{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T23:24:41Z","timestamp":1769556281831,"version":"3.49.0"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783031437557","type":"print"},{"value":"9783031437564","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":264,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Over two hundred municipalities now offer online voting in Ontario, Canada, representing one of the largest deployments of digital elections worldwide. Many have eliminated the paper ballot altogether. Despite this, no provincial or federal-level standards exist. This gap leaves local election officials to create and apply their own cybersecurity requirements with varying degrees of success.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Until a standard can be developed and adopted, we turn to perhaps the most natural and immediate stand-in: The Council of Europe\u2019s (CoE) standards for e-voting. We use this baseline to present the first standards-based analysis of online voting practices in Ontario.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Our results find the province is broadly <jats:italic>non-compliant<\/jats:italic>, with only 14% of the CoE\u2019s 49 standards and 93 implementation guidelines categorized as fully met. We summarize these differences and identify areas for improvement in the hope of underscoring the need for domestic e-voting standards.\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-43756-4_4","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T23:02:23Z","timestamp":1695337343000},"page":"52-68","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Online Voting in\u00a0Ontario Municipalities: A Standards-Based Review"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9018-5106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Brunet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0228-0371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksander","family":"Essex","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"4_CR1","unstructured":"Legal, Operational and Technical Standards for E-Voting, Recommendation Rec (2004) 11. Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe (2004)"},{"key":"4_CR2","unstructured":"Explanatory Memorandum to Recommendation CM\/Rec(2017) 5 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on standards for e-voting. Council of Europe Ad hoc Committee of Experts on Legal, Operational and Technical Standards for e-voting (2017). https:\/\/search.coe.int\/cm\/Pages\/result_details.aspx?ObjectID=090000168071bc84"},{"key":"4_CR3","unstructured":"Guidelines on the implementation of the provisions of Recommendation CM\/Rec(2017) 5 on standards for e-voting. Council of Europe Ad hoc Committee of Experts on Legal, Operational and Technical Standards for e-voting (2017). https:\/\/search.coe.int\/cm\/Pages\/result_details.aspx?ObjectID=0900001680726c0b"},{"key":"4_CR4","unstructured":"Recommendation CM\/Rec(2017) 5 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on standards for e-voting. Council of Europe Ad hoc Committee of Experts on Legal, Operational and Technical Standards for e-voting (2017). https:\/\/search.coe.int\/cm\/Pages\/result_details.aspx?ObjectID=0900001680726f6f"},{"key":"4_CR5","unstructured":"Simply voting security information package (2018). https:\/\/www.pertheast.ca\/en\/about-our-community\/resources\/2018-Election-Simply-Voting-Security-Information.pdf"},{"key":"4_CR6","unstructured":"Voluntary Voting System Guidelines VVSG 2.0. US Election Assistance Commission (2021)"},{"issue":"1","key":"4_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1109\/TETC.2018.2881891","volume":"9","author":"LP Alonso","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alonso, L.P., Gasco, M., del Blanco, D.Y.M., Alonso, J.\u00c1.H., Barrat, J., Moreton, H.A.: E-voting system evaluation based on the council of Europe recommendations: Helios voting. IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput. 9(1), 161\u2013173 (2018)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput."},{"key":"4_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"del Blanco, D.Y.M., Duenas-Cid, D.: E-voting system evaluation based on the council of Europe recommendations: nvotes. In: E-VOTE-ID, pp. 147\u2013166 (2020)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-60347-2_10"},{"key":"4_CR9","series-title":"LNCS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-15911-4_3","volume-title":"Electronic Voting","author":"J Brunet","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brunet, J., Pananos, A.D., Essex, A.: Review your choices: when confirmation pages break ballot secrecy in online elections. In: Krimmer, R., Volkamer, M., Duenas-Cid, D., Ronne, P., Germann, M. (eds.) Electronic Voting. LNCS, vol. 13553, pp. 36\u201352. Springer, Cham (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-15911-4_3"},{"key":"4_CR10","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30625-0_5","volume-title":"Electronic Voting","author":"A Cardillo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cardillo, A., Akinyokun, N., Essex, A.: Online voting in Ontario municipal elections: a conflict of legal principles and technology? In: Krimmer, R., et al. (eds.) E-Vote-ID 2019. LNCS, vol. 11759, pp. 67\u201382. Springer, Cham (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-30625-0_5"},{"key":"4_CR11","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-00419-4_3","volume-title":"Electronic Voting","author":"A Cardillo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cardillo, A., Essex, A.: The threat of SSL\/TLS stripping to online voting. In: Krimmer, R., et al. (eds.) E-Vote-ID 2018. LNCS, vol. 11143, pp. 35\u201350. Springer, Cham (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-00419-4_3"},{"key":"4_CR12","unstructured":"Central Huron: Bylaw 37\u20132018 (2018). https:\/\/centralhuron.civicweb.net\/document\/50603\/"},{"key":"4_CR13","unstructured":"City of Markham: How to vote online in the 2022 municipal election. YouTube video, October 2022. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=zXUgEfs5gEQ"},{"key":"4_CR14","unstructured":"Clark, J., Essex, A.: Internet Voting for Persons with Disabilities - Security Assessment of Vendor Proposals. City of Toronto FOI Request 2014\u201301543 (2014). https:\/\/verifiedvoting.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Canada-2014-01543-security-report.pdf"},{"key":"4_CR15","unstructured":"Government of Ontario: Municipal elections act, 1996, s.o. 1996, c. 32, sched. (1996). https:\/\/www.ontario.ca\/laws\/statute\/96m32"},{"key":"4_CR16","unstructured":"Joseph, S.: Advanced voting down in Markham, despite added day. Webpage, October 2014. https:\/\/www.yorkregion.com\/news\/municipal-elections\/advanced-voting-down-in-markham-despite-added-day\/article_4a239e02-009c-562b-9913-70e6c4634559.html"},{"key":"4_CR17","unstructured":"Klymenko, V.: How successfully run your first online election: Interview with CEO of Neuvote Matthew Heuman. Webpage, 20 January 2023. https:\/\/news.neuvote.com\/how-successfully-run-your-first-online-elections-interview-with-ceo-of-neuvote-matthew-heuman\/"},{"key":"4_CR18","unstructured":"Latkowski, B.: New dates set for catholic school board trustee election in Cambridge, November 2022. https:\/\/kitchener.citynews.ca\/local-news\/new-dates-set-for-catholic-school-board-trustee-election-in-cambridge-6055907\/"},{"key":"4_CR19","unstructured":"Manton, D., Shaw, J.: Alternative voting methods update - 2022 municipal & school board election. Technical report 21\u2013319(CRS), City of Cambridge (2021). https:\/\/www.cambridge.ca\/en\/elections\/resources\/Alternative-Voting-Methods-Update.pdf"},{"key":"4_CR20","unstructured":"Markham: Bylaw 2017\u201320 (2017). https:\/\/pub-markham.escribemeetings.com\/filestream.ashx?documentid=9670"},{"key":"4_CR21","unstructured":"Ontario Superior Court of Justice: Cusimano V. Toronto (city), 2011 ONSC 2527 (canlii) (2011). http:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/fl5pg"},{"key":"4_CR22","unstructured":"The Corporation of the Municipality of Central Huron: Bylaw 32\u20132017 (2017). https:\/\/centralhuron.civicweb.net\/document\/45563\/"},{"key":"4_CR23","unstructured":"Vis, M.: An online ballot error affects 2 ward contests in thunder bay\u2019s municipal election. 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