{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T03:43:42Z","timestamp":1785469422825,"version":"3.56.0"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":161,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783031541919","type":"print"},{"value":"9783031541926","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-54192-6_2","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T08:02:06Z","timestamp":1713254526000},"page":"15-38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Characteristics of the Digestive Tract of Dogs and Cats"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Wenliang","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin D.","family":"Connolly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoyao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0169-y","volume":"4","author":"CJ Adler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Adler CJ, Malik R, Browne GV, Norris JM (2016) Diet may influence the oral microbiome composition in cats. Microbiome 4:23","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"2_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3670","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/sky235","volume":"96","author":"KM Algya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Algya KM, Cross TL, Leuck KN, Kastner ME, Baba T, Lye L, de Godoy NRC, Swanson KS (2018) Apparent total-tract macronutrient digestibility, serum chemistry, urinalysis, and fecal characteristics, metabolites and microbiota of adult dogs fed extruded, mildly cooked, and raw diets. J Anim Sci 96:3670\u20133683","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"2_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11837","volume":"495","author":"E Axelsson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Axelsson E, Ratnakumar A, Arendt M-L et al (2013) The genomic signature of dog domestication reveals adaptation to a starch-rich diet. Nature 495:360\u2013364","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2_CR4","unstructured":"Azzouz LL, Sharma S (2023) Physiology, large intestine. StatPearls. Treasure Island, FL"},{"key":"2_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-0115(97)01032-X","volume":"72","author":"RC Backus","year":"1997","unstructured":"Backus RC, Howard KA, Rogers QR (1997) The potency of dietary amino acids in elevating plasma cholecystokinin immunoreactivity in cats is related to amino acid hydrophobicity. Regul Pept 72:31\u201340","journal-title":"Regul Pept"},{"key":"2_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nu.11.070191.001323","volume":"11","author":"DH Baker","year":"1991","unstructured":"Baker DH, Czarnecki-Maulden GL (1991) Comparative nutrition of cats and dogs. Annu Rev Nutr 11:239\u2013263","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"2_CR7","unstructured":"Bartges JW (2003) Enteral nutrition. The 28th World Small Animal Veterinary Association World Congress Proceedings, October 24\u201327, 2003. Bangkot, Thailand. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.vin.com\/apputil\/content\/defaultadv1.aspx?meta=Generic&pId=8768&id=3850156. Accessed on 10 Nov 2023"},{"key":"2_CR8","first-page":"R67","volume":"300","author":"DJ Batchelor","year":"2011","unstructured":"Batchelor DJ, Al-Rammahi M, Moran AW, Brand JG, Li X, Haskins M, German AJ, Shirazi-Beechey SP (2011) Sodium\/glucose cotransporter-1, sweet receptor, and disaccharidase expression in the intestine of the domestic dog and cat: two species of different dietary habit. Am J Physiol 300:R67-75","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1037\/h0077380","volume":"91","author":"GK Beauchamp","year":"1977","unstructured":"Beauchamp GK, Maller O, Rogers JG Jr (1977) Flavor preferences in cats (Felis catus and Panthera sp). J Comp Physiol Psychol 91:1118\u20131127","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol Psychol"},{"key":"2_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.2527\/2002.8051223x","volume":"80","author":"AD Beaulieu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Beaulieu AD, Drackley JK, Overton TR, Emmert LS (2002) Isolated canine and murine intestinal cells exhibit a different pattern of fuel utilization for oxidative metabolism. J Anim Sci 80:1223\u20131232","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"2_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511005927","volume":"108","author":"AN Beloshapka","year":"2012","unstructured":"Beloshapka AN, Wolff AK, Swanson KS (2012) Effects of feeding polydextrose on faecal characteristics, microbiota and fermentative end products in healthy adult dogs. Br J Nutr 108:638\u2013644","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"2_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1954.tb01158.x","volume":"32","author":"S Bergstrom","year":"1954","unstructured":"Bergstrom S, Borgstrom B, Carlsten A (1954) On the mechanism of intestinal fat absorption in the cat. Acta Physiol Scand 32:94\u201398","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"key":"2_CR13","unstructured":"Beynen AC, Saris DHJ (2014) Beating odour with yucca schidigera. All About Feed. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.allaboutfeed.net\/animal-feed\/feed-additives\/beating-odour-with-yucca-schidigera. Accessed on 10 Nov 2023"},{"key":"2_CR14","first-page":"832","volume":"40","author":"B Blazer-Yost","year":"1979","unstructured":"Blazer-Yost B, Jezyk PF (1979) Free amino acids in the plasma and urine of dogs from birth to senescence. Am J Vet Res 40:832\u2013838","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2039S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.8.2039S","volume":"134","author":"J Bourreau","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bourreau J, Hernot D, Bailhache E, Weber M, Ferchaud V, Biourge V, Martin L, Dumon H, Nguyen P (2004) Gastric emptying rate is inversely related to body weight in dog breeds of different sizes. J Nutr 134:2039S-2041S","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1927S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.7.1927S","volume":"136","author":"JWS Bradshaw","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bradshaw JWS (2006) The evolutionary basis for the feeding behavior of domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) and cats (Felis catus). J Nutr 136:1927S-1931S","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(95)02133-7","volume":"114","author":"JWS Bradshaw","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bradshaw JWS, Goodwin D, Legrand-Defretin V, Nott HMR (1996) Food selection by the domestic cat, an obligate carnivore. Comp Biochem Physiol A 114:205\u2013209","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A"},{"key":"2_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2000.61.359","volume":"61","author":"BP Brosey","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brosey BP, Hill RC, Scott KC (2000) Gastrointestinal volatile fatty acid concentrations and pH in cats. Am J Vet Res 61:359\u2013361","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2003.64.646","volume":"64","author":"RK Buddington","year":"2003","unstructured":"Buddington RK (2003) Postnatal changes in bacterial populations