{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T19:32:30Z","timestamp":1774553550415,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783031658808","type":"print"},{"value":"9783031658815","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-65881-5_5","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]],"date-time":"2024-07-20T05:02:21Z","timestamp":1721451741000},"page":"40-49","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Personalisation is not Guaranteed: The Challenges of Using Generative AI for Personalised Learning"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6405-4460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristjan-Julius","family":"Laak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6361-6609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rania","family":"Abdelghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3927-452X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaan","family":"Aru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"5_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2022.102887","volume":"167","author":"R Abdelghani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abdelghani, R., Oudeyer, P.Y., Law, E., de Vulpilli\u00e8res, C., Sauz\u00e9on, H.: Conversational agents for fostering curiosity-driven learning in children. Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud. 167, 102887 (2022)","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud."},{"key":"5_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelghani, R., Wang, Y.H., Yuan, X., Wang, T., Lucas, P., Sauz\u00e9on, H., Oudeyer, P.Y.: GPT-3-driven pedagogical agents to train children\u2019s curious question-asking skills. Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ. 1\u201336 (2023)","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00340-7"},{"issue":"2","key":"5_CR3","first-page":"101","volume":"16","author":"V Aleven","year":"2006","unstructured":"Aleven, V., Mclaren, B., Roll, I., Koedinger, K.: Toward meta-cognitive tutoring: a model of help seeking with a cognitive tutor. Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ. 16(2), 101\u2013128 (2006)","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ."},{"key":"5_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.813632","volume":"13","author":"R Azevedo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Azevedo, R., et al.: Lessons learned and future directions of metatutor: leveraging multichannel data to scaffold self-regulated learning with an intelligent tutoring system. Front. Psychol. 13, 813632 (2022)","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"5_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biswas, G., Leelawong, K., Schwartz, D., Vye, N., at Vanderbilt, T.T.A.G.: Learning by teaching: a new agent paradigm for educational software. Appl. Artif. Intell. 19(3\u20134), 363\u2013392 (2005)","DOI":"10.1080\/08839510590910200"},{"issue":"6","key":"5_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.2307\/1175554","volume":"13","author":"BS Bloom","year":"1984","unstructured":"Bloom, B.S.: The 2 sigma problem: the search for methods of group instruction as effective as one-to-one tutoring. Educ. Res. 13(6), 4\u201316 (1984)","journal-title":"Educ. Res."},{"key":"5_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2407(08)60009-9","volume":"10","author":"AL Brown","year":"1975","unstructured":"Brown, A.L.: The development of memory: knowing, knowing about knowing, and knowing how to know. Adv. Child Dev. Behav. 10, 103\u2013152 (1975)","journal-title":"Adv. Child Dev. Behav."},{"key":"5_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brynjolfsson, E., Li, D., Raymond, L.R.: Generative AI at work. Tech. rep., National Bureau of Economic Research (2023)","DOI":"10.3386\/w31161"},{"key":"5_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ceha, J., Chhibber, N., Goh, J., McDonald, C., Oudeyer, P.Y., Kuli\u0107, D., Law, E.: Expression of curiosity in social robots: Design, perception, and effects on behaviour. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems, pp. 1\u201312 (2019)","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300636"},{"key":"5_CR10","volume":"5","author":"B Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, B., Zhu, X.: Integrating generative AI in knowledge building. Comput. Educ.: Artif. Intell. 5, 100184 (2023)","journal-title":"Comput. Educ.: Artif. Intell."},{"key":"5_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dell\u2019Acqua, F., McFowland, E., Mollick, E.R., Lifshitz-Assaf, H., Kellogg, K., Ra- jendran, S., Krayer, L., Candelon, F., Lakhani, K.R.: Navigating the jagged techno- logical frontier: field experimental evidence of the effects of ai on knowledge worker productivity and quality. Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit Working Paper (24-013) (2023)","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4573321"},{"key":"5_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doshi, A.R., Hauser, O.: Generative artificial intelligence enhances creativity. Available at SSRN (2023)","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4535536"},{"key":"5_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunning, D.: The Dunning\u2013Kruger effect: on being ignorant of one\u2019s own ignorance. In: Adv. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 44, 247\u2013296 (2011)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6"},{"issue":"1771","key":"5_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20180029","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2018.0029","volume":"374","author":"G Gordon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gordon, G.: Social behaviour as an emergent property of embodied curiosity: a robotics perspective. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 374(1771), 20180029 (2019)","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"5_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guskey, T.R.: Closing achievement gaps: revisiting Benjamin S. Bloom\u2019s \u201cLearning for mastery\u201d. J. Adv. Acad. 19(1), 8\u201331 (2007)","DOI":"10.4219\/jaa-2007-704"},{"key":"5_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hacker, D.J., Dunlosky, J., Graesser, A.C.: Handbook of metacognition in education (2009)","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203876428"},{"key":"5_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hill, B.: Taking the help or going alone: ChatGPT and class assignments. HEC Paris Research Paper Forthcoming (2023)","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/n8wf7"},{"issue":"4","key":"5_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1111\/ejed.12533","volume":"57","author":"W Holmes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Holmes, W., Tuomi, I.: State of the art and practice in AI in education. Eur. J. Educ. 57(4), 542\u2013570 (2022)","journal-title":"Eur. J. Educ."},{"key":"5_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hopkins, D.: Personalized learning in school age education (2010)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-044894-7.01073-3"},{"key":"5_CR20","unstructured":"Jirout, J., Klahr, D.: Children\u2019s recognition of uncertainty and exploratory curiosity. In: Society for Research in Child Development conference, Denver, CO (2009)"},{"issue":"6651","key":"5_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adi0248","volume":"380","author":"C Kidd","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kidd, C., Birhane, A.: How Ai can distort human beliefs. Science 380(6651), 1222\u20131223 (2023)","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"5_CR22","unstructured":"Laak, K.J., Aru, J.: AI and personalized learning: bridging the gap with modern educational goals (2024)"},{"key":"5_CR23","unstructured":"Laak, K.J., Aru, J.: Generative AI in K-12: opportunities for learning and utility for teachers (in print)"},{"key":"5_CR24","unstructured":"Lee, D.: How to personalize learning in K-12 schools: Five essential design features. Educational Technology pp. 12\u201317 (2014)"},{"issue":"1","key":"5_CR25","first-page":"293","volume":"23","author":"FAF Limo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Limo, F.A.F., et al.: Personalized tutoring: Chatgpt as a virtual tutor for personalized learning experiences. Przestrze\u0144 Spo\u0142eczna (Social Space) 23(1), 293\u2013312 (2023)","journal-title":"Przestrze\u0144 Spo\u0142eczna (Social Space)"},{"issue":"4","key":"5_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci13040410","volume":"13","author":"CK Lo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Educ. Sci. 13(4), 410 (2023)","journal-title":"Educ. Sci."},{"key":"5_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miliband, D.: Choice and voice in personalised learning. Schooling for tomorrow: Personalising education pp. 21\u201330 (2006)","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264036604-2-en"},{"issue":"6654","key":"5_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adh2586","volume":"381","author":"S Noy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Noy, S., Zhang, W.: Experimental evidence on the productivity effects of generative artificial intelligence. Science 381(6654), 187\u2013192 (2023)","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"5_CR29","unstructured":"OECD Learning compass 2030. https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/education\/2030- project\/teaching-and-learning\/learning\/learning-compass-2030\/. Last accessed 2023\/05\/14"},{"key":"5_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00422","volume":"8","author":"E Panadero","year":"2017","unstructured":"Panadero, E.: A review of self-regulated learning: six models and four directions for research. Front. Psychol. 8, 250270 (2017)","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"5_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00348-z","volume":"34","author":"C Pelletier","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pelletier, C.: Against personalised learning. Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ. 34(1), 111\u2013115 (2024)","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ."},{"key":"5_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1\u20139. IEEE (2023)","DOI":"10.1109\/EDUCON54358.2023.10125121"},{"issue":"9","key":"5_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5783","DOI":"10.3390\/app13095783","volume":"13","author":"MM Rahman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: opportunities, threats, and strategies. Appl. Sci. 13(9), 5783 (2023)","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"5_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s11409-007-9010-0","volume":"2","author":"I Roll","year":"2007","unstructured":"Roll, I., Aleven, V., McLaren, B.M., Koedinger, K.R.: Designing for metacognition\u2014applying cognitive tutor principles to the tutoring of help seeking. Metacogn. Learn. 2, 125\u2013140 (2007)","journal-title":"Metacogn. Learn."},{"issue":"12","key":"5_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-022-01449-w","volume":"6","author":"D Schunk","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schunk, D., Berger, E.M., Hermes, H., Winkel, K., Fehr, E.: Teaching self-regulation. Nat. Human Behav. 