{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T11:53:08Z","timestamp":1742989988152,"version":"3.40.3"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9783031312670"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9783031312687"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-31268-7_10","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,30]],"date-time":"2023-04-30T22:52:33Z","timestamp":1682895153000},"page":"163-181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Towards a\u00a0Digital Twin Architecture with\u00a0Formal Analysis Capabilities for\u00a0Learning-Enabled Autonomous Systems"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Anastasios","family":"Temperekidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Kekatos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Katsaros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Weicheng","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Saddek","family":"Bensalem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hisham","family":"AbdElSabour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"AbdElSalam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ashraf","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.20485\/jsaeijae.10.2_197","volume":"10","author":"M AbdElSalam","year":"2019","unstructured":"AbdElSalam, M., Khalil, K., Stickley, J., Salem, A., Loye, B.: Verification of advanced driver assistance systems and autonomous vehicles with hardware emulation-in-the-loop a case study with multiple ECUs. IJAE 10(2), 197\u2013204 (2019)","journal-title":"IJAE"},{"unstructured":"Erickson, A., Stickley, J.: UVM-Connect primer. https:\/\/verificationacademy.com\/courses\/uvm-connect","key":"10_CR2"},{"key":"10_CR3","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-25929-6_1","volume-title":"Mathematical and Engineering Methods in Computer Science","author":"A Basu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Basu, A., Bensalem, S., Bozga, M., Bourgos, P., Sifakis, J.: Rigorous system design: the BIP approach. In: Kot\u00e1sek, Z., Bouda, J., \u010cern\u00e1, I., Sekanina, L., Vojnar, T., Anto\u0161, D. (eds.) MEMICS 2011. LNCS, vol. 7119, pp. 1\u201319. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-25929-6_1"},{"key":"10_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-21222-2_8","volume-title":"Software Verification and Formal Methods for ML-Enabled Autonomous Systems","author":"S Bensalem","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bensalem, S., et al.: Formal specification for learning-enabled autonomous systems. In: Isac, O., Ivanov, R., Katz, G., Narodytska, N., Nenzi, L. (eds.) Software Verification and Formal Methods for ML-Enabled Autonomous Systems, pp. 131\u2013143. Springer, Cham (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-21222-2_8"},{"key":"10_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2021.11.140","volume":"104","author":"C Brecher","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brecher, C., Dalibor, M., Rumpe, B., Schilling, K., Wortmann, A.: An ecosystem for digital shadows in manufacturing. Procedia CIRP 104, 833\u2013838 (2021)","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Broman, D., et al.: Determinate composition of FMUs for co-simulation. In: 2013 Proceedings of the International Conference on Embedded Software (EMSOFT), pp. 1\u201312. IEEE (2013)","key":"10_CR6","DOI":"10.1109\/EMSOFT.2013.6658580"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, L., Gajski, D.: Transaction level modeling: an overview. In: International Conference on Hardware\/Software Codesign and Systems Synthesis, pp. 19\u201324. IEEE (2003)","key":"10_CR7","DOI":"10.1145\/944645.944651"},{"unstructured":"Corbier, F., Loembe, S., Clark, B.: FMI technology for validation of embedded electronic systems. In: Embedded Real Time Software and Systems (ERTS 2014) (2014)","key":"10_CR8"},{"issue":"3","key":"10_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1007\/s10270-017-0633-6","volume":"18","author":"F Cremona","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cremona, F., Lohstroh, M., Broman, D., Lee, E.A., Masin, M., Tripakis, S.: Hybrid co-simulation: it\u2019s about time. Softw. Syst. Model. 18(3), 1655\u20131679 (2019)","journal-title":"Softw. Syst. Model."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esterle, L., Porter, B., Woodcock, J.: Verification and uncertainties in self-integrating system. In: 2021 IEEE International Conference on Autonomic Computing and Self-Organizing Systems Companion (ACSOS-C), pp. 220\u2013225. IEEE (2021)","key":"10_CR10","DOI":"10.1109\/ACSOS-C52956.2021.00050"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, H., Gomes, C., Thule, C., Lausdahl, K., Iosifidis, A., Larsen, P.G.: Introduction to digital twin engineering. In: 2021 Annual Modeling and Simulation Conference (ANNSIM), pp. 1\u201312. IEEE (2021)","key":"10_CR11","DOI":"10.23919\/ANNSIM52504.2021.9552135"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, H., Gomes, C., Thule, C., Lausdahl, K., Sandberg, M., Larsen, P.G.: The Incubator Case Study for Digital Twin Engineering. arXiv (2021)","key":"10_CR12","DOI":"10.23919\/ANNSIM52504.2021.9552135"},{"key":"10_CR13","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30985-5_4","volume-title":"From Software Engineering to Formal Methods and Tools, and Back","author":"J Fitzgerald","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fitzgerald, J., Larsen, P.G., Pierce, K.: Multi-modelling and co-simulation in the engineering of cyber-physical systems: towards the digital twin. In: ter Beek, M.H., Fantechi, A., Semini, L. (eds.) From Software Engineering to Formal Methods and Tools, and Back. LNCS, vol. 11865, pp. 40\u201355. Springer, Cham (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-30985-5_4"},{"unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization (ISO). 