{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T19:37:20Z","timestamp":1771270640032,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783031491320","type":"print"},{"value":"9783031491337","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-49133-7_9","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T05:27:46Z","timestamp":1702963666000},"page":"161-181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Uncertain Machine Ethical Decisions Using Hypothetical Retrospection"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9144-2856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Kolker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1426-1896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise","family":"Dennis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3600-3348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramon","family":"Fraga Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4978-3061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengwei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"9_CR1","unstructured":"Data protection. Ministry of Justice. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/data-protection. Accessed 07 July 2023"},{"key":"9_CR2","unstructured":"Alexander, L., Moore, M.: Deontological Ethics. In: Zalta, E.N. (ed.) The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, Winter 2021 edn. (2021)"},{"issue":"3","key":"9_CR3","first-page":"25","volume":"2","author":"MM Alhaddad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alhaddad, M.M.: Artificial intelligence in banking industry: a review on fraud detection, credit management, and document processing. ResearchBerg Rev. Sci. Technol. 2(3), 25\u201346 (2018)","journal-title":"ResearchBerg Rev. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"9_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-006-0004-4","volume":"7","author":"C Allen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Allen, C., Smit, I., Wallach, W.: Artificial morality: top-down, bottom-up, and hybrid approaches. Ethics Inf. Technol. 7(3), 149\u2013155 (2005)","journal-title":"Ethics Inf. Technol."},{"key":"9_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altham, J.E.: Ethics of risk. In: Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, vol. 84, pp. 15\u201329. JSTOR (1983)","DOI":"10.1093\/aristotelian\/84.1.15"},{"issue":"3","key":"9_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2018.2840045","volume":"107","author":"M Anderson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Anderson, M., Anderson, S.L., Berenz, V.: A value-driven eldercare robot: virtual and physical instantiations of a case-supported principle-based behavior paradigm. Proc. IEEE 107(3), 526\u2013540 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JPROC.2018.2840045","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"9_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arkin, R.C.: Governing lethal behavior: Embedding ethics in a hybrid deliberative\/reactive robot architecture. In: Proceedings of the 3rd ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human Robot Interaction, pp. 121\u2013128 (2008)","DOI":"10.1145\/1349822.1349839"},{"key":"9_CR8","unstructured":"Ashford, E., Mulgan, T.: Contractualism. In: Zalta, E.N. (ed.) The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, Summer 2018 edn. (2018)"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"9_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3233\/aac-160011","volume":"7","author":"K Atkinson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Atkinson, K., Bench-Capon, T.: States, goals and values: revisiting practical reasoning. Argum. Comput. 7(2\u20133), 135\u2013154 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/aac-160011","journal-title":"Argum. Comput."},{"key":"9_CR10","unstructured":"Atkinson, K., Bench-Capon, T., McBurney, P.: Justifying practical reasoning. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Computational Models of Natural Argument (CMNA 2004), pp. 87\u201390 (2004)"},{"key":"9_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balasubramaniam, N., Kauppinen, M., Hiekkanen, K., Kujala, S.: Transparency and explainability of ai systems: ethical guidelines in practice. In: Requirements Engineering: Foundation for Software Quality: 28th International Working Conference (REFSQ), pp. 3\u201318. Springer (2022)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-98464-9_1"},{"issue":"3","key":"9_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1287\/moor.16.3.580","volume":"16","author":"DP Bertsekas","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bertsekas, D.P., Tsitsiklis, J.N.: An analysis of stochastic shortest path problems. Math. Oper. Res. 16(3), 580\u2013595 (1991)","journal-title":"Math. Oper. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"9_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1017\/S1930297500005696","volume":"12","author":"M Bia\u0142ek","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bia\u0142ek, M., Neys, W.D.: Dual processes and moral conflict: evidence for deontological reasoners\u2019 intuitive utilitarian sensitivity. Judgm. Decis. Mak. 12(2), 148\u2013167 (2017)","journal-title":"Judgm. Decis. Mak."},{"issue":"3","key":"9_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1080\/0952813X.2014.895108","volume":"26","author":"M Brundage","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brundage, M.: Limitations and risks of machine ethics. J. Exp. & Theor. Artif. Intell. 26(3), 355\u2013372 (2014)","journal-title":"J. Exp. & Theor. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"9_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-97457-2_2","volume-title":"Engineering Multi-Agent Systems","author":"RC Cardoso","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cardoso, R.C., Ferrando, A., Dennis, L.A., Fisher, M.: Implementing ethical governors in BDI. In: Alechina, N., Baldoni, M., Logan, B. (eds.) Engineering Multi-Agent Systems, pp. 22\u201341. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2022)"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"9_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-3702(02)00374-0","volume":"147","author":"A Cimatti","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cimatti, A., Pistore, M., Roveri, M., Traverso, P.: Weak, strong, and strong cyclic planning via symbolic model checking. Artif. Intell. 147(1\u20132), 35\u201384 (2003)","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"9_CR17","unstructured":"Cloos, C.: The utilibot project: an autonomous mobile robot based on utilitarianism. AAAI Fall Symposium - Technical Report (2005)"},{"key":"9_CR18","unstructured":"Cointe, N., Bonnet, G., Boissier, O.: Ethical judgment of agents\u2019 behaviors in multi-agent systems. In: Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, pp. 1106\u20131114. AAMAS \u201916, International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2016)"},{"key":"9_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis, M.H.: Markov Models and Optimization. Routledge (2018)","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203748039"},{"key":"9_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2015.11.012","volume":"77","author":"L Dennis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dennis, L., Fisher, M., Slavkovik, M., Webster, M.: Formal verification of ethical choices in autonomous systems. Robot. Auton. Syst. 77, 1\u201314 (2016)","journal-title":"Robot. Auton. Syst."},{"key":"9_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dennis, L.A., Bentzen, M.M., Lindner, F., Fisher, M.: Verifiable machine ethics in changing contexts. Proc. AAAI Conf. Artif. Intell. 35(13), 11470\u201311478 (2021). https:\/\/ojs.aaai.org\/index.php\/AAAI\/article\/view\/17366","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v35i13.17366"},{"issue":"2","key":"9_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)00041-X","volume":"77","author":"PM Dung","year":"1995","unstructured":"Dung, P.M.: On the acceptability of arguments and its fundamental role in nonmonotonic reasoning, logic programming and n-person games. Artif. Intell. 77(2), 321\u2013357 (1995)","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"9_CR23","unstructured":"Ecoffet, A., Lehman, J.: Reinforcement learning under moral uncertainty. In: Meila, M., Zhang, T. (eds.) Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Machine Learning. Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, vol. 139, pp. 2926\u20132936. PMLR (2021). https:\/\/proceedings.mlr.press\/v139\/ecoffet21a.html. Accessed 18\u201324 July 2021"},{"key":"9_CR24","first-page":"5","volume":"5","author":"P Foot","year":"1967","unstructured":"Foot, P.: The problem of abortion and the doctrine of the double effect. Oxford Rev. 5, 5\u201315 (1967)","journal-title":"Oxford Rev."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"9_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-3702(01)00106-0","volume":"129","author":"EA Hansen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hansen, E.A., Zilberstein, S.: Lao$${}^{\\text{* }}$$: a heuristic search algorithm that finds solutions with loops. Artif. Intell. 129(1\u20132), 35\u201362 (2001)","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"9_CR26","unstructured":"Hansson, S.: The Ethics of Risk: Ethical Analysis in an Uncertain World. Springer (2013)"},{"key":"9_CR27","unstructured":"Hursthouse, R., Pettigrove, G.: Virtue Ethics. In: Zalta, E.N., Nodelman, U. (eds.) The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, Winter 2022 edn. (2022)"},{"key":"9_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168261","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2954791","volume":"7","author":"A Karim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Karim, A., Azam, S., Shanmugam, B., Kannoorpatti, K., Alazab, M.: A comprehensive survey for intelligent spam email detection. IEEE Access 7, 168261\u2013168295 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2954791","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"4","key":"9_CR29","first-page":"49","volume":"8","author":"S Kent","year":"1964","unstructured":"Kent, S.: Words of estimative probability. Stud. Intell. 8(4), 49\u201365 (1964)","journal-title":"Stud. Intell."},{"key":"9_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Killough, R., Bauters, K., McAreavey, K., Liu, W., Hong, J.: Risk-aware planning in bdi agents. In: International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence, vol. 2, pp. 322\u2013329. SciTePress (2016)","DOI":"10.5220\/0005703103220329"},{"key":"9_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindner, F., Bentzen, M.M., Nebel, B.: The hera approach to morally competent robots. In: 2017 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), pp. 6991\u20136997. IEEE (2017)","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2017.8206625"},{"issue":"2","key":"9_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2020.1003021","volume":"7","author":"Y Ma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ma, Y., Wang, Z., Yang, H., Yang, L.: Artificial intelligence applications in the development of autonomous vehicles: a survey. IEEE\/CAA J. Autom. Sinica 7(2), 315\u2013329 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JAS.2020.1003021","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA J. Autom. Sinica"},{"issue":"1","key":"9_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1177\/004056394901000102","volume":"10","author":"JT Mangan","year":"1949","unstructured":"Mangan, J.T.: An historical analysis of the principle of double effect. Theol. Stud. 10(1), 41\u201361 (1949)","journal-title":"Theol. Stud."