6(12), 1680\u20131690 (2022)","journal-title":"Nat. Human Behav."},{"issue":"1","key":"5_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-020-00140-9","volume":"7","author":"A Shemshack","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shemshack, A., Spector, J.M.: A systematic literature review of personalized learning terms. Smart Learning Environ. 7(1), 33 (2020)","journal-title":"Smart Learning Environ."},{"issue":"3","key":"5_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.3102\/00028312022003351","volume":"22","author":"RE Slavin","year":"1985","unstructured":"Slavin, R.E., Karweit, N.L.: Effects of whole class, ability grouped, and individualized instruction on mathematics achievement. Am. Educ. Res. J. 22(3), 351\u2013367 (1985)","journal-title":"Am. Educ. Res. J."},{"key":"5_CR38","unstructured":"Smallwood, R.D.: A decision structure for teaching machines (1963)"},{"issue":"2","key":"5_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034752","volume":"106","author":"S Steenbergen-Hu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Steenbergen-Hu, S., Cooper, H.: A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of intelligent tutoring systems on college students\u2019 academic learning. J. Educ. Psychol. 106(2), 331 (2014)","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"5_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuomi, I.: Beyond mastery: toward a broader understanding of AI in education. Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ. 1\u201311 (2024)","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00343-4"},{"key":"5_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urban, M., D\u011bcht\u011brenko, F., Lukavsky`, J., Hrabalov\u00e1, V., Svacha, F., Brom, C., Urban, K.: ChatGPT improves creative problem-solving performance in university students: an experimental study. Comput. Educ. 105031 (2024)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105031"},{"issue":"1","key":"5_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2012.07.016","volume":"60","author":"M Waalkens","year":"2013","unstructured":"Waalkens, M., Aleven, V., Taatgen, N.: Does supporting multiple student strategies lead to greater learning and motivation? Investigating a source of complexity in the architecture of intelligent tutoring systems. Comput. Educ. 60(1), 159\u2013171 (2013)","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"5_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walkington, C., Bernacki, M.L.: Appraising research on personalized learning: definitions, theoretical alignment, advancements, and future directions (2020)","DOI":"10.1080\/15391523.2020.1747757"},{"issue":"4","key":"5_CR44","first-page":"472","volume":"52","author":"PH Winne","year":"2010","unstructured":"Winne, P.H.: Bootstrapping learner\u2019s self-regulated learning. Psychol. Test Assess. Model. 52(4), 472 (2010)","journal-title":"Psychol. Test Assess. Model."},{"key":"5_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, T., Terry, M., Cai, C.J.: Ai chains: Transparent and controllable human-AI interaction by chaining large language model prompts. In: Proceedings of the 2022 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems, pp. 1\u201322 (2022)","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3517582"},{"key":"5_CR46","volume":"4","author":"R Yilmaz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yilmaz, R., Yilmaz, F.G.K.: The effect of generative artificial intelligence (AI)-based tool use on students\u2019 computational thinking skills, programming self-efficacy and motivation. Comput. Educ.: Artif. Intell. 4, 100147 (2023)","journal-title":"Comput. Educ.: Artif. Intell."},{"issue":"4","key":"5_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-476X(86)90027-5","volume":"11","author":"BJ Zimmerman","year":"1986","unstructured":"Zimmerman, B.J.: Becoming a self-regulated learner: which are the key subprocesses? Contemp. Educ. Psychol. 11(4), 307\u2013313 (1986)","journal-title":"Contemp. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"5_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zimmerman, B.J.: Attaining self-regulation: A social cognitive perspective. In: Handbook of self-regulation, pp. 13\u201339. Elsevier (2000)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012109890-2\/50031-7"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Innovative Technologies and Learning"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-031-65881-5_5","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]],"date-time":"2024-07-20T05:03:09Z","timestamp":1721451789000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-031-65881-5_5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"ISBN":["9783031658808","9783031658815"],"references-count":48,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-65881-5_5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 July 2024","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclosure of Interests"}},{"value":"ICITL","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Innovative Technologies and Learning","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Tartu","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Estonia","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2024","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"14 August 2024","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"16 August 2024","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"7","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"icitl2024","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/icitl.org\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}