{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T10:29:45Z","timestamp":1773224985292,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783031808708","type":"print"},{"value":"9783031808715","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-80871-5_3","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T10:15:25Z","timestamp":1738923325000},"page":"29-41","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Diabetic Foot Ulcer Unsupervised Segmentation with\u00a0Vision Transformers Attention"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7713-526X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Brodzicki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0107-2407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Kucharski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5030-882X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bart\u0142omiej","family":"Moniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1242-9851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksander","family":"Kostuch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9236-6275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filip","family":"Noworolnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8060-2009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W.","family":"Anna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0146-8652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Jaworek-Korjakowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"24","key":"3_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmra1615439","volume":"376","author":"DG Armstrong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Armstrong, D.G., Boulton, A.J., Bus, S.A.: Diabetic foot ulcers and their recurrence. N. Engl. J. Med. 376(24), 2367\u20132375 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejmra1615439","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"3_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Br\u00fcngel, R., et al.: Diabetic foot ulcer grand challenge 2024: overview and baseline methods. In: Yap, M.H., Kendrick, C., Brngel, R. (eds.) Diabetic Foot Ulcers Grand Challenge. DFUC 2024. Lecture Notes in Computer Science LNCS, Marrakesh, Morocco, 6\u201310 October 2024. Springer, Heidelberg (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-26354-5_10Science LNCS, Marrakesh, Morocco (October 6-10 2024)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-26354-5_10"},{"key":"3_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Br\u00fcngel, R., Koitka, S., Friedrich, C.M.: Unconditionally generated and pseudo-labeled synthetic images for diabetic foot ulcer segmentation dataset extension. In: Yap, M.H., Kendrick, C., Cassidy, B. (eds.) Diabetic Foot Ulcers Grand Challenge, pp. 65\u201379. Springer, Cham (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-26354-5_6","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-26354-5_6"},{"key":"3_CR4","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-94907-5_7","volume-title":"Diabetic Foot Ulcers Grand Challenge","author":"B Cassidy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cassidy, B., Kendrick, C., Reeves, N.D., Pappachan, J.M., O\u2019Shea, C., Armstrong, D.G., Yap, M.H.: Diabetic foot ulcer grand challenge 2021: evaluation and summary. In: Yap, M.H., Cassidy, B., Kendrick, C. (eds.) DFUC 2021. LNCS, vol. 13183, pp. 90\u2013105. Springer, Cham (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-94907-5_7"},{"key":"3_CR5","unstructured":"Chollet, F., et\u00a0al.: Keras (2015). https:\/\/keras.io"},{"key":"3_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Deng, J., Dong, W., Socher, R., Li, L.J., Li, K., Fei-Fei, L.: ImageNet: a large-scale hierarchical image database. In: 2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 248\u2013255 (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR.2009.5206848","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2009.5206848"},{"key":"3_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dhar, M.K., et al.: Wound tissue segmentation in diabetic foot ulcer images using deep learning: a pilot study. arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.16012 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2406.16012","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2406.16012"},{"key":"3_CR8","unstructured":"Dosovitskiy, A., et al.: An image is worth 16x16 words: transformers for image recognition at scale. In: International Conference on Learning Representations (2021). https:\/\/openreview.net\/pdf?id=YicbFdNTTy"},{"key":"3_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Galdran, A., Carneiro, G., Ballester, M.A.G.: On the optimal combination of cross-entropy and soft dice losses for lesion segmentation with out-of-distribution robustness. In: Yap, M.H., Kendrick, C., Cassidy, B. (eds.) Diabetic Foot Ulcers Grand Challenge, pp. 40\u201351. Springer, Cham (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-26354-5_4","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-26354-5_4"},{"key":"3_CR10","unstructured":"Jung, A.B., et\u00a0al.: imgaug (2020). https:\/\/github.com\/aleju\/imgaug"},{"key":"3_CR11","unstructured":"Kingma, D.P., Ba, J.: Adam: a method for stochastic optimization. In: ICLR (2015)"},{"key":"3_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kirillov, A., et al.: Segment anything. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.02643 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2304.02643","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2304.02643"},{"key":"3_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kucharski, D., Kostuch, A., Noworolnik, F., Brodzicki, A., Jaworek-Korjakowska, J.: DFU-Ens: end-to-end diabetic foot ulcer segmentation framework with vision transformer based detection. In: Yap, M.H., Kendrick, C., Cassidy, B. (eds.) Diabetic Foot Ulcers Grand Challenge, pp. 101\u2013112. Springer, Cham (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-26354-5_9","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-26354-5_9"},{"key":"3_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liao, T.Y., Yang, C.H., Lo, Y.W., Lai, K.Y., Shen, P.H., Lin, Y.L.: HarDNet-DFUS: enhancing backbone and decoder of HarDNet-MSEG for diabetic foot ulcer image segmentation. In: Yap, M.H., Kendrick, C., Cassidy, B. (eds.) Diabetic Foot Ulcers Grand Challenge, pp. 21\u201330. Springer, Cham (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-26354-5_2","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-26354-5_2"},{"key":"3_CR15","unstructured":"Morales, F.: Keras implementation of vit (vision transformer). https:\/\/github.com\/faustