{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T16:45:00Z","timestamp":1779122700374,"version":"3.51.4"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783031433924","type":"print"},{"value":"9783031433931","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-43393-1_21","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T06:03:15Z","timestamp":1695794595000},"page":"221-232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Introducing Artificial Intelligence Literacy in Schools: A Review of Competence Areas, Pedagogical Approaches, Contexts and Formats"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5113-6624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viktoriya","family":"Olari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8088-7507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamilla","family":"Ten\u00f3rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2941-4288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralf","family":"Romeike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"21_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Touretzky, D., Gardner-McCune, C., Martin, F., Seehorn, D.: Envisioning AI for K-12: What Should Every Child Know about AI? In: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 9795\u20139799 (2019)","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v33i01.33019795"},{"key":"21_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long, D., Magerko, B.: What is AI Literacy? Competencies and Design Considerations. In: Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1\u201316. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2020)","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376727"},{"key":"21_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"UNESCO: Beijing Consensus on Artificial Intelligence and Education (2019)","DOI":"10.18356\/d94175df-en"},{"key":"21_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tedre, M., Denning, P., Toivonen, T.: CT 2.0. In: Proceedings of the 21st Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research, pp. 1\u20138. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021)","DOI":"10.1145\/3488042.3488053"},{"key":"21_CR5","unstructured":"Zhou, X., Van Brummelen, J., Lin, P.: Designing AI Learning Experiences for K-12: Emerging Works, Future Opportunities and a Design Framework (2020)"},{"key":"21_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2021.100041","volume":"2","author":"DTK Ng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ng, D.T.K., Leung, J.K.L., Chu, S.K.W., Qiao, M.S.: Conceptualizing AI literacy: An exploratory review. Comp. Edu. Artif. Intelli. 2, 100041 (2021)","journal-title":"Comp. Edu. Artif. Intelli."},{"key":"21_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marques, L.S., Gresse Von Wangenheim, C., Hauck, J.C.R.: Teaching Machine Learning in School: A Systematic Mapping of the State of the Art. Informatics in Education 19, 283\u2013321 (2020)","DOI":"10.15388\/infedu.2020.14"},{"key":"21_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gresse von Wangenheim, C., Hauck, J.C.R., Pacheco, F.S., Bertonceli Bueno, M.F.: Visual tools for teaching machine learning in K-12: A ten-year systematic mapping. Edu. Info. Technol. 26, 5733\u20135778 (2021)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-021-10570-8"},{"key":"21_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110558","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3097962","volume":"9","author":"M Tedre","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tedre, M., et al.: Teaching Machine Learning in K\u201312 Classroom: Pedagogical and Technological Trajectories for Artificial Intelligence Education. IEEE Access 9, 110558\u2013110572 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"21_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, R., Park, H.W., Breazeal, C.: A is for artificial intelligence: the impact of artificial intelligence activities on young children\u2019s perceptions of robots. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1\u201311. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019)","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300677"},{"key":"21_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olari, V., Cvejoski, K., Eide, \u00d8.: Introduction to machine learning with robots and playful learning. In: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 15630\u201315639 (2021)","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v35i17.17841"},{"key":"21_CR12","unstructured":"Ali, S., Williams, R., Payne, B.H., Park, H.W., Breazeal, C.: Constructionism, Ethics, and Creativity: Developing Primary and Middle School Artificial Intelligence Education. In: 28th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Palo Alto, CA, USA (2019)"},{"key":"21_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sintov, N., et al.: From the lab to the classroom and beyond: extending a game-based research platform for teaching ai to diverse audiences. In: Sixth Symposium on Educational Advances in Artificial Intelligence (EAAI-16) (2016)","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v30i1.9854"},{"key":"21_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, R., Park, H.W., Oh, L., Breazeal, C.: PopBots: Designing an Artificial Intelligence Curriculum for Early Childhood Education. In: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 9729\u20139736 (2019)","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v33i01.33019729"},{"key":"21_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srikant, S., Aggarwal, V.: Introducing data science to school kids. In: Proceedings of the 2017 ACM SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, pp. 561\u2013566. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2017)","DOI":"10.1145\/3017680.3017717"},{"key":"21_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wohlin, C.: Guidelines for snowballing in systematic literature studies and a replication in software engineering. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering, pp. 1\u201310. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2601248.2601268","DOI":"10.1145\/2601248.2601268"},{"key":"21_CR17","unstructured":"ACM: About the ACM Organization, https:\/\/www.acm.org\/about-acm\/about-the-acm-organization, last accessed 31 January 2023"},{"key":"21_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L., Babar, M.A., Zhang, H.: Towards an evidence-based understanding of electronic data sources. In: 14th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering (EASE), pp. 135\u2013138. Keele University, UK (2010)","DOI":"10.14236\/ewic\/EASE2010.17"},{"key":"21_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732305276687","volume":"15","author":"H-F Hsieh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hsieh, H.