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1023\/B:NEON.0000041885.09226.2d","volume":"69","author":"JN Bruce","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bruce JN, Ogden AT (2004) Surgical strategies for treating patients with pineal region tumors. J Neurooncol 69:221\u2013236","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"6_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01417679","volume":"134","author":"JN Bruce","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bruce JN, Stein BM (1995) Surgical management of pineal region tumors. Acta Neurochir 134:130\u2013135","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"key":"6_CR24","unstructured":"Bruce JN (2000) Posterior third ventricle tumors. In: Operative neurosurgery. Churchill Livingstone, London, p 769"},{"key":"6_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruce JN (2012) Management of pineal region tumors. In: Quinones-Hinojosa A (ed) Schmidek and sweet: operative neurosurgical techniques. Elsevier, New York","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-6839-6.10030-9"},{"key":"6_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2020.05.019","volume":"108","author":"HK Byun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Byun HK, Yoon HI, Cho J et al (2020) Optimization of intracranial germinoma treatment: radiotherapy alone with reduced volume and dose. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 108:657\u2013666","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"6_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/not019","volume":"15","author":"G Calaminus","year":"2013","unstructured":"Calaminus G, Kortmann R, Worch J et al (2013) SIOP CNS GCT 96: final report of outcome of a prospective, multinational nonrandomized trial for children and adults with intracranial germinoma, comparing craniospinal irradiation alone with chemotherapy followed by focal primary site irradiation for patients with localized disease. Neuro Oncol 15:788\u2013796","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"6_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198902000-00002","volume":"24","author":"PT Chandrasoma","year":"1989","unstructured":"Chandrasoma PT, Smith MM, Apuzzo ML (1989) Stereotactic biopsy in the diagnosis of brain masses: comparison of results of biopsy and resected surgical specimen. Neurosurgery 24:160\u2013165","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"6_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang SM, Lillis-Hearne PK, Larson DA et al (1995) Pineoblastoma in adults. Neurosurgery 37:383\u2013390; discussion 390\u2013391","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199509000-00003"},{"key":"6_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1097\/PAI.0000000000000565","volume":"27","author":"D Chatterjee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chatterjee D, Lath K, Singla N et al (2019) Pathologic prognostic factors of pineal parenchymal tumor of intermediate differentiation. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 27:210\u2013215","journal-title":"Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol"},{"key":"6_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chernov MF, Kamikawa S, Yamane F et al (2006) Neurofiberscopic biopsy of tumors of the pineal region and posterior third ventricle: indications, technique, complications, and results. Neurosurgery 59:267\u2013277; discussion 267\u2013277","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000223504.29243.0B"},{"key":"6_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-016-2207-9","volume":"129","author":"V Cheung","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cheung V, Segal D, Gardner SL et al (2016) Utility of MRI versus tumor markers for post-treatment surveillance of marker-positive CNS germ cell tumors. J Neurooncol 129:541\u2013544","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"6_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s003810050175","volume":"14","author":"BK Cho","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cho BK, Wang KC, Nam DH et al (1998) Pineal tumors: experience with 48 cases over 10 years. Childs Nerv Syst 14:53\u201358","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"6_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.12.JNS091683","volume":"113","author":"AJ Clark","year":"2010","unstructured":"Clark AJ, Ivan ME, Sughrue ME et al (2010) Tumor control after surgery and radiotherapy for pineocytoma. J Neurosurg 113:319\u2013324","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"6_CR35","first-page":"298","volume":"11","author":"S Coca","year":"1992","unstructured":"Coca S, Vaquero J, Escandon J et al (1992) Immunohistochemical characterization of pineocytomas. Clin Neuropathol 11:298\u2013303","journal-title":"Clin Neuropathol"},{"key":"6_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000903","volume":"41","author":"S Coy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Coy S, Dubuc AM, Dahiya S et al (2017) Nuclear CRX and FOXJ1 expression differentiates non-germ cell pineal region tumors and supports the ependymal differentiation of papillary tumor of the pineal region. Am J Surg Pathol 41:1410\u20131421","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"6_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-018-2931-4","volume":"140","author":"RS D\u2019Amico","year":"2018","unstructured":"D\u2019Amico RS, Zanazzi G, Wu P et al (2018) Pineal region glioblastomas display features of diffuse midline and non-midline gliomas. J Neurooncol 140:63\u201373","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"6_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1936.01190010022002","volume":"33","author":"WE Dandy","year":"1936","unstructured":"Dandy WE (1936) Operative experience in cases of pineal tumor. Arch Surg 33:19\u201346","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"6_CR39","first-page":"322","volume":"102","author":"SR Dashti","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dashti SR, Robinson S, Rodgers M, Cohen AR (2005) Pineal region giant cell astrocytoma associated with tuberous sclerosis: case report. J Neurosurg 102:322\u2013325","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"6_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dattoli MJ, Newall J (1990) Radiation therapy for intracranial germinoma: the case for limited volume treatment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 19:429\u2013433","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(90)90553-V"},{"key":"6_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19820915)50:6<1185::AID-CNCR2820500626>3.0.CO;2-A","volume":"50","author":"U