in the gastrointestinal tract of dogs. Am J Vet Res 64:646\u2013651","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2_CR20","first-page":"G605","volume":"263","author":"RK Buddington","year":"1992","unstructured":"Buddington RK, Diamond J (1992) Ontogenetic development of nutrient transporters in cat intestine. Am J Physiol 263:G605-616","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2003.64.635","volume":"64","author":"RK Buddington","year":"2003","unstructured":"Buddington RK, Malo C (2003) Postnatal development of nutrient transport in the intestine of dogs. Am J Vet Res 64:635\u2013645","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3781","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-7789","volume":"92","author":"PR Buff","year":"2014","unstructured":"Buff PR, Carter RA, Bauer JE, Kersey JH (2014) Natural pet food: a review of natural diets and their impact on canine and feline physiology. J Anim Sci 92:3781\u20133791","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"2_CR23","unstructured":"Buffington CA, Branam JE, Dunn GC\u00a0(1989) Lack of effect of age on digestibility of protein, fat and dry matter in Beagle dogs. In: Burger IH, Rivers JPW (eds) Nutrition of the dog and cat. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 397"},{"key":"2_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1991.tb16346.x","volume":"202","author":"F Carri\u00e8re","year":"1991","unstructured":"Carri\u00e8re F, Moreau H, Raphel V, Laugier R, Benicourt C, Junien JL, Verger R (1991) Purification and biochemical characterization of dog gastric lipase. Eur J Biochem 202:75\u201383","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"2_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2007.00794.x","volume":"92","author":"AC Carciofi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Carciofi AC, Takakura FS, de-Oliveira LD, Teshima E, Jeremias JT, Brunetto MA, Prada F (2008) Effects of six carbohydrate sources on dog diet digestibility and post-prandial glucose and insulin response. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 92:326\u2013336","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr"},{"key":"2_CR26","volume-title":"Canine and feline nutrition","author":"LP Case","year":"2011","unstructured":"Case LP, Daristotle L, Hayek MG, Raasch MF (2011) Canine and feline nutrition, 3rd edn. Mosby, Maryland Heights, Missouri","edition":"3"},{"key":"2_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(63)90076-1","volume":"8","author":"HH Chauncey","year":"1963","unstructured":"Chauncey HH, Henrigues BL, Tanzer JM (1963) Comparative enzyme activity of saliva from the sheep, hog, dog, rabbit, rat, and human. Arch Oral Biol 8:615\u2013627","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"2_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-54462-1_11","volume":"1285","author":"DS Che","year":"2021","unstructured":"Che DS, Nyingwa PS, Ralinala KM, Maswanganye GMT, Wu G (2021) Amino acids in the nutrition, metabolism, and health of domestic cats. Adv Exp Med Biol 1285:217\u2013231","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"2_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-1191-4","volume":"13","author":"MD Contreras-Aguilar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Contreras-Aguilar MD, Tecles F, Mart\u00ednez-Subiela S, Escribano D, Bernal LJ, Cer\u00f3n JJ (2017) Detection and measurement of alpha-amylase in canine saliva and changes after an experimentally induced sympathetic activation. BMC Vet Res 13:266","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"2_CR30","first-page":"49","volume-title":"Small animal clinical nutrition hand MS","author":"KL Gross","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gross KL, Jewell DE, Yamka RM, Schoenherr WD, Khoo C, Debraekeleer J, Friesen KG, Zicker SC (2010) Macronutrients. In: Thatcher CD, Remillard RL, Roudebush P (eds) Small animal clinical nutrition hand MS. Mark Morris Institute, Topeka, KS, pp 49\u2013105"},{"key":"2_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1080\/1745039X.2020.1867463","volume":"75","author":"CBM De Brito","year":"2021","unstructured":"De Brito CBM, Menezes Souza CM, Bastos TS, Mesa D, Oliveira SG, F\u00e9lix AP (2021) Effect of dietary inclusion of dried apple pomace on faecal butyrate concentration and modulation of gut microbiota in dogs. Arch Anim Nutr 75:48\u201363","journal-title":"Arch Anim Nutr"},{"key":"2_CR32","unstructured":"Dickson E (2021) Improving pet food digestibility with yucca schidigera. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.alltech.com\/blog\/improving-pet-food-digestibility-yucca-schidigera. Accessed on 10 Nov 2023"},{"key":"2_CR33","unstructured":"Doebelin C (2021) Cats & fiber: feeding plant matter? Retrieved from https:\/\/thelittlecarnivore.com\/en\/blog\/cats-and-fiber-feeding-plant-matter. Accessed on 10 Nov 2023"},{"key":"2_CR34","volume-title":"Textbook of veterinary anatomy","author":"KM Dyce","year":"1996","unstructured":"Dyce KM, Sack WO, Wensing CJG (1996) Textbook of veterinary anatomy. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia"},{"key":"2_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4124","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skz264","volume":"97","author":"L Eisenhauer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eisenhauer L, Vahjen W, Dadi T, Kohn B, Zentek J (2019) Effects of Brewer\u2019s spent grain and carrot pomace on digestibility, fecal microbiota, and fecal and urinary metabolites in dogs fed low- or high-protein diets. J Anim Sci 97:4124\u20134133","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"2_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(67)80097-0","volume":"52","author":"S Em\u00e5s","year":"1967","unstructured":"Em\u00e5s S, Grossman MI (1967) Comparison of gastric secretion in conscious dogs and cats. Gastroenterology 52:29\u201334","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3060","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2011-4222","volume":"90","author":"AP F\u00e9lix","year":"2012","unstructured":"F\u00e9lix AP, Gabeloni LR, Brito CBM, Oliveira SG, Silva AVF, Maiorka A (2012) Effect of \u03b2-mannanase on the digestibility of diets with different protein sources in dogs determined by different methodologies. J Anim Sci 90:3060\u20133067","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"2_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0149-7634(84)90041-1","volume":"8","author":"F Ferrell","year":"1984","unstructured":"Ferrell F (1984) Preference for sugars and nonnutritive sweeteners in young beagles. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 8:199\u2013203","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.2527\/2003.8182008x","volume":"81","author":"EA Flickinger","year":"2003","unstructured":"Flickinger EA, Schreijen EMWC, Patil AR, Hussein HS, Grieshop CM, Merchen NR, Fahey GC (2003) Nutrient digestibilities, microbial populations, and protein catabolites as affected by fructan supplementation of dog diets. J Anim Sci 81:2008\u20132018","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"2_CR40","first-page":"R1149","volume":"271","author":"NE Flynn","year":"1996","unstructured":"Flynn NE, Wu G (1996) An important role for endogenous synthesis of arginine in maintaining arginine homeostasis in neonatal pigs. Am J Physiol 271:R1149-1155","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-54462-1_4","volume":"1285","author":"KR Gilbreath","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gilbreath KR, Bazer FW, Satterfield MC, Wu G (2021) Amino acid nutrition and reproductive performance in ruminants. Adv Exp Med Biol 1285:43\u201361","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"2_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/ahe.12396","volume":"47","author":"F Gil","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gil F, Arencibia A, Garc\u00eda V, Ram\u00edrez G, V\u00e1zquez JM (2018) Anatomic and magnetic resonance imaging features of the salivary glands in the dog. Anat Histol Embryol 47:551\u2013559","journal-title":"Anat Histol Embryol"},{"key":"2_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1999.tb01845.x","volume":"40","author":"JM Goggin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Goggin JM, Hoskinson JJ, Kirk CA, Jewell D, Butine MD (1999) Comparison of gastric emptying times in healthy cats simultaneously evaluated with radiopaque markers and nuclear scintigraphy. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 40:89\u201395","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"2_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19900008","volume":"64","author":"PC Gregory","year":"1990","unstructured":"Gregory PC, McFadyen M, Rayner DV (1990) Pattern of gastric emptying in the pig: relation to feeding. Br J Nutr 64:45\u201358","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"2_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X19880433","volume":"21","author":"S Griffin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Griffin S (2019) Feline abdominal ultrasonography: what\u2019s normal? what\u2019s abnormal? the normal gastrointestinal tract. J Feline Med Surg 21:1039\u20131046","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1051\/rnd:2000129","volume":"40","author":"EJ Harper","year":"2000","unstructured":"Harper EJ, Turner CL (2000) Age-related changes in apparent digestibility in growing kittens. Reprod Nutr Dev 40:249\u2013260","journal-title":"Reprod Nutr Dev"},{"key":"2_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0714.2001.300105.x","volume":"30","author":"JD Harrison","year":"2001","unstructured":"Harrison JD, Fouad HM, Garrett JR (2001) Variation in the response to ductal obstruction of feline submandibular and sublingual salivary glands and the importance of the innervation. J Oral Pathol Med 30:29\u201334","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"2_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-022-03151-7","volume":"54","author":"WL He","year":"2022","unstructured":"He WL, Wu G (2022) Oxidation of amino acids, glucose, and fatty acids as metabolic fuels in enterocytes of developing pigs. Amino Acids 54:1025\u20131039","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"2_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/126.4.955","volume":"126","author":"WH Hendriks","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hendriks WH, Moughan PJ, Tarttelin MF (1996) Gut endogenous nitrogen and amino acid excretions in adult domestic cats fed a protein-free or an enzymatically hydrolyzed casein-based diet. J Nutr 126:955\u2013962","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0396.2002.00391.x","volume":"86","author":"WH Hendriks","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hendriks WH, Sritharan K, Hodgkinson SM (2002) Comparison of the endogenous ileal and faecal amino acid excretion in the dog (Canis familiaris) and the rat (Rattus rattus) determined under protein-free feeding and peptide alimentation. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 86:333\u2013341","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr"},{"key":"2_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herring CM, Bazer FW, Wu G (2021) Amino acid nutrition for optimum growth, development, reproduction, and health of zoo animals. Adv Exp Med Biol 1285:233\u2013253","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-54462-1_12"},{"key":"2_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114520001385","volume":"124","author":"AME Hoogeveen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hoogeveen AME, Moughan PJ, de Haas ES, Blatchford P, McNabb C, Montoya CA (2020) Ileal and hindgut fermentation in the growing pig fed a human-type diet. Br J Nutr 124:567\u2013576","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"2_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-019-02751-0","volume":"51","author":"YQ Hou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hou YQ, He WL, Hu SD, Wu G (2019) Composition of polyamines and amino acids in plant-source foods for human consumption. Amino Acids 51:1153\u20131165","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"2_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-017-2481-7","volume":"49","author":"SC Jia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jia SC, Li XY, Zheng SX, Wu G (2017) Amino acids are major energy substrates for tissues of hybrid striped bass and zebrafish. Amino Acids 49:2053\u20132063","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"2_CR54","first-page":"G702","volume":"267","author":"HO Jin","year":"1994","unstructured":"Jin HO, Lee KY, Chang TM, Chey WY, Dubois A (1994) Secretin: a physiological regulator of gastric emptying and acid output in dogs. Am J Physiol 267:G702-708","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.132.14.362","volume":"132","author":"K Johnston","year":"1993","unstructured":"Johnston K, Lamport A, Batt RM (1993) An unexpected bacterial flora in the proximal small intestine of normal cats. Vet Rec 132:362\u2013363","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1002\/bdd.2510160502","volume":"16","author":"TT Kararli","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kararli TT (1995) Comparison of the gastrointestinal anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of humans and commonly used laboratory animals. Biopharm Drug Dispos 16:351\u2013380","journal-title":"Biopharm Drug Dispos"},{"key":"2_CR57","unstructured":"Kerns N (2005) The canine digestion process. Whole Dog J. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.whole-dog-journal.com\/health\/digestion\/the-canine-digestion-process. Accessed on 10 Nov 2023"},{"key":"2_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.1993.tb00793.x","volume":"69","author":"E Kienzle","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kienzle E (1993a) Carbohydrate metabolism of the cat. 1. activity of amylase in the gastrointestinal tract of the cat. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 69:92\u2013101","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr"},{"key":"2_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.1993.tb00794.x","volume":"69","author":"E Kienzle","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kienzle E (1993b) Carbohydrate metabolism of the cat. 2. digestion of starch. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 69:102\u2013114","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr"},{"key":"2_CR60","first-page":"287","volume":"22","author":"RL Kitchell","year":"1978","unstructured":"Kitchell RL (1978) Taste perception and discrimination by the dog. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 22:287\u2013314","journal-title":"Adv Vet Sci Comp Med"},{"key":"2_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.32.4.352","volume":"32","author":"RM Kliegman","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kliegman RM, Miettinen EL, Tserng KY (1983) Fetal and neonatal metabolism in the pup of a canine diabetic mother: fasting circulating fuels and neonatal glucose turnover. Diabetes 32:352\u2013359","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1963.204.3.509","volume":"204","author":"LK Knoebel","year":"1963","unstructured":"Knoebel LK, Ryan JM (1963) Digestion and mucosal absorption of fat in normal and bile-deficient dogs. Am J Physiol 204:509\u2013514","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0264.1997.tb00140.x","volume":"26","author":"C Knospe","year":"1997","unstructured":"Knospe C, Plendl J (1997) Histochemical demonstration of lipase activity in the gastric mucosa of the cat. Anat Histol Embryol 26:303\u2013304","journal-title":"Anat Histol Embryol"},{"key":"2_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.95.5.1007","volume":"95","author":"T Kumazawa","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kumazawa T, Kurihara K (1990a) Large enhancement of canine taste responses to sugars by salts. J Gen Physiol 95:1007\u20131018","journal-title":"J Gen Physiol"},{"key":"2_CR65","first-page":"R420","volume":"259","author":"T Kumazawa","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kumazawa T, Kurihara K (1990b) Large synergism between monosodium glutamate and 59-nucleotides in canine taste nerve responses. Am J Physiol 259:R420\u2013R426","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2_CR66","volume-title":"The dynamics of behaviour development: an epigenetic view","author":"ZY Kuo","year":"1967","unstructured":"Kuo ZY (1967) The dynamics of behaviour development: an epigenetic view. Random House, New York"},{"key":"2_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1949.159.1.149","volume":"159","author":"M Ladd","year":"1949","unstructured":"Ladd M, Raisz LG (1949) Response of the normal dog to dietary sodium chloride. Am J Physiol 159:149\u2013152","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2_CR68","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Nutritional physiology of pigs (Bach KE","author":"HN L\u00e6rke","year":"2012","unstructured":"L\u00e6rke HN, Hedemann MS (2012) The digestive system of the pig. In: Knudsen NJ, Kjeldsen HD, Jensen BB (eds) Nutritional physiology of pigs (Bach KE. Danish Pig Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp 1\u201327"},{"key":"2_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(84)90547-4","volume":"79","author":"S Lagani\u00e8re","year":"1984","unstructured":"Lagani\u00e8re S, Berteloot A, Maestracci D (1984) Digestive and absorptive functions along dog small intestine: comparative distributions in relation to biochemical and morphological parameters. Comp Biochem Physiol A 79:463\u2013472","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A"},{"key":"2_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.3109\/00016357209004603","volume":"30","author":"M Larmas","year":"1972","unstructured":"Larmas M, Scheinin A (1972) Studies on dog saliva. 3. observations on enzymes acting on ester bonds and glycosyl compounds. Acta Odontol Scand 30:357\u2013370","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"key":"2_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091570305","volume":"157","author":"HB Latimer","year":"1967","unstructured":"Latimer HB (1967) Variability in body and organ weights in the newborn dog and cat compared with that in the adult. Anat Red 157:449\u2013456","journal-title":"Anat Red"},{"key":"2_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(78)90702-3","volume":"74","author":"ME Lavigne","year":"1978","unstructured":"Lavigne ME, Wiley ZD, Meyer JH, Martin P, MacGregor IL (1978) Gastric emptying rates of solid food in relation to body size. Gastroenterology 74:1258\u20131260","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2_CR73","first-page":"289","volume":"40","author":"DR Lecheta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lecheta DR, Silva DKM, Santos GA, Cunha MS, Gaspar TT, Lopes BA, Deboleto SGC, Braz PH (2020) Effect of pre-anesthetic fasting on gastric emptying and plasma glucose in healthy dogs of different age groups. Brazil J Vet Res 40:289\u2013292","journal-title":"Brazil J Vet Res"},{"key":"2_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2020.21.e75","volume":"21","author":"S Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee S, Lee K, Kim H, An J, Han J, Lee T, Jeong H, Cho Y (2020) Comparison of dental radiography and computed tomography: measurement of dentoalveolar structures in healthy, small-sized dogs and cats. J Vet Sci 21:e75","journal-title":"J Vet Sci"},{"key":"2_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS19940004","volume":"53","author":"V Legrand-Defretin","year":"1994","unstructured":"Legrand-Defretin V (1994) Differences between cats and dogs: a nutritional view. Proc Nutr Soc 53:15\u201324","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"2_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X15582081","volume":"17","author":"JK Levy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Levy JK, Nutt KR, Tucker SJ (2015) Reference interval for rectal temperature in healthy confined adult cats. J Feline Med Surg 17:950\u2013952","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-020-02833-4","volume":"52","author":"P Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li P, Wu G (2020) Composition of amino acids and related nitrogenous nutrients in feedstuffs for animal diets. Amino Acids 52:523\u2013542","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"2_CR78","unstructured":"Li P, Wu G (2023) Composition of nutrients in rendered animal-sourced feedstuffs. In: Clive P (ed) Encyclopedia of animal nutrition, CABI, Wallingford, Oxon, UK"},{"key":"2_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-022-00827-8","volume":"14","author":"P Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li P, Wu G (2023b) Amino acid nutrition and metabolism in domestic cats and dogs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 14:19","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol"},{"key":"2_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li P, Wu G (2024a) Characteristics of nutrition and metabolism in dogs and cats. Adv Exp Med Biol 1446:55\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-54192-6_4","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-54192-6_4"},{"key":"2_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.0010003","volume":"1","author":"X Li","year":"2005","unstructured":"Li X, Li W, Wang H, Cao J, Maehashi K, Huang L, Bachmanov AA, Reed DR, Legrand-Defretin V, Beauchamp GK (2005) Pseudogenization of a