-F., Shannon, S.E.: Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qual Health Res. 15, 1277\u20131288 (2005)","journal-title":"Qual Health Res."},{"key":"21_CR20","unstructured":"Kitchenham, B., Charters, S.: Guidelines for performing Systematic Literature Reviews in Software Engineering. Keele University (2007)"},{"key":"21_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brinda, T., Diethelm, I.: Education in the digital networked world. In: Tatnall, A., Webb, M. (eds.) Tomorrow\u2019s Learning: Involving Everyone. Learning with and about Technologies and Computing, pp. 653\u2013657. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2017)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-74310-3_66"},{"key":"21_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DiPaola, D., Payne, B.H., Breazeal, C.: Decoding design agendas: an ethical design activity for middle school students. In: Proceedings of the Interaction Design and Children Conference, pp. 1\u201310. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2020)","DOI":"10.1145\/3392063.3394396"},{"key":"21_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vachovsky, M.E., Wu, G., Chaturapruek, S., Russakovsky, O., Sommer, R., Fei-Fei, L.: Toward More Gender Diversity in CS through an Artificial Intelligence Summer Program for High School Girls. In: Proceedings of the 47th ACM Technical Symposium on Computing Science Education, pp. 303\u2013308. ACM, New York, NY, USA (2016)","DOI":"10.1145\/2839509.2844620"},{"key":"21_CR24","volume":"25","author":"H Vartiainen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vartiainen, H., Tedre, M., Valtonen, T.: Learning machine learning with very young children: Who is teaching whom? Int. J. Child-Comp. Intera. 25, 100182 (2020)","journal-title":"Int. J. Child-Comp. Intera."},{"key":"21_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schaper, M.-M., Malinverni, L.: Valero, cristina: Robot Presidents: Who should rule the world? Teaching Critical Thinking in AI through Reflections upon Food Traditions. In: Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Shaping Experiences, Shaping Society, pp. 1\u20134. ACM, New York, NY, USA (2020)","DOI":"10.1145\/3419249.3420085"},{"key":"21_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, S., DiPaola, D., Lee, I., Hong, J., Breazeal, C.: Exploring generative models with middle school students. In: Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1\u201313. ACM, New York, NY, USA (2021)","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445226"},{"key":"21_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forsyth, S., Dalton, B., Foster, E.H., Walsh, B., Smilack, J., Yeh, T.: Imagine a More Ethical AI: Using Stories to Develop Teens\u2019 Awareness and Understanding of Artificial Intelligence and its Societal Impacts. In: 2021 Conference on Research in Equitable and Sustained Participation in Engineering, Computing, and Technology (RESPECT), pp. 1\u20132 (2021)","DOI":"10.1109\/RESPECT51740.2021.9620549"},{"key":"21_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hitron, T., Orlev, Y., Wald, I., Shamir, A., Erel, H., Zuckerman, O.: Can children understand machine learning concepts? The effect of uncovering black boxes. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1\u201311. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019)","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300645"},{"key":"21_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakulkueakulsuk, B., et al.: Kids making AI: Integrating Machine Learning, Gamification, and Social Context in STEM Education. In: 2018 IEEE International Conference on Teaching, Assessment, and Learning for Engineering, pp. 1005\u20131010 (2018)","DOI":"10.1109\/TALE.2018.8615249"},{"key":"21_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voulgari, I., Zammit, M., Stouraitis, E., Liapis, A., Yannakakis, G.: Learn to machine learn: designing a game based approach for teaching machine learning to primary and secondary education students. In: Interaction Design and Children, pp. 593\u2013598. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021)","DOI":"10.1145\/3459990.3465176"},{"key":"21_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falkner, K., Sheard, J.: Pedagogic approaches. In: The Cambridge Handbook of Computing Education Research, pp. 445\u2013480. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2019)","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108654555.016"},{"key":"21_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Register, Y., Ko, A.J.: Learning machine learning with personal data helps stakeholders ground advocacy arguments in model mechanics. In: Proceedings of the 2020 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research, pp. 67\u201378. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2020)","DOI":"10.1145\/3372782.3406252"},{"key":"21_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grillenberger, A., Romeike, R.: About classes and trees: introducing secondary school students to aspects of data mining. In: Pozdniakov, S.N., Dagien\\.e, V. (eds.) Informatics in Schools. New Ideas in School Informatics, pp. 147\u2013158. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2019)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-33759-9_12"},{"key":"21_CR34","unstructured":"Ridsdale, C., et al.: Strategies and Best Practices for Data Literacy Education Knowledge Synthesis Report (2015)"},{"key":"21_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, P., Van Brummelen, J., Lukin, G., Williams, R., Breazeal, C.: Zhorai: designing a conversational agent for children to explore machine learning concepts. In: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 13381\u201313388 (2020)","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i09.7061"},{"key":"21_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burgsteiner, H., Kandlhofer, M., Steinbauer, G.: IRobot: teaching the basics of artificial intelligence in high schools. In: Proceedings of the Thirtieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 4126\u20134127. AAAI Press (2016)","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v30i1.9864"},{"key":"21_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kandlhofer, M., Steinbauer, G., Hirschmugl-Gaisch, S., Huber, P.: Artificial intelligence and computer science in education: From kindergarten to university. In: 2016 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE), pp. 1\u20139 (2016)","DOI":"10.1109\/FIE.2016.7757570"},{"key":"21_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaspersen, M.H., Bilstrup, K.