},{"key":"9_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moor, J.H.: The Nature, Importance, and Difficulty of Machine Ethics, pp. 13\u201320. Cambridge University Press (2011)","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511978036.003"},{"key":"9_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mosdell, M.: Act-Consequentialism. Encyclopedia of Global Justice, pp. 2\u20132. Springer, Netherlands (2011)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-9160-5_51"},{"issue":"2","key":"9_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1017\/S0269888900000795","volume":"2","author":"A Saffiotti","year":"1987","unstructured":"Saffiotti, A.: An ai view of the treatment of uncertainty. Knowl. Eng. Rev. 2(2), 75\u201397 (1987)","journal-title":"Knowl. Eng. Rev."},{"key":"9_CR37","unstructured":"Sanner, S., et al.: Relational dynamic influence diagram language (rddl): Language description. Unpublished ms. Australian National University, vol. 32, p. 27 (2010)"},{"issue":"3","key":"9_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.4018\/IJACI.2021070105","volume":"12","author":"S Sholla","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sholla, S., Mir, R.N., Chishti, M.A.: A fuzzy logic-based method for incorporating ethics in the internet of things. Int. J. Ambient Comput. Intell. (IJACI) 12(3), 98\u2013122 (2021)","journal-title":"Int. J. Ambient Comput. Intell. (IJACI)"},{"key":"9_CR39","unstructured":"Stephenson, T.A.: An introduction to bayesian network theory and usage. Technical report, Idiap (2000)"},{"issue":"2","key":"9_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.2478\/raft-2021-0022","volume":"26","author":"I Szabadf\u00f6ldi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Szabadf\u00f6ldi, I.: Artificial intelligence in military application-opportunities and challenges. Land Forces Acad. Rev. 26(2), 157\u2013165 (2021)","journal-title":"Land Forces Acad. Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"9_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3419633","volume":"53","author":"S Tolmeijer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tolmeijer, S., Kneer, M., Sarasua, C., Christen, M., Bernstein, A.: Implementations in machine ethics: a survey. ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR) 53(6), 1\u201338 (2020)","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR)"},{"key":"9_CR42","unstructured":"Younes, H.L.S., Littman, M.L.: Ppddl1.0: An extension to pddl for expressing planning domains with probabilistic effects. In: Technical Report -Carnegie Mellon University (2004)"},{"issue":"10","key":"9_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-018-0305-z","volume":"2","author":"KH Yu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yu, K.H., Beam, A.L., Kohane, I.S.: Artificial intelligence in healthcare. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2(10), 719\u2013731 (2018)","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Coordination, Organizations, Institutions, Norms, and Ethics for Governance of Multi-Agent Systems XVI"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-031-49133-7_9","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T05:28:59Z","timestamp":1702963739000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-031-49133-7_9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"ISBN":["9783031491320","9783031491337"],"references-count":43,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-49133-7_9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 December 2023","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"COINE","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Workshop on Coordination, Organizations, Institutions, Norms, and Ethics for Governance of Multi-Agent Systems","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"London","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"United Kingdom","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2023","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"29 May 2023","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"29 May 2023","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"27","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"coin2023","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/www.iitdh.ac.in\/specom-2023\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Single-blind","order":1,"name":"type","label":"Type","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"EasyChair","order":2,"name":"conference_management_system","label":"Conference Management System","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"13","order":3,"name":"number_of_submissions_sent_for_review","label":"Number of Submissions Sent for Review","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"10","order":4,"name":"number_of_full_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Full Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"0","order":5,"name":"number_of_short_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Short Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"77% - The value is computed by the equation \"Number of Full Papers Accepted \/ Number of Submissions Sent for Review * 100\" and then rounded to a whole number.","order":6,"name":"acceptance_rate_of_full_papers","label":"Acceptance Rate of Full Papers","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"4","order":7,"name":"average_number_of_reviews_per_paper","label":"Average Number of Reviews per Paper","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"2.5","order":8,"name":"average_number_of_papers_per_reviewer","label":"Average Number of Papers per Reviewer","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"No","order":9,"name":"external_reviewers_involved","label":"External Reviewers Involved","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}}]}}