sweet-receptor gene accounts for cats\u2019 indifference toward sugar. PLoS Genet 1:e27-35","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"issue":"Suppl 7","key":"2_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1932S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.7.1932S","volume":"136","author":"X Li","year":"2006","unstructured":"Li X, Li W, Wang H, Bayley DL, Cao J, Reed DR, Bachmanov AA, Huang L, Legrand-Defretin V, Beauchamp GK, Brand JG (2006) Cats lack a sweet taste receptor. J Nutr 136(Suppl 7):1932S-1934S","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-020-02871-y","volume":"52","author":"XL Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li XL, Zheng SX, Jia SC, Song F, Zhou CP, Wu G (2020) Oxidation of energy substrates in tissues of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Amino Acids 52:1017\u20131032","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"2_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-74180-8_11","volume":"1332","author":"P Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li P, He WL, Wu G (2021a) Composition of amino acids in foodstuffs for humans and animals. Adv Exp Med Biol 1332:189\u2013210","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"2_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-54462-1_8","volume":"1285","author":"XY Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li XY, Zheng SX, Wu G (2021b) Nutrition and functions of amino acids in fish. Adv Exp Med Biol 1285:133\u2013168","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"2_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-85686-1_11","volume":"1354","author":"XY Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li XY, Han T, Zheng SX, Wu G (2022) Hepatic glucose metabolism and its disorders in fish. Adv Exp Med Biol 1354:207\u2013236","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"2_CR87","first-page":"G1031","volume":"259","author":"HC Lin","year":"1990","unstructured":"Lin HC, Doty JE, Reedy TJ, Meyer JH (1990) Inhibition of gastric emptying by sodium oleate depends on length of intestine exposed by nutrient. Am J Physiol 259:G1031-1036","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11020405","volume":"11","author":"M Lombardero","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lombardero M, Alonso-Pe\u00f1arando D, Yllera MDM (2021) The cat mandible (I): anatomical basis to avoid Iatrogenic damage in veterinary clinical practice. Animals 11:405","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"2_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(97)90160-0","volume":"63","author":"JA Lowe","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lowe JA, Kershaw SJ, Taylor AJ, Linforth RS (1997) The effect of Yucca schidigera extract on canine and feline faecal volatiles occurring concurrently with faecal aroma amelioration. Res Vet Sci 63:67\u201371","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"2_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(85)90311-7","volume":"35","author":"ML MacDonald","year":"1985","unstructured":"MacDonald ML, Rogers QR, Morris JG (1985) Aversion of the cat to dietary medium-chain triglycerides and caprylic acid. Physiol Behav 35:371\u2013375","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"2_CR91","unstructured":"Maskell IE, Johnson JV (1993) Digestion and absorption. In: Burger I (ed) The waltham book of companion animal nutrition, Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK, pp 25\u201344"},{"key":"2_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nu.04.070184.002513","volume":"4","author":"ML MacDonald","year":"1984","unstructured":"MacDonald ML, Rogers QR, Morris JG (1984) Nutrition of the domestic cat, a mammalian carnivore. Annu Rev Nutr 4:521\u2013562","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"2_CR93","volume-title":"Animal nutrition","author":"P McDonald","year":"2011","unstructured":"McDonald P, Edwards RA, Greenhalgh JFD, Morgan CA, Sinclair LA (2011) Animal nutrition, 7th edn. Prentice Hall, New York","edition":"7"},{"key":"2_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0491(79)90274-8","volume":"63","author":"RL McGeachin","year":"1979","unstructured":"McGeachin RL, Akin JR (1979) Amylase levels in the tissues and body fluids of the domestic cat (Felis catus). Comp Biochem Physiol B 63:437\u2013439","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol B"},{"key":"2_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2002.63.295","volume":"63","author":"CM McManus","year":"2002","unstructured":"McManus CM, Michel KE, Simon DM, Washabau RJ (2002) Effect of short-chain fatty acids on contraction of smooth muscle in the canine colon. Am J Vet Res 63:295\u2013300","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00694","volume":"11","author":"Q Meng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meng Q, Luo Z, Cao C, Sun S, Ma Q, Li Z, Shi B, Shan A (2020) Weaning alters intestinal gene expression involved in nutrient metabolism by shaping gut microbiota in pigs. Front Microbiol 11:694","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2010.09.019","volume":"42","author":"HA Merchant","year":"2011","unstructured":"Merchant HA, McConnell EL, Liu F, Ramaswamy C, Kulkarni R, Basit AW, Murdan S (2011) Assessment of gastrointestinal pH, fluid and lymphoid tissue in the guinea pig, rabbit and pig, and implications for their use in drug development. Eur J Pharm Sci 42:3\u201310","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2_CR98","first-page":"31","volume":"2","author":"H Meyer","year":"1993","unstructured":"Meyer H, Kienzle E, Zentek J (1993) Body size and relative weights of gastrointestinal tract and liver in dogs. J Vet Nutr 2:31\u201335","journal-title":"J Vet Nutr"},{"key":"2_CR99","first-page":"G1017","volume":"266","author":"JH Meyer","year":"1994","unstructured":"Meyer JH, Elashoff JD, Domeck M, Levy A, Jehn D, Hlinka M, Lake R, Graham LS, Gu YG (1994) Control of canine gastric emptying of fat by lipolytic products. Am J Physiol 266:G1017-1035","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S33","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.22.08.0351","volume":"260","author":"AA Moreno","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moreno AA, Parker VJ, Winston JA, Rudinsky AJ (2022) Dietary fiber aids in the management of canine and feline gastrointestinal disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 260:S33\u2013S45","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1079\/NRR200238","volume":"15","author":"JG Morris","year":"2002","unstructured":"Morris JG (2002) Idiosyncratic nutrient requirements of cats appear to be diet-induced evolutionary adaptations. Nutr Res Rev 15:153\u2013168","journal-title":"Nutr Res Rev"},{"key":"2_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19770040","volume":"37","author":"JG Morris","year":"1977","unstructured":"Morris JG, Trudell J, Pencovic T (1977) Carbohydrate digestion by the domestic cat (Felis catus). Br J Nutr 37:365\u2013373","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"2_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.2527\/1996.7471641x","volume":"74","author":"HE Muir","year":"1996","unstructured":"Muir