26262:2018 Road vehicles - Functional safety (2018)","key":"10_CR14"},{"key":"10_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/b137175","volume-title":"Transaction-Level Modeling with SystemC: TLM Concepts and Applications for Embedded Systems","author":"G Frank","year":"2005","unstructured":"Frank, G.: Transaction-Level Modeling with SystemC: TLM Concepts and Applications for Embedded Systems. Springer, New York (2005). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/b137175"},{"unstructured":"Ge, Z., Liu, S., Wang, F., Li, Z., Sun, J.: Yolox: exceeding yolo series in 2021. arXiv preprint arXiv:2107.08430 (2021)","key":"10_CR16"},{"unstructured":"Grieves, M.: Digital Twin: Manufacturing Excellence through Virtual Factory Replication-A Whitepaper by Dr. Michael Grieves. White Paper, pp. 1\u20137 (2015)","key":"10_CR17"},{"unstructured":"Grieves, M.: Origins of the digital twin concept. Florida Institute of Technology, vol. 8 (2016)","key":"10_CR18"},{"key":"10_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2020.102243","volume":"108","author":"LI Hatledal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hatledal, L.I., Chu, Y., Styve, A., Zhang, H.: Vico: an entity-component-system based co-simulation framework. Simul. Model. Pract. Theory 108, 102243 (2021)","journal-title":"Simul. Model. Pract. Theory"},{"issue":"4","key":"10_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.4173\/mic.2020.4.2","volume":"41","author":"LI Hatledal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hatledal, L.I., Skulstad, R., Li, G., Styve, A., Zhang, H.: Co-simulation as a fundamental technology for twin ships. Model. Ident. Control 41(4), 297\u2013311 (2020)","journal-title":"Model. Ident. Control"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Houben, S., Stallkamp, J., Salmen, J., Schlipsing, M., Igel, C.: Detection of traffic signs in real-world images: the German traffic sign detection benchmark. In: International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), pp. 1\u20138. IEEE (2013)","key":"10_CR21","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2013.6706807"},{"key":"10_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirpj.2020.02.002","volume":"29","author":"D Jones","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jones, D., Snider, C., Nassehi, A., Yon, J., Hicks, B.: Characterising the digital twin: a systematic literature review. CIRP J. Manuf. Sci. Technol. 29, 36\u201352 (2020)","journal-title":"CIRP J. Manuf. Sci. Technol."},{"unstructured":"Krammer, M., et al.: The distributed co-simulation protocol for the integration of real-time systems and simulation environments. In: Proceedings of the 50th Computer Simulation Conference, pp. 1\u201314 (2018)","key":"10_CR23"},{"key":"10_CR24","first-page":"1","volume":"60","author":"Y Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, Y., Chen, J., Zhenchao, H., Zhang, H., Jinzhi, L., Kiritsis, D.: Co-simulation of complex engineered systems enabled by a cognitive twin architecture. Int. J. Prod. Res. 60, 1\u201322 (2021)","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"unstructured":"MathWorks. MATLAB\/Simulink\u00ae. https:\/\/www.mathworks.com\/products\/simulink.html","key":"10_CR25"},{"unstructured":"MODELISAR Consortium. Functional Mock-up Interface for Co-Simulation, Version 2.0 (2021). http:\/\/fmi-standard.org\/","key":"10_CR26"},{"issue":"2","key":"10_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2885498","volume":"15","author":"A Nouri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nouri, A., Bozga, M., Molnos, A., Legay, A., Bensalem, S.: Astrolabe: a rigorous approach for system-level performance modeling and analysis. ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst. (TECS) 15(2), 1\u201326 (2016)","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst. (TECS)"},{"key":"10_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2019.10.001","volume":"58","author":"Q Qi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qi, Q., et al.: Enabling technologies and tools for digital twin. J. Manuf. Syst. 58, 3\u201321 (2021)","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"10_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21980","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2970143","volume":"8","author":"A Rasheed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rasheed, A., San, O., Kvamsdal, T.: Digital twin: values, challenges and enablers from a modeling perspective. IEEE Access 8, 21980\u201322012 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, A., Kosasih, E., Zhang, J., Brintrup, A., Calinescu, A.: Digital twins: state of the art theory and practice, challenges, and open research questions. J. Ind. Inf. Integr. 