DeGirolami","year":"1982","unstructured":"DeGirolami U, Armbrustmacher VW (1982) Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma of the pineal region: report of a case. Cancer 50:1185\u20131188","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"6_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2014.10.111","volume":"61","author":"G Deiana","year":"2015","unstructured":"Deiana G, Mottolese C, Hermier M et al (2015) Imagery of pineal tumors. Neurochirurgie 61:113\u2013122","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"6_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeMonte F, Zelby AS, Al-Mefty O (1993) Hearing impairment resulting from a pineal region meningioma. Neurosurgery 32:665\u2013668","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199304000-00026"},{"key":"6_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01541248","volume":"116","author":"PK Dempsey","year":"1992","unstructured":"Dempsey PK, Kondziolka D, Lunsford LD (1992) Stereotactic diagnosis and treatment of pineal region tumours and vascular malformations. Acta Neurochir 116:14\u201322","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"key":"6_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19890115)63:2<302::AID-CNCR2820630216>3.0.CO;2-D","volume":"63","author":"A Disclafani","year":"1989","unstructured":"Disclafani A, Hudgins RJ, Edwards MSB et al (1989) Pineocytomas. Cancer 63:302\u2013304","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"6_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.4103\/IJPM.IJPM_102_19","volume":"63","author":"S Dogra","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dogra S, Gupta P, Malhotra P, Bhardwaj M (2020) Papillary tumor in pineal region: immunohistochemistry meeting the diagnostic challenge. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 63:100\u2013102","journal-title":"Indian J Pathol Microbiol"},{"key":"6_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2806","volume":"33","author":"N Dumrongpisutikul","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dumrongpisutikul N, Intrapiromkul J, Yousem DM (2012) Distinguishing between germinomas and pineal cell tumors on MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 33:550\u2013555","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"6_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2000.11740753","volume":"22","author":"HM Duvernoy","year":"2000","unstructured":"Duvernoy HM, Parratte B, Tatu L, Vuillier F (2000) The human pineal gland: relationships with surrounding structures and blood supply. Neurol Res 22:747\u2013790","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"key":"6_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1988.68.5.0689","volume":"68","author":"MSB Edwards","year":"1988","unstructured":"Edwards MSB, Hudgins RJ, Wilson CB et al (1988) Pineal region tumors in children. J Neurosurg 68:689\u2013697","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"6_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1985.63.3.0321","volume":"63","author":"SS Erlich","year":"1985","unstructured":"Erlich SS, Apuzzo ML (1985) The pineal gland: anatomy, physiology, and clinical significance. J Neurosurg 63:321\u2013341","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"6_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-013-0248-6","volume":"4","author":"AS Fang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fang AS, Meyers SP (2013) Magnetic resonance imaging of pineal region tumours. Insights Imag 4:369\u2013382","journal-title":"Insights Imag"},{"key":"6_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(99)00389-2","volume":"46","author":"F Fauchon","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fauchon F, Jouvet A, Paquis P et al (2000) Parenchymal pineal tumors: a clinicopathological study of 76 cases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 46:959\u2013968","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"6_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-013-1050-5","volume":"112","author":"F Fauchon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fauchon F, Hasselblatt M, Jouvet A et al (2013) Role of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy in papillary tumors of the pineal region: a multicenter study. J Neurooncol 112:223\u2013231","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"6_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.05.080","volume":"116","author":"C Fern\u00e1ndez-Mateos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Mateos C, Martinez R, Vaquero J (2018) Long-term follow-up after radiosurgery of papillary tumor of pineal region: 2 case reports and review of literature. World Neurosurg 116:190\u2013193","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"6_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(18)30953-8","volume":"4","author":"MR Fetell","year":"1986","unstructured":"Fetell MR, Stein BM (1986) Neuroendocrine aspects of pineal tumors. Neurol Clin 4:877\u2013905","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"6_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.7.1034","volume":"41","author":"MR Fetell","year":"1991","unstructured":"Fetell MR, Bruce JN, Burke AM et al (1991) Non-neoplastic pineal cysts. Neurology 41:1034\u20131040","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"6_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2013.04.011","volume":"61","author":"M F\u00e8vre Montange","year":"2015","unstructured":"F\u00e8vre Montange M, Vasiljevic A, Champier J, Jouvet A (2015) Papillary tumor of the pineal region: histopathological characterization and review of the literature. Neurochirurgie 61:138\u2013142","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"6_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jnen.0000225907.90052.e3","volume":"65","author":"M F\u00e8vre-Montange","year":"2006","unstructured":"F\u00e8vre-Montange M, Champier J, Szathmari A et al (2006a) Microarray analysis reveals differential gene expression patterns in tumors of the pineal region. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 65:675\u2013684","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"6_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jnen.0000240462.80263.13","volume":"65","author":"M F\u00e8vre-Montange","year":"2006","unstructured":"F\u00e8vre-Montange M, Hasselblatt M, Figarella-Branger D et al (2006b) Prognosis and histopathologic features in papillary tumors of the pineal region: a retrospective multicenter study of 31 cases. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 65:1004\u20131011","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"6_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.21555","volume":"51","author":"J Finlay","year":"2008","unstructured":"Finlay J, da Silva NS, Lavey R et al (2008) The management of patients with primary central nervous system (CNS) germinoma: current controversies requiring resolution. Pediatr Blood Cancer 51:313\u2013316","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"6_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(83)90054-X","volume":"20","author":"M Fukui","year":"1983","unstructured":"Fukui M, Matsuoka S, Hasuo K et al (1983) Cavernous hemangioma in the pineal region. Surg Neurol 20:209\u2013215","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"6_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuller BG, Kapp DS, Cox R (1994) Radiation therapy of pineal region tumors: 25 new cases and a review of 208 previously reported cases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 28:229\u2013245","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(94)90162-7"},{"key":"6_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodman RR (1993) Magnetic resonance imaging-directed stereotactic endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Neurosurgery 32:1043\u20131047; DISCUSSION 1047","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199306000-00031"},{"key":"6_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0000000000000093","volume":"73","author":"T Goschzik","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goschzik T, Gessi M, Denkhaus D, Pietsch T (2014) PTEN mutations and activation of the PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR signaling pathway in papillary tumors of the pineal region. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 73:747\u2013751","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"6_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01813551","volume":"50","author":"J Haase","year":"1979","unstructured":"Haase J, B\u00f8rgaard-Pedersen B (1979) Alpha-feto-protein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) as biochemical markers of intracranial germ-cell tumours. Acta Neurochir 50:67\u201369","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"key":"6_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.23044","volume":"57","author":"LM Harris","year":"2011","unstructured":"Harris LM, Davies NP, Wilson S et al (2011) Short echo time single voxel 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the diagnosis and characterisation of pineal tumours in children. Pediatr Blood Cancer 57:972\u2013977","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"6_CR67","first-page":"880","volume":"51","author":"T Hasegawa","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hasegawa T, Kondziolka D, Hadjipanayis CG et al (2002) The role of radiosurgery for the treatment of pineal parenchymal tumors. Neurosurgery 51:880\u2013889","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"6_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12282","volume":"26","author":"S Heim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heim S, Sill M, Jones DTW et al (2016) Papillary tumor of the Pineal Region: a distinct molecular entity. Brain Pathol 26:199\u2013205","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"6_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2008.07.019","volume":"70","author":"J Hernesniemi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hernesniemi J, Romani R, Albayrak BS et al (2008) Microsurgical management of pineal region lesions: personal experience with 119 patients. Surg Neurol 70:576\u2013583","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"6_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.42.11.1050","volume":"42","author":"K Higashi","year":"1979","unstructured":"Higashi K, Katayama S, Orita T (1979) Pineal apoplexy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 42:1050\u20131053","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"6_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012721723387","volume":"54","author":"J Hirato","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hirato J, Nakazato Y (2001) Pathology of pineal region tumors. J Neurooncol 54:239\u2013249","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"6_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19920915)70:6<1577::AID-CNCR2820700622>3.0.CO;2-X","volume":"70","author":"DM Ho","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ho DM, Liu HC (1992) Primary intracranial germ cell tumor. Pathologic study of 51 patients. Cancer 70:1577\u20131584","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"6_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1159\/000120821","volume":"21","author":"HJ Hoffman","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hoffman HJ, Yoshida M, Becker LE et al (1994) Pineal region tumors in childhood. Pediatr Neurosurg 21:91\u2013104","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"6_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-020-07484-y","volume":"20","author":"KT Hong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hong KT, Lee DH, Kim BK et al (2020) Treatment outcome and long-term follow-up of central nervous system germ cell tumor using upfront chemotherapy with subsequent photon or proton radiation therapy: a single tertiary center experience of 127 patients. BMC Cancer 20:979","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"6_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1991.00530180110026","volume":"48","author":"MB Horowitz","year":"1991","unstructured":"Horowitz MB, Hall WA (1991) Central nervous system germinomas. A Review. Arch Neurol 48:652\u2013657","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"6_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1995.13.6.1377","volume":"13","author":"RI Jakacki","year":"1995","unstructured":"Jakacki RI, Zeltzer PM, Boyett JM et al (1995) Survival and prognostic factors following radiation and\/or chemotherapy for primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the pineal region in infants and children: a report of the Childrens Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol 13:1377\u20131383","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"6_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opaa270","author":"WC Jean","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jean WC (2020) Virtual reality surgical rehearsal and 2-dimensional operative video of a paramedian supracerebellar infratentorial approach endoscopic resection of pineocytoma: 2-dimensional operative video. Oper Neurosurg (hagerstown). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ons\/opaa270","journal-title":"Oper Neurosurg (hagerstown)"},{"key":"6_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1985.63.2.0155","volume":"63","author":"MT Jennings","year":"1985","unstructured":"Jennings MT, Gelman R, Hochberg F (1985) Intracranial germ-cell tumors: natural history and pathogenesis. J Neurosurg 63:155\u2013167","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"6_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.23560","volume":"44","author":"JA Jim\u00e9nez-Heffernan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez-Heffernan JA, B\u00e1rcena C, Gordillo C, Ca\u00f1izal JM (2016) Cytologic features of papillary tumor of the pineal region: A case report showing tigroid background. Diagn Cytopathol 44:1098\u20131101","journal-title":"Diagn Cytopathol"},{"key":"6_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2000.tb00242.x","volume":"10","author":"A Jouvet","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jouvet A, Saint-Pierre G, Fauchon F et al (2000) Pineal parenchymal tumors: a correlation of histological features with prognosis in 66 cases. Brain Pathol 10:49\u201360","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"6_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200304000-00011","volume":"27","author":"A Jouvet","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jouvet A, Fauchon F, Liberski P et al (2003) Papillary tumor of the pineal region. Am J Surg Pathol 27:505\u2013512","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"6_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-008-9542-4","volume":"88","author":"Y Kawabata","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kawabata Y, Takahashi JA, Arakawa Y et al (2008) Long term outcomes in patients with intracranial germinomas: a single institution experience of irradiation with or without chemotherapy. J Neurooncol 88:161\u2013167","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"6_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2004.07.006","volume":"22","author":"SJ Kellie","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kellie SJ, Boyce H, Dunkel IJ et al (2004) Primary chemotherapy for intracranial nongerminomatous germ cell tumors: results of the second international CNS germ cell study group protocol. J Clin Oncol 22:846\u2013853","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"6_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kennedy BC, Bruce JN (2011) Surgical approaches to the pineal region. Neurosurg Clin N Am 22:367\u2013380, viii","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2011.05.007"},{"key":"6_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19880601)61:11<2148::AID-CNCR2820611103>3.0.CO;2-Q","volume":"61","author":"CR Kersh","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kersh CR, Constable WC, Eisert DR et al (1988) Primary central nervous system germ cell tumors. Effect of histologic confirmation on radiotherapy. Cancer 61:2148\u20132152","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"6_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012727306066","volume":"54","author":"T Kobayashi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kobayashi T, Kida Y, Mori Y (2001) Stereotactic gamma radiosurgery for pineal and related tumors. J Neurooncol 54:301\u2013309","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"6_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-3019(03)00080-6","volume":"59","author":"AN Konovalov","year":"2003","unstructured":"Konovalov AN, Pitskhelauri DI (2003) Principles of treatment of the pineal region tumors. Surg Neurol 59:250\u2013268","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"6_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1989.70.5.0682","volume":"70","author":"HW Korf","year":"1989","unstructured":"Korf HW, Bruce JA, Vistica B et al (1989) Immunoreactive S-antigen in cerebrospinal fluid: a marker of pineal parenchymal tumors? J Neurosurg 70:682\u2013687","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"6_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pjnns.2014.09.005","volume":"48","author":"A Koziarski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Koziarski A, Grala B, Skrobowska E (2014) Papillary tumor of the pineal region. Report of two cases and literature review. Neurol Neurochir Pol 48:356\u2013362","journal-title":"Neurol Neurochir Pol"},{"key":"6_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-198809000-00001","volume":"12","author":"S Kraichoke","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kraichoke S, Cosgrove M, Chandrasoma PT (1988) Granulomatous inflammation in pineal germinoma. A cause of diagnostic failure at stereotaxic brain biopsy. Am J Surg Pathol 12:655\u2013660","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"6_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kreth FW, Sch\u00e4tz CR, Pagenstecher A et al (1996) Stereotactic management of lesions of the pineal region. Neurosurgery 39:280\u2013289; discussion 289\u2013291","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199608000-00010"},{"key":"6_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.2.JNS142088","volume":"124","author":"C Kulwin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kulwin C, Matsushima K, Malekpour M, Cohen-Gadol AA (2016) Lateral supracerebellar infratentorial approach for microsurgical resection of large midline pineal region tumors: techniques to expand the operative corridor. J Neurosurg 124:269\u2013276","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"6_CR93","first-page":"541","volume-title":"Surgery of the third ventricle","author":"C Lapras","year":"1987","unstructured":"Lapras C, Ptet JD (1987) Controversies techniques and strategies for pineal tumor surgery. In: Apuzzo M (ed) Surgery of the third ventricle. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, p 541"},{"key":"6_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2019.06.002","volume":"138","author":"DS Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee DS, Lim DH, Kim IH et al (2019a) Upfront chemotherapy followed by response adaptive radiotherapy for intracranial germinoma: prospective multicenter cohort study. Radiother Oncol 138:180\u2013186","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"6_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-019-01990-5","volume":"137","author":"JC Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee JC, Mazor T, Lao R et al (2019b) Recurrent KBTBD4 small in-frame insertions and absence of DROSHA deletion or DICER1 mutation differentiate pineal parenchymal tumor of intermediate differentiation (PPTID) from pineoblastoma. Acta Neuropathol 137:851\u2013854","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"6_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2020.05.051","volume":"108","author":"JW Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee JW, Lim DH, Sung KW et al (2020) Induction chemotherapy reduces radiation therapy dose and volume in the treatment of intracranial germinoma: results of the SMC-G13 trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 108:649\u2013656","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"6_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-1596-5-59","volume":"5","author":"G Levidou","year":"2010","unstructured":"Levidou G, Korkolopoulou P, Agrogiannis G et al (2010) Low-grade oligodendroglioma of the pineal gland: a case report and review of the literature. Diagn Pathol 5:59","journal-title":"Diagn Pathol"},{"key":"6_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2016.19","volume":"26","author":"S Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li S, Patel DJ (2016) Drosha and dicer: slicers cut from the same cloth. Cell Res 26:511\u2013512","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"6_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-019-02111-y","volume":"139","author":"BK Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li BK, Vasiljevic A, Dufour C et al (2020a) Pineoblastoma segregates into molecular sub-groups with distinct clinico-pathologic features: a rare brain tumor consortium registry study. Acta Neuropathol 139:223\u2013241","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"6_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.06.189","volume":"133","author":"D Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li D, Wen R, Gao Y et al (2020b) Pineal region gliomas: a single-center experience with 25 cases. World Neurosurg 133:e6\u2013e17","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"6_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linstadt D, Wara WM, Edwards MSB et al (1988) Radiotherapy of primary intracranial germinomas: the case against routine craniospinal irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 15:291\u2013297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(98)90007-4"},{"key":"6_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1545-1","volume":"131","author":"DN Louis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Louis DN, Perry A, Reifenberger G et al (2016) The 2016 World Health Organization classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a summary. Acta Neuropathol 131:803\u2013820","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"6_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lutterbach J, Fauchon F, Schild SE et al (2002) Malignant pineal parenchymal tumors in adult patients: patterns of care and prognostic factors. Neurosurgery 51:44\u201355; discussion 55\u201356","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200207000-00006"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"6_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1159\/000099807","volume":"66","author":"L Manera","year":"1996","unstructured":"Manera L, R\u00e9gis J, Chinot O et al (1996) Pineal region tumors: the role of stereotactic radiosurgery. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 66(Suppl 1):164\u2013173","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"key":"6_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.7.JNS16277","volume":"126","author":"S Matsuo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Matsuo S, Baydin S, G\u00fcng\u00f6r A et al (2017) Midline and off-midline infratentorial supracerebellar approaches to the pineal gland. J Neurosurg 126:1984\u20131994","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"6_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205883","volume":"13","author":"JC Mays","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mays JC, Kelly MC, Coon SL et al (2018) Single-cell RNA sequencing of the mammalian pineal gland identifies two pinealocyte subtypes and cell type-specific daily patterns of gene expression. PLoS ONE 13:e0205883","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"6_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1985.160","volume":"52","author":"S Metcalfe","year":"1985","unstructured":"Metcalfe S, Sikora K (1985) A new marker for testicular cancer. Br J Cancer 52:127\u2013129","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"6_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02187761","volume":"135","author":"P Missori","year":"1995","unstructured":"Missori P, Delfini R, Cantore G (1995) Tinnitus and hearing loss in pineal region tumours. Acta Neurochir 135:154\u2013158","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"key":"6_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mori Y, Kobayashi T, Hasegawa T et al (2009) Stereotactic radiosurgery for pineal and related tumors, pp 106\u2013118","DOI":"10.1159\/000210057"},{"key":"6_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2014.01.005","volume":"61","author":"C Mottolese","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mottolese C, Szathmari A, Beuriat P-A (2015) Incidence of pineal tumours. A review of the literature. Neurochirurgie 61:65\u201369","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"6_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00341833","volume":"30","author":"W M\u00fcller-Forell","year":"1988","unstructured":"M\u00fcller-Forell W, Schroth G, Egan PJ (1988) MR imaging in tumors of the pineal region. Neuroradiology 30:224\u2013231","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"6_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1992.76.5.0746","volume":"76","author":"JM Nazzaro","year":"1992","unstructured":"Nazzaro JM, Shults WT, Neuwelt EA (1992) Neuro-ophthalmological function of patients with pineal region tumors approached transtentorially in the semisitting position. J Neurosurg 76:746\u2013751","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"6_CR113","first-page":"133","volume":"6","author":"EA Neuwelt","year":"1979","unstructured":"Neuwelt EA, Smith RG (1979) Presence of lymphocyte membrane surface markers on \u201csmall cells\u201d in a pineal germinoma. Ann Neurol Official J Am Neurol Assoc Child Neurol Soc 6:133\u2013136","journal-title":"Ann Neurol Official J Am Neurol Assoc Child Neurol Soc"},{"key":"6_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22973","volume":"547","author":"PA Northcott","year":"2017","unstructured":"Northcott PA, Buchhalter I, Morrissy AS et al (2017) The whole-genome landscape of medulloblastoma subtypes. Nature 