HE, Murray SM, Fahey GC Jr, Merchen NR, Reinhart GA (1996) Nutrient digestion by ileal cannulated dogs as affected by dietary fibers with various fermentation characteristics. J Anim Sci 74:1641\u20131648","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"2_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.2527\/1999.7782180x","volume":"77","author":"SM Murray","year":"1999","unstructured":"Murray SM, Fahey GC, Merchen NR, Sunvold GD, Reinhart GA (1999) Evaluation of selected high-starch flours as ingredients in canine diets. J Anim Sci 77:2180\u20132186","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"2_CR105","volume-title":"Nutrient requirements of dogs and cats","author":"National Research Council (NRC","year":"2006","unstructured":"National Research Council (NRC 2006) Nutrient requirements of dogs and cats. National Academies Press, Washington DC"},{"key":"2_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(77)83873-3","volume":"60","author":"JH Nelson","year":"1977","unstructured":"Nelson JH, Jensen RG, Pitas RE (1977) Pregastric esterase and other oral lipases\u2014a review. J Dairy Sci 60:327\u2013362","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txz175","volume":"4","author":"PM Oba","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oba PM, Utterback PL, Parsons CM, Swanson KS (2020) True nutrient and amino acid digestibility of dog foods made with human-grade ingredients using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay. Transl Anim Sci 4:442\u2013451","journal-title":"Transl Anim Sci"},{"key":"2_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-54462-1_10","volume":"1285","author":"AM Oberbauer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oberbauer AM, Larsen JA (2021) Amino acids in dog nutrition and health. Adv Exp Med Biol 1285:199\u2013216","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"2_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528709078509","volume":"4","author":"D Pansu","year":"1987","unstructured":"Pansu D, Vagne M, Reinberg A, Mechkouri M (1987) Circannual and circa-hemiannual rhythms of basal and stimulated gastric secretion in conscious cats. Chronobiol Int 4:59\u201367","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"key":"2_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700293","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201700293","volume":"18","author":"S Pasha","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pasha S, Inui T, Chapple I, Harris S, Holcombe L, Grant MM (2018) The saliva proteome of dogs: Variations within and between breeds and between species. Proteomics 18:1700293","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"2_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.3181\/0709-MR-262","volume":"233","author":"JK Patterson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Patterson JK, Lei XG, Miller DD (2008) The pig as an experimental model for elucidating the mechanisms governing dietary influence on mineral absorption. Exp Biol Med 233:651\u2013664","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"2_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199108000-00008","volume":"30","author":"C Pedraz","year":"1991","unstructured":"Pedraz C, Mortola JP (1991) CO2 production, body temperature, and ventilation in hypoxic newborn cats and dogs before and after body warming. Pediatr Res 30:165\u2013169","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2020.1786391","volume":"48","author":"AY Pekel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pekel AY, M\u00fclaz\u0131mo\u011flu SB, Acar N (2020) Taste preferences and diet palatability in cats. J Appl Anim Res 48:281\u2013292","journal-title":"J Appl Anim Res"},{"key":"2_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(77)90531-8","volume":"182","author":"LM Pinkus","year":"1977","unstructured":"Pinkus LM, Windmueller HG (1977) Phosphate-dependent glutaminase of small intestine: Localization and role in intestinal glutamine metabolism. Arch Biochem Biophys 182:506\u2013517","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"2_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3057","DOI":"10.2527\/2003.81123057x","volume":"81","author":"L Propst","year":"2003","unstructured":"Propst L, Flickinger EA, Bauer LL, Merchen NR, Fahey GC (2003) A dose\u2013response experiment evaluating the effects of oligofructose and inulin on nutrient digestibility, stool quality, and fecal protein catabolites in healthy adult dogs. J Anim Sci 81:3057\u20133066","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"2_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.2527\/2004.8261685x","volume":"82","author":"JD Quigley","year":"2004","unstructured":"Quigley JD, Campbell JM, Polo J, Russell LE (2004) Effects of spray-dried animal plasma on intake and apparent digestibility in dogs. J Anim Sci 82:1685\u20131692","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"2_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txab025","volume":"5","author":"LM Reilly","year":"2021","unstructured":"Reilly LM, von Schaumburg PC, Hoke JM, Davenport GM, Utterback PL, Parsons CM, de Godoy MRC (2021) Use of the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay to determine standardized amino acid digestibility, true metabolizable energy content, and digestible indispensable amino acid scores of plant-based protein by-products used in canine and feline diets. Transl Anim Sci 5:1\u20139","journal-title":"Transl Anim Sci"},{"key":"2_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422414000213","volume":"27","author":"K Rochus","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rochus K, Janssens GPJ, Hesta M (2014) Dietary fibre and the importance of the gut microbiota in feline nutrition: a review. Nutr Res Rev 27:295\u2013307","journal-title":"Nutr Res Rev"},{"key":"2_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2016.03.026","volume":"216","author":"C Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez C, Saborido N, R\u00f3denas J, Polo J (2016) Effects of spray-dried animal plasma on food intake and apparent nutrient digestibility by cats when added to a wet pet food recipe. Anim Feed Sci Technol 216:243\u2013250","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"2_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S1098-612X(03)00002-0","volume":"5","author":"MP Rondeau","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rondeau MP, Meltzer K, Michel KE, McManus CM, Washabau RJ, RJ, (2003) Short chain fatty acids stimulate feline colonic smooth muscle contraction. J Feline Med Surg 5:167\u2013173","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2004.65.1293","volume":"65","author":"GM Rutz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rutz GM, Steiner JM, Bauer JE, Williams DA (2004) Effects of exchange of dietary medium chain triglycerides for long-chain triglycerides on serum biochemical variables and subjectively assessed well-being of dogs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Am J Vet Res 65:1293\u20131302","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2494","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.21602","volume":"98","author":"K