-E.K., Van Mechelen, M., Hjorth, A., Bouvin, N.O., Petersen, M.G.: VotestratesML: A High School Learning Tool for Exploring Machine Learning and Its Societal Implications. In: FabLearn Europe \/ MakeEd 2021 - An International Conference on Computing, Design and Making in Education. ACM, New York, NY, USA (2021)","DOI":"10.1145\/3466725.3466728"},{"key":"21_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perer, A., Shneiderman, B.: Integrating statistics and visualization: case studies of gaining clarity during exploratory data analysis. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 265\u2013274. ACM, New York, NY, USA (2008)","DOI":"10.1145\/1357054.1357101"},{"key":"21_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charlton, P., Poslad, S.: Engaging with computer science when solving tangible problems. In: Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Computing Education Practice. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019)","DOI":"10.1145\/3294016.3294026"},{"key":"21_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evangelista, I., Blesio, G., Benatti, E.: Why are we not teaching machine learning at high school? A  proposal. In: 2018 World Engineering Education Forum - Global Engineering Deans Council (WEEF-GEDC), pp. 1\u20136 (2018)","DOI":"10.1109\/WEEF-GEDC.2018.8629750"},{"key":"21_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long, D., Padiyath, A., Teachey, A., Magerko, B.: The Role of Collaboration, Creativity, and Embodiment in AI Learning Experiences. In: Creativity and Cognition. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021)","DOI":"10.1145\/3450741.3465264"},{"key":"21_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tedre, M., Vartiainen, H., Kahila, J., Toivonen, T., Jormanainen, I., Valtonen, T.: Machine Learning Introduces New Perspectives to Data Agency in K\u201412 Computing Education. In: 2020 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE), pp. 1\u20138 (2020)","DOI":"10.1109\/FIE44824.2020.9274138"},{"key":"21_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heinze, C., Haase, J., Higgins, H.: An action research report from a multi-year approach to teaching artificial intelligence at the K-6 level. In: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 1890\u20131895 (2010)","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v24i3.18830"},{"key":"21_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, R.: How to train your robot: project-based AI and ethics education for middle school classrooms. In: Proceedings of the 52nd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, p. 1382. Association for Computing Machinery, NY, USA (2021)","DOI":"10.1145\/3408877.3439690"},{"key":"21_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199757022.001.0001","volume-title":"Designing Digital Experiences for Positive Youth Development: From Playpen to Playground","author":"MU Bers","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bers, M.U.: Designing Digital Experiences for Positive Youth Development: From Playpen to Playground. Oxford University Press, USA (2012)"},{"key":"21_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/11017.001.0001","volume-title":"Lifelong Kindergarten: Cultivating Creativity Through Projects","author":"M Resnick","year":"2017","unstructured":"Resnick, M., Robinson, K.: Lifelong Kindergarten: Cultivating Creativity Through Projects. Peers, and Play. MIT Press, Passion (2017)"},{"key":"21_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15678","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v35i17.17847","volume":"35","author":"R Williams","year":"2021","unstructured":"Williams, R., Kaputsos, S.P., Breazeal, C.: Teacher perspectives on how to train your robot: a middle school ai and ethics curriculum. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 35, 15678\u201315686 (2021)","journal-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence."},{"key":"21_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vazhayil, A., Shetty, R., Bhavani, R.R., Akshay, N.: Focusing on teacher education to introduce AI in schools: perspectives and illustrative findings. In: 2019 IEEE Tenth International Conference on Technology for Education (T4E), pp. 71\u201377 (2019)","DOI":"10.1109\/T4E.2019.00021"},{"key":"21_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sander, I.: What is critical big data literacy and how can it be implemented? Internet Policy Review 9(2), (2020)","DOI":"10.14763\/2020.2.1479"},{"issue":"2","key":"21_CR51","first-page":"90","volume":"23","author":"\u0110 Kadijevi\u0107","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kadijevi\u0107, \u0110.: Data science for novice students: a  didactic approach to data mining using neural networks. Teaching of Mathematics 23(2), 90\u2013101 (2020)","journal-title":"Teaching of Mathematics"}],"container-title":["IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology","Towards a Collaborative Society Through Creative Learning"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-031-43393-1_21","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T06:11:04Z","timestamp":1695795064000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-031-43393-1_21"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"ISBN":["9783031433924","9783031433931"],"references-count":51,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-43393-1_21","relation":{},"ISSN":["1868-4238","1868-422X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1868-4238","type":"print"},{"value":"1868-422X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 September 2023","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"WCCE","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"IFIP World Conference on Computers in Education","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Hiroshima","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Japan","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2022","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"20 August 2022","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"24 August 2022","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"wcce2022","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/wcce2022.org\/jp\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}