547:311\u2013317","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"6_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.2217\/cns-2016-0047","volume":"6","author":"E Orrego","year":"2017","unstructured":"Orrego E, Casavilca S, Garcia-Corrochano P et al (2017) Glioblastoma of pineal region: report of four cases and literature review. CNS Oncol 6:251\u2013259","journal-title":"CNS Oncol"},{"key":"6_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"v1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noz150","volume":"21","author":"QT Ostrom","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ostrom QT, Cioffi G, Gittleman H et al (2019) CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2012\u20132016. Neuro Oncol 21:v1\u2013v100","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"6_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.49.1.93","volume":"49","author":"R Page","year":"1986","unstructured":"Page R, Doshi B, Sharr MM (1986) Primary intracranial choriocarcinoma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 49:93\u201395","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"6_CR118","first-page":"560","volume":"27","author":"A Panigrahy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Panigrahy A, Krieger MD, Gonzalez-Gomez I et al (2006) Quantitative short echo time 1H-MR spectroscopy of untreated pediatric brain tumors: preoperative diagnosis and characterization. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27:560\u2013572","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"6_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/9.3.330","volume":"9","author":"H Parinaud","year":"1887","unstructured":"Parinaud H (1887) Paralysis of the movement of convergence of the eyes. Brain 9:330","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"6_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-015-0441-5","volume":"10","author":"J Park","year":"2015","unstructured":"Park J, Park Y, Lee SU et al (2015) Differential dosimetric benefit of proton beam therapy over intensity modulated radiotherapy for a variety of targets in patients with intracranial germ cell tumors. Radiat Oncol 10:135","journal-title":"Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"6_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20849","volume":"105","author":"AV Parwani","year":"2005","unstructured":"Parwani AV, Baisden BL, Erozan YS et al (2005) Pineal gland lesions: a cytopathologic study of 20 specimens. Cancer 105:80\u201386","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"6_CR122","first-page":"341","volume":"12","author":"J Pecker","year":"1979","unstructured":"Pecker J, Scarabin JM, Vallee B, Brucher JM (1979) Treatment in tumours of the pineal region: value of sterotaxic biopsy. Surg Neurol 12:341\u2013348","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"6_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2016.11.012","volume":"152","author":"M P\u00e9rez-Ram\u00edrez","year":"2017","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Ram\u00edrez M, Hern\u00e1ndez-Jim\u00e9nez AJ, Guerrero-Guerrero A et al (2017) Pediatric pineal germinomas: epigenetic and genomic approach. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 152:45\u201351","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"6_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-017-3196-y","volume":"159","author":"BL Pira","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pira BL, La Pira B, Sorenson T et al (2017) The paramedian supracerebellar infratentorial approach. Acta Neurochir 159:1529\u20131532","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"key":"6_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01403491","volume":"96","author":"F Pluchino","year":"1989","unstructured":"Pluchino F, Broggi G, Fornari M et al (1989) Surgical approach to pineal tumours. Acta Neurochir 96:26\u201331","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"key":"6_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1966.25.6.0706","volume":"25","author":"JL Poppen","year":"1966","unstructured":"Poppen JL (1966) The right occipital approach to a pinealoma. J Neurosurg 25:706\u2013710","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"6_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1946.3.1.0015","volume":"3","author":"M Posner","year":"1946","unstructured":"Posner M, Horrax G (1946) Eye signs in pineal tumors. J Neurosurg 3:15\u201324","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"6_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.04.130","volume":"96","author":"J Quick-Weller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Quick-Weller J, Lescher S, Baumgarten P et al (2016) Stereotactic biopsy of pineal lesions. World Neurosurg 96:124\u2013128","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"6_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s003810050516","volume":"16","author":"A Raco","year":"2000","unstructured":"Raco A, Raimondi AJ, D\u2019Alonzo A et al (2000) Radiosurgery in the management of pediatric brain tumors. Childs Nerv Syst 16:287\u2013295","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"6_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(20000501)88:9<2189::AID-CNCR27>3.0.CO;2-G","volume":"88","author":"AT Reddy","year":"2000","unstructured":"Reddy AT, Janss AJ, Phillips PC et al (2000) Outcome for children with supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors treated with surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Cancer 88:2189\u20132193","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"6_CR131","first-page":"329","volume":"11","author":"DJ Rippe","year":"1990","unstructured":"Rippe DJ, Boyko OB, Friedman HS et al (1990) Gd-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging of leptomeningeal spread of primary intracranial CNS tumor in children. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 11:329\u2013332","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"6_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(05)70245-X","volume":"6","author":"SJ Rogers","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rogers SJ, Mosleh-Shirazi MA, Saran FH (2005) Radiotherapy of localised intracranial germinoma: time to sever historical ties? Lancet Oncol 6:509\u2013519","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"6_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.04.007","volume":"82","author":"K Sakanaka","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sakanaka K, Mizowaki T, Hiraoka M (2012) Dosimetric advantage of intensity-modulated radiotherapy for whole ventricles in the treatment of localized intracranial germinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 82:e273\u2013e280","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"6_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1093\/neurosurgery\/30.CN_suppl_1.59","volume":"30","author":"K Sano","year":"1983","unstructured":"Sano K (1983) Pineal region tumors: problems in pathology and treatment. Clin Neurosurg 30:59\u201391","journal-title":"Clin Neurosurg"},{"key":"6_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1159\/000119970","volume":"8","author":"K Sano","year":"1981","unstructured":"Sano K, Matsutani M (1981) Pinealoma (Germinoma) treated by direct surgery and postoperative irradiation. Pediatr Neurosurg 8:81\u201397","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"6_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00593374","volume":"37","author":"H Satoh","year":"1995","unstructured":"Satoh H, Uozumi T, Kiya K et al (1995) MRI of pineal region tumours: relationship between tumours and adjacent structures. Neuroradiology 37:624\u2013630","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"6_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1997.87.2.0262","volume":"87","author":"Y Sawamura","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sawamura Y, de Tribolet N, Ishii N, Abe H (1997) Management of primary intracranial germinomas: diagnostic surgery or radical resection? J Neurosurg 87:262\u2013266","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"6_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1998.88.1.0066","volume":"88","author":"Y Sawamura","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sawamura Y, Shirato H, Ikeda J et al (1998) Induction chemotherapy followed by reduced-volume radiation therapy for newly diagnosed central nervous system germinoma. J Neurosurg 88:66\u201372","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"6_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19930801)72:3<870::AID-CNCR2820720336>3.0.CO;2-X","volume":"72","author":"SE Schild","year":"1993","unstructured":"Schild SE, Scheithauer BW, Schomberg PJ et al (1993) Pineal parenchymal tumors: clinical, pathologic, and therapeutic aspects. Cancer 72:870\u2013880","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"6_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2564","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19961215)78:12<2564::AID-CNCR16>3.0.CO;2-U","volume":"78","author":"SE Schild","year":"1996","unstructured":"Schild SE, Scheithauer BW, Haddock MG et al (1996) Histologically confirmed pineal tumors and other germ cell tumors of the brain. Cancer 78:2564\u20132571","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"6_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199904000-00018","volume":"44","author":"TH Schwartz","year":"1999","unstructured":"Schwartz TH, Kim S, Glick RS et al (1999) Supratentorial ependymomas in adult patients. Neurosurgery 44:721\u2013731","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"6_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-017-1790-3","volume":"20","author":"JM Sep\u00falveda-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sep\u00falveda-S\u00e1nchez JM, Mu\u00f1oz Langa J, Arr\u00e1ez M\u00c1 et al (2018) SEOM clinical guideline of diagnosis and management of low-grade glioma (2017). Clin Transl Oncol 20:3\u201315","journal-title":"Clin Transl Oncol"},{"key":"6_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1338165","volume":"74","author":"H Shahinian","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shahinian H, Ra Y (2013) Fully endoscopic resection of pineal region tumors. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 74:114\u2013117","journal-title":"J Neurol Surg B Skull Base"},{"key":"6_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1985.63.5.0733","volume":"63","author":"J Shinoda","year":"1985","unstructured":"Shinoda J, Miwa Y, Sakai N et al (1985) Immunohistochemical study of placental alkaline phosphatase in primary intracranial germ-cell tumors. J Neurosurg 63:733\u2013739","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"6_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.307105131","volume":"30","author":"AB Smith","year":"2010","unstructured":"Smith AB, Rushing EJ, Smirniotopoulos JG (2010) From the archives of the AFIP: lesions of the pineal region: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 30:2001\u20132020","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"6_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2868","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05029-3","volume":"9","author":"M Snuderl","year":"2018","unstructured":"Snuderl M, Kannan K, Pfaff E et al (2018) Recurrent homozygous deletion of DROSHA and microduplication of PDE4DIP in pineoblastoma. Nat Commun 9:2868","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"6_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.07.096","volume":"81","author":"AM Sonabend","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sonabend AM, Bruce JN (2014) Management paradigms along a histologic spectrum of pineal cell tumors. World Neurosurg. 81:685\u2013687","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"6_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-016-2138-5","volume":"130","author":"AM Sonabend","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sonabend AM, Bowden S, Bruce JN (2016) Microsurgical resection of pineal region tumors. J Neurooncol 130:351\u2013366","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"6_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1971.35.2.0197","volume":"35","author":"BM Stein","year":"1971","unstructured":"Stein BM (1971) The infratentorial supracerebellar approach to pineal lesions. J Neurosurg 35:197\u2013202","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"6_CR150","first-page":"509","volume":"39","author":"BM Stein","year":"1992","unstructured":"Stein BM, Bruce JN (1992) Surgical management of pineal region tumors (honored guest lecture). Clin Neurosurg 39:509\u2013532","journal-title":"Clin Neurosurg"},{"key":"6_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1977.47.5.0776","volume":"47","author":"P Steinbok","year":"1977","unstructured":"Steinbok P, Dolman CL, Kaan K (1977) Pineocytomas presenting as subarachnoid hemorrhage. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg 47:776\u2013780","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"6_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043330","volume":"352","author":"R Stupp","year":"2005","unstructured":"Stupp R, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ et al (2005) Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. N Engl J Med 352:987\u2013996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"6_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1148\/128.3.745","volume":"128","author":"DI Sung","year":"1978","unstructured":"Sung DI, Harisiadis L, Chang CH (1978) Midline pineal tumors and suprasellar germinomas: highly curable by irradiation. Radiology 128:745\u2013751","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"6_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1978.49.1.0041","volume":"49","author":"J Takeuchi","year":"1978","unstructured":"Takeuchi J, Handa H, Nagata I (1978) Suprasellar germinoma. J Neurosurg 49:41\u201348","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"6_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-014-0567-1","volume":"37","author":"F Thaher","year":"2014","unstructured":"Thaher F, Kurucz P, Fuellbier L et al (2014) Endoscopic surgery for tumors of the pineal region via a paramedian infratentorial supracerebellar keyhole approach (PISKA). Neurosurg Rev 37:677\u2013684","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"6_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.155.1.2162137","volume":"155","author":"RD Tien","year":"1990","unstructured":"Tien RD, Barkovich AJ, Edwards MS (1990) MR imaging of pineal tumors. Am J Roentgenol 155:143\u2013151","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"6_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2012.01.039","volume":"36","author":"T Tong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tong T, Zhenwei Y, Xiaoyuan F (2012) MRI and 1H-MRS on diagnosis of pineal region tumors. Clin Imaging 36:702\u2013709","journal-title":"Clin Imaging"},{"key":"6_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199811000-00068","volume":"43","author":"T Ueyama","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ueyama T, Al-Mefty O, Tamaki N (1998) Bridging veins on the tentorial surface of the cerebellum: a microsurgical anatomic study and operative considerations. Neurosurgery 43:1137\u20131145","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"6_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.8.PEDS1157","volume":"8","author":"T Uschold","year":"2011","unstructured":"Uschold T, Abla AA, Fusco D et al (2011) Supracerebellar infratentorial endoscopically controlled resection of pineal lesions: case series and operative technique. J Neurosurg Pediatr 8:554\u2013564","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"6_CR160","unstructured":"Van Wagenen WP (1931) A surgical approach for the removal of certain pineal tumors. Report of a case. Surg Gynecol Obstet 53:216\u2013220"},{"key":"6_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaquero J, Ramiro J, Mart\u00ednez R, et al (1990) Clinicopathological experience with pineocytomas: report of five surgically treated cases. Neurosurgery 27:612\u2013618; discussion 618\u2013619","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199010000-00018"},{"key":"6_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1148\/124.1.221","volume":"124","author":"WM Wara","year":"1977","unstructured":"Wara WM, Fellows CF, Sheline GE et al (1977) Radiation therapy for pineal tumors and suprasellar germinomas. Radiology 124:221\u2013223","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"6_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolden SL, Wara WM, Larson DA et al (1995) Radiation therapy for primary intracranial germ-cell tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 32:943\u2013949","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(95)00067-9"},{"key":"6_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000001350","volume":"44","author":"X Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu X, Wang W, Lai X et al (2020) CD24 and PRAME are novel grading and prognostic indicators for pineal parenchymal tumors of intermediate differentiation. Am J Surg Pathol 44:11\u201320","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"6_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196606022742204","volume":"274","author":"RJ Wurtman","year":"1966","unstructured":"Wurtman RJ, Kammer H (1966) Melatonin synthesis by an ectopic pinealoma. N Engl J Med 274:1233\u20131237","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"6_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E420","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyz062","volume":"85","author":"VN Yamaki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yamaki VN, Solla DJF, Ribeiro RR et al (2019) Papillary tumor of the pineal region: systematic review and analysis of prognostic factors. Neurosurgery 85:E420\u2013E429","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"6_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.25867","volume":"63","author":"JC Yang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang JC, Terezakis SA, Dunkel IJ et al (2016) Intensity-modulated radiation therapy with dose painting: a brain-sparing technique for intracranial germ cell tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 63:646\u2013651","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"6_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yasargil MG (2006) Microsurgery","DOI":"10.1055\/b-006-149713"},{"key":"6_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zacharia BE, Bruce JN (2011) Stereotactic biopsy considerations for pineal tumors. Neurosurg Clin N Am 22:359\u2013366, viii","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2011.05.008"},{"key":"6_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.0100012","volume":"10","author":"H Zondek","year":"1953","unstructured":"Zondek H, Kaatz A, Unger H (1953) Precocious puberty and chorioepithelioma of the pineal gland with report of a case. J Endocrinol 10:12\u201316","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"}],"container-title":["Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology","Human Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors: From Bench to Bedside. Volume 2"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-031-23705-8_6","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,15]],"date-time":"2023-07-15T08:03:50Z","timestamp":1689408230000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-031-23705-8_6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"ISBN":["9783031237041","9783031237058"],"references-count":170,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-23705-8_6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0065-2598","2214-8019"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0065-2598","type":"print"},{"value":"2214-8019","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 July 2023","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}}]}}