Sagawa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sagawa K, Li F, Liese R, Sutton SC (2009) Fed and fasted gastric pH and gastric residence time in conscious beagle dogs. J Pharm Sci 98:2494\u20132500","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2014.59","volume":"3","author":"A Salas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Salas A, Manuelian CL, Gargant\u00e9 M, Sanchez N, Fern\u00e1ndez S, Compagnucci M, Cer\u00f3n JJ, Jeusette I, Vilaseca L, Torre C (2014) Fat digestibility is reduced in old cats with subnormal cobalamin concentrations. J Nutr Sci 3:e62","journal-title":"J Nutr Sci"},{"key":"2_CR124","unstructured":"Shields RG (1993) Digestibility and metabolizable energy measurement in dogs and cats. In: Proc Petfood Forum\u201993. Watt Publishing, Mt. Morris, IL, p 21\u201335"},{"key":"2_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13091474","volume":"13","author":"G Siani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Siani G, Mercaldo B, Alterisio MC, Loria AD (2023) Vitamin B12 in cats: nutrition, metabolism, and disease. Animals 13:1474","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"2_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(99)00298-1","volume":"16","author":"J Silvio","year":"2000","unstructured":"Silvio J, Harmon DL, Gross KL, McLeod KR (2000) Influence of fiber fermentability on nutrient digestion in the dog. Nutrition 16:289\u2013295","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"2_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-002-0001-z","volume":"44","author":"JM Simpson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Simpson JM, Martineau B, Jones WE, Ballam JM, Mackie RI (2002) Characterization of fecal bacterial populations in canines: effects of age, breed and dietary fiber. Microb Ecol 44:186\u2013197","journal-title":"Microb Ecol"},{"key":"2_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(19)32408-4","volume":"69","author":"JR Stephens","year":"1975","unstructured":"Stephens JR, Woolson RF, Cooke AR (1975) Effects of essential and nonessential amino acids on gastric emptying in the dog. Gastroenterology 69:920\u2013927","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2010.12.006","volume":"41","author":"JS Suchodolski","year":"2011","unstructured":"Suchodolski JS (2011) Intestinal microbiota of dogs and cats: a bigger world than we thought. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 41:261\u2013272","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2008.00521.x","volume":"66","author":"JS Suchodolski","year":"2008","unstructured":"Suchodolski JS, Camacho J, Steiner JM (2008) Analysis of bacterial diversity in the canine duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon by comparative 16S rRNA gene analysis. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 66:567\u2013578","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Ecol"},{"key":"2_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-9-210","volume":"9","author":"JS Suchodolski","year":"2009","unstructured":"Suchodolski JS, Dowd SE, Westermarck E, Steiner JM, Wolcott RD, Spillmann T, Harmoinen JA (2009) The effect of the macrolide antibiotic tylosin on microbial diversity in the canine small intestine as demonstrated by massive parallel 16S rRNA gene sequencing. BMC Microbiol 9:210","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"2_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15634","volume":"34","author":"S Summers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Summers S, Quimby JM, Phillips RK, Stockman J, Isaiah A, Lidbury JA, Steiner JM, Suchodolski J (2020) Preliminary evaluation of fecal fatty acid concentrations in cats with chronic kidney disease and correlation with indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol sulfate. J Vet Intern Med 34:206\u2013215","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3721","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.12.3721","volume":"132","author":"KS Swanson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Swanson KS, Grieshop CM, Flickinger EA, Bauer LL, Chow J, Wolf BW, Garleb KA, Fahey GC (2002) Fructooligosaccharides and Lactobacillus acidophilus modify gut microbial populations, total tract nutrient digestibilities and fecal protein catabolite concentrations in healthy adult dogs. J Nutr 132:3721\u20133731","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1177\/089875640001700303","volume":"17","author":"J Tenovuo","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tenovuo J, Illukka T, V\u00e4h\u00e4-Vahe T (2000) Non-immunoglobulin defense factors in canine saliva and effects of a tooth gel containing antibacterial enzymes. J Vet Dent 17:136\u2013140","journal-title":"J Vet Dent"},{"key":"2_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1080\/1745039X.2014.915137","volume":"68","author":"MT Tjernsbekk","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tjernsbekk MT, Tauson AH, Ahlstr\u00f8m O (2014) Ileal, colonic and total tract nutrient digestibility in dogs (Canis familiaris) compared with total tract digestibility in mink (Neovison vison). Arch Anim Nutr 68:245\u2013261","journal-title":"Arch Anim Nutr"},{"key":"2_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.71.4.435","volume":"71","author":"L Trevizan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Trevizan L, de Mello KA, Bigley KE, Anderson WH, Waldron MK, Bauer JE (2010) Effects of dietary medium-chain triglycerides on plasma lipids and lipoprotein distribution and food aversion in cats. Am J Vet Res 71:435\u2013440","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2_CR137","first-page":"R1071","volume":"264","author":"T Ugawa","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ugawa T, Kurihara K (1993) Large enhancement of canine taste responses to amino acids by salts. Am J Physiol 264:R1071-1076","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00297496","volume":"260","author":"C Vaillant","year":"1990","unstructured":"Vaillant C, Horadagoda NU, Batt RM (1990) Cellular localization of intrinsic factor in pancreas and stomach of the dog. Cell Tissue Res 260:117\u2013122","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"2_CR139","first-page":"146","volume":"23","author":"HJ Van Kruiningen","year":"1987","unstructured":"Van Kruiningen HJ, Wojan LD, Stake PE, Lord PF (1987) The influence of diet and feeding frequency on gastric function in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 23:146\u2013153","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"2_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1079\/ASC42220141","volume":"81","author":"SG Vhile","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vhile SG, Skrede A, Ahlstr\u00f8m \u00d8, Hove K (2005) Comparative apparent total tract digestibility of major nutrients and amino acids in dogs (Canis familiaris), blue foxes (Alopex lagopus) and mink (Mustela vison). Anim Sci 81:141\u2013148","journal-title":"Anim Sci"},{"key":"2_CR141","first-page":"E263","volume":"232","author":"FL Weber Jr","year":"1977","unstructured":"Weber FL Jr, Maddrey WC, Walser M (1977) Amino acid metabolism of dog jejunum before and during absorption