{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T10:15:35Z","timestamp":1775470535248,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783031284854","type":"print"},{"value":"9783031284861","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":68,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Domain Name System (DNS) is a critical Internet infrastructure that translates human-readable domain names to IP addresses. It was originally designed over 35 years ago and multiple enhancements have since then been made, in particular to make DNS lookups more secure and privacy preserving. <jats:italic>Query name minimization<\/jats:italic> () was initially introduced in 2016 to limit the exposure of queries sent across DNS and thereby enhance privacy. In this paper, we take a look at the adoption of  , building upon and extending measurements made by De Vries\u00a0<jats:italic>et al.<\/jats:italic> in 2018. We analyze    adoption on the Internet using active measurements both on resolvers used by RIPE Atlas probes and on open resolvers. Aside from adding more vantage points when measuring    adoption on open resolvers, we also increase the number of repetitions, which reveals <jats:italic>conflicting resolvers<\/jats:italic> \u2013 resolvers that support    for some queries but not for others. For the passive measurements at root and Top-Level Domain (TLD) name servers, we extend the analysis over a longer period of time, introduce additional sources, and filter out non-valid queries. Furthermore, our controlled experiments measure performance and result quality of newer versions of the   -enabled open source resolvers used in the previous study, with the addition of PowerDNS. Our results, using extended methods from previous work, show that the adoption of    has significantly increased since 2018. New controlled experiments also show a trend of higher number of packets used by resolvers and lower error rates in the DNS queries. Since    is a balance between performance and privacy, we further discuss the depth limit of minimizing labels and propose the use of a public suffix list for setting this limit.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-28486-1_21","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T00:03:35Z","timestamp":1678665815000},"page":"496-521","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Second Look at\u00a0DNS QNAME Minimization"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0961-9489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Magnusson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3771-5451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moritz","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7311-9334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Brunstrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6459-8409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Pulls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"21_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., Rose, S.: DNS security introduction and requirements. RFC 4033, RFC Editor, March 2005. http:\/\/www.rfc-editor.org\/rfc\/rfc4033.txt","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc4033"},{"key":"21_CR2","unstructured":"Bind: Bind documentation: options. https:\/\/bind9.readthedocs.io\/en\/v9_18_3\/reference.html#options-statement-definition-and-usage. Accessed June 2022"},{"key":"21_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bortzmeyer, S.: DNS query name minimisation to improve privacy. RFC 7816, RFC Editorm March 2016","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC7816"},{"key":"21_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bortzmeyer, S., Dolmans, R., Hoffman, P.: DNS query name minimisation to improve privacy. RFC 9156, RFC Editor, November 2021","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC9156"},{"key":"21_CR5","unstructured":"Cisco: Cisco umbrella top 1m list. http:\/\/s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/umbrella-static\/index.html. Accessed 12\u201325 Feb 2022"},{"key":"21_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper, A., et al.: Privacy considerations for internet protocols. RFC 6973, RFC Editor, July 2013","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc6973"},{"key":"21_CR7","unstructured":"CZ.NIC: Measuring qname minimisation support. https:\/\/adam.pages.nic.cz\/reports\/adam\/qname-minimisation-en\/. Accessed Nov 2021"},{"key":"21_CR8","unstructured":"Google: Issue 1090985: Disable Intranet Redirect Detector by default. https:\/\/bugs.chromium.org\/p\/chromium\/issues\/detail?id=1090985. Accessed June 2020"},{"key":"21_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffman, P., McManus, P.: DNS queries over HTTPS (DoH). RFC 8484, RFC Editor, October 2018","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC8484"},{"key":"21_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Z., Zhu, L., Heidemann, J., Mankin, A., Wessels, D., Hoffman, P.: Specification for DNS over transport layer security (tls). RFC 7858, RFC Editor, May 2016","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC7858"},{"key":"21_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huitema, C., Dickinson, S., Mankin, A.: DNS over Dedicated QUIC Connections. RFC 9250m May 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17487\/RFC9250, https:\/\/www.rfc-editor.org\/info\/rfc9250","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC9250"},{"key":"21_CR12","unstructured":"ICANN: M3: DNS root traffic analysis. https:\/\/ithi.research.icann.org\/graph-m3.html. Accessed Mar 2022"},{"key":"21_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mockapetris, P.: Domain names - concepts and facilities. STD 13, RFC Editor, November 1987. http:\/\/www.rfc-editor.org\/rfc\/rfc1034.txt","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc1034"},{"key":"21_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mockapetris, P.: Domain names - implementation and specification. STD 13, RFC Editor, November 1987. http:\/\/www.rfc-editor.org\/rfc\/rfc1035.txt","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc1035"},{"key":"21_CR15","unstructured":"Mozilla Foundation: Public suffix list. https:\/\/publicsuffix.org\/. Accessed 5 June 2008"},{"key":"21_CR16","unstructured":"NLnet Labs: DNSThought. https:\/\/dnsthought.nlnetlabs.nl\/#qnamemin. Accessed 14 Oct 2018"},{"key":"21_CR17","unstructured":"NLnet Labs: Unbound documentation: qmin strict. https:\/\/unbound.docs.nlnetlabs.nl\/en\/latest\/manpages\/unbound.conf.html?highlight=relaxed%20qname#term-qname-minimisation-strict-yes-or-no. Accessed May 2021"},{"key":"21_CR18","unstructured":"Postel, J.: Internet protocol. STD 5, RFC Editor, September 1981. http:\/\/www.rfc-editor.org\/rfc\/rfc791.txt"},{"key":"21_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Randall, A., et al.: Trufflehunter: cache snooping rare domains at large public DNS resolvers. In: Proceedings of the ACM Internet Measurement Conference, pp. 50\u201364 (2020)","DOI":"10.1145\/3419394.3423640"},{"key":"21_CR20","unstructured":"Rapid7 Labs: UDP scans. https:\/\/opendata.rapid7.com\/sonar.udp\/. Accessed Jan 2022"},{"key":"21_CR21","unstructured":"RIPE Atlas: RIPE Atlas measurement. https:\/\/atlas.ripe.net\/measurements\/8310250\/. Accessed 20 Apr 2017"},{"key":"21_CR22","unstructured":"Verisign: Chromium\u2019s Reduction of Root DNS Traffic. https:\/\/blog.verisign.com\/domain-names\/chromiums-reduction-of-root-dns-traffic\/. Accessed Jan 2021"},{"key":"21_CR23","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-15986-3_10","volume-title":"Passive and Active Measurement","author":"WB de Vries","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Vries, W.B., Scheitle, Q., M\u00fcller, M., Toorop, W., Dolmans, R., van Rijswijk-Deij, R.: A first look at QNAME minimization in the domain name system. In: Choffnes, D., Barcellos, M. (eds.) PAM 2019. LNCS, vol. 11419, pp. 147\u2013160. 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