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As of July 2023, it has archived more than 16 billion unique source code files coming from more than 250 million collaborative development projects. In this chapter, we describe the Software Heritage ecosystem, focusing on research and open science use cases.<\/jats:p><jats:p>On the one hand, Software Heritage supports empirical research on software by materializing in a single Merkle direct acyclic graph the development history of public code. This giant graph of source code artifacts (files, directories, and commits) can be used \u2013and has been used\u2013 to study repository forks, open source contributors, vulnerability propagation, software provenance tracking, source code indexing, and more.<\/jats:p><jats:p>On the other hand, Software Heritage ensures availability and guarantees integrity of the source code of software artifacts used in any field that relies on software to conduct experiments, contributing to making research reproducible. The source code used in scientific experiments can be archived \u2013e.g., via integration with open-access repositories \u2013 referenced using persistent identifiers that allow downstream integrity checks and linked to\/from other scholarly digital artifacts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-36060-2_2","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T17:04:18Z","timestamp":1696525458000},"page":"33-61","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Software Heritage Open Science Ecosystem"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Roberto Di","family":"Cosmo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Zacchiroli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"2_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1145\/3183558","volume":"61","author":"JF Abramatic","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abramatic, J.F., Di Cosmo, R., Zacchiroli, S.: Building the universal archive of source code. 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