100383 (2022)","key":"10_CR30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jii.2022.100383"},{"unstructured":"Siemens EDA. Veloce\u00ae. https:\/\/eda.sw.siemens.com\/en-US\/ic\/veloce\/","key":"10_CR31"},{"unstructured":"Siemens PLM Software. Simcenter Amesim. https:\/\/www.plm.automation.siemens.com\/en\/products\/lms\/imagine-lab\/amesim\/","key":"10_CR32"},{"unstructured":"Siemens PLM Software. Simcenter PreScan. https:\/\/www.plm.automation.siemens.com\/global\/en\/products\/simulation-test\/active-safety-system-simulation.html","key":"10_CR33"},{"key":"10_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-17196-3_19","volume-title":"Runtime Verification","author":"A Temperekidis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Temperekidis, A., Kekatos, N., Katsaros, P.: Runtime verification for FMI-based co-simulation. In: Dang, T., Stolz, V. (eds.) Runtime Verification, pp. 304\u2013313. Springer, Heidelberg (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-17196-3_19"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tripakis, S.: Bridging the semantic gap between heterogeneous modeling formalisms and FMI. In: 2015 International Conference on Embedded Computer Systems: Architectures, Modeling, and Simulation (SAMOS), pp. 60\u201369. IEEE (2015)","key":"10_CR35","DOI":"10.1109\/SAMOS.2015.7363660"},{"unstructured":"Verimag Laboratory. BIP Compiler. https:\/\/www-verimag.imag.fr\/New-BIP-tools.html","key":"10_CR36"},{"key":"10_CR37","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-83723-5_6","volume-title":"Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods, Verification and Validation: Tools and Trends","author":"J Woodcock","year":"2021","unstructured":"Woodcock, J., Gomes, C., Macedo, H.D., Larsen, P.G.: Uncertainty quantification and runtime monitoring using environment-aware digital twins. In: Margaria, T., Steffen, B. (eds.) ISoLA 2020. LNCS, vol. 12479, pp. 72\u201387. Springer, Cham (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-83723-5_6"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zapridou, E., Bartocci, E., Katsaros, P.: Runtime verification of autonomous driving systems in CARLA. In: Runtime Verification - 20th International Conference, RV 2020, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 6\u20139 October 2020, Proceedings, pp. 172\u2013183 (2020)","key":"10_CR38","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-60508-7_9"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Z., Liang, D., Zhang, S., Huang, X., Li, B., Hu, S.: Traffic-sign detection and classification in the wild. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 2110\u20132118 (2016)","key":"10_CR39","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.232"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Modelling and Simulation for Autonomous Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-031-31268-7_10","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,30]],"date-time":"2023-04-30T22:54:11Z","timestamp":1682895251000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-031-31268-7_10"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"ISBN":["9783031312670","9783031312687"],"references-count":39,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-31268-7_10","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0302-9743"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1611-3349"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 May 2023","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"MESAS","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Modelling and Simulation for Autonomous Systems","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Prague","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Czech Republic","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2022","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"20 October 2022","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"21 October 2022","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"9","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"mesas2022","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/www.mscoe.org\/event\/mesas-2022\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Double-blind","order":1,"name":"type","label":"Type","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"EquinOCS","order":2,"name":"conference_management_system","label":"Conference Management System","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"24","order":3,"name":"number_of_submissions_sent_for_review","label":"Number of Submissions Sent for Review","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"21","order":4,"name":"number_of_full_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Full Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"0","order":5,"name":"number_of_short_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Short Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"88% - The value is computed by the equation \"Number of Full Papers Accepted \/ Number of Submissions Sent for Review * 100\" and then rounded to a whole number.","order":6,"name":"acceptance_rate_of_full_papers","label":"Acceptance Rate of Full Papers","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"3","order":7,"name":"average_number_of_reviews_per_paper","label":"Average Number of Reviews per Paper","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"2.5","order":8,"name":"average_number_of_papers_per_reviewer","label":"Average Number of Papers per Reviewer","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"No","order":9,"name":"external_reviewers_involved","label":"External Reviewers Involved","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}}]}}