of keto analogues. Am J Physiol 232:E263-269","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(79)90271-3","volume":"77","author":"FL Weber Jr","year":"1979","unstructured":"Weber FL Jr, Veach GL (1979) The importance of the small intestine in gut ammonium production in the fasting dog. Gastroenterology 77:235\u2013240","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2002.63.677","volume":"63","author":"MP Weber","year":"2002","unstructured":"Weber MP, Stambouli F, Martin LJ, Dumon HJ, Biourge VC, Nguyen PG (2002) Influence of age and body size on gastrointestinal transit time of radioopaque markers in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 63:677\u2013682","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2003.64.1105","volume":"64","author":"MP Weber","year":"2003","unstructured":"Weber MP, Martin LJ, Biourge VC, Nguyen PG, Dumon HJ (2003) Influence of age and body size on orocecal transit time as assessed by use of the sulfasalzine method in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 64:1105\u20131109","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01266","volume":"11","author":"SM Wernimont","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wernimont SM, Radosevich J, Jackson MI, Ephraim E, Badri DV, MacLeay JM, Jewell DE, Suchodolski JS (2020) The effects of nutrition on the gastrointestinal microbiome of cats and dogs: Impact on health and disease. Front Microbiol 11:1266","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"2_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.384","volume":"41","author":"EM Widdowson","year":"1985","unstructured":"Widdowson EM (1985) Development of the digestive system: comparative animal studies. Am J Clin Nutr 41(Suppl):384\u2013390","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2000.61.820","volume":"61","author":"MD Willard","year":"2000","unstructured":"Willard MD, Simpson RB, Cohen ND, Clancy JS (2000) Effects of dietary fructooligosaccharide on selected bacterial populations in feces of dogs. Am J Vet Res 61:820\u2013825","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2_CR148","first-page":"201","volume":"53","author":"HG Windmueller","year":"1982","unstructured":"Windmueller HG (1982) Glutamine utilization by the small intestine. Adv Enzymol 53:201\u2013237","journal-title":"Adv Enzymol"},{"key":"2_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5070","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)42329-6","volume":"249","author":"HG Windmueller","year":"1974","unstructured":"Windmueller HG, Spaeth AE (1974) Uptake and metabolism of plasma glutamine by the small intestine. J Biol Chem 249:5070\u20135079","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-009-0269-0","volume":"37","author":"G Wu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wu G (2009) Amino acids: metabolism, functions, and nutrition. Amino Acids 37:1\u201317","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"2_CR151","volume-title":"Principles of Animal Nutrition","author":"G Wu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wu G (2018) Principles of Animal Nutrition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida"},{"key":"2_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-45328-2_12","volume":"1265","author":"G Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu G (2020a) Metabolism and functions of amino acids in sense organs. Adv Exp Med Biol 1265:201\u2013217","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"2_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-020-02823-6","volume":"52","author":"G Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu G (2020b) Important roles of dietary taurine, creatine, carnosine, anserine and 4-hydroxyproline in human nutrition and health. Amino Acids 52:329\u2013360","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"2_CR154","volume-title":"Amino Acids: Biochemistry and Nutrition","author":"G Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu G (2022) Amino Acids: Biochemistry and Nutrition, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida","edition":"2"},{"key":"2_CR161","unstructured":"Wu G, Rhoads JM (2024) Arginine, citrulline, nitric oxide, and glutamine: In: Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 12th edition (Tucker KL, Ross AC, Jensen GL, Peterson KE, Touger-Decker R, Duggan CP eds). Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, Burlington, MA, pp 475-488"},{"key":"2_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2008.00556.x","volume":"66","author":"PG Xenoulis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Xenoulis PG, Palculict B, Allenspach K, Steiner JM, Van House AM, Suchodolski JS (2008) Molecular-phylogenetic characterization of microbial communities imbalances in the small intestine of dogs with inflammatory bowel disease. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 66:579\u2013589","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Ecol"},{"key":"2_CR156","first-page":"E36","volume":"259","author":"YM Yu","year":"1990","unstructured":"Yu YM, Wagner DA, Tredget EE, Walaszewski JA, Burke JF, Young VR (1990) Quantitative role of splanchnic region in leucine metabolism: L-[1-13C,15N]leucine and substrate balance studies. Am J Physiol 259:E36-51","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1098","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1996.271.4.C1098","volume":"271","author":"YM Yu","year":"1996","unstructured":"Yu YM, Burke JF, Tompkins RG, Martin R, Young VR (1996) Quantitative aspects of interorgan relationships among arginine and citrulline metabolism. Am J Physiol 271:E1098\u2013E1109","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-54462-1_6","volume":"1285","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Hou YQ, Bazer FW, He WL, Posey EA, Wu G (2021) Amino acids in swine nutrition and production. Adv Exp Med Biol 1285:81\u2013107","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"2_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2009.10.009","volume":"40","author":"DL Zoran","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zoran DL (2010) Obesity in dogs and cats: a metabolic and endocrine disorder. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 40:221\u2013239","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"}],"container-title":["Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology","Nutrition and Metabolism of Dogs and Cats"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-031-54192-6_2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T08:02:47Z","timestamp":1713254567000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-031-54192-6_2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"ISBN":["9783031541919","9783031541926"],"references-count":161,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-54192-6_2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0065-2598","2214-8019"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0065-2598","type":"print"},{"value":"2214-8019","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 April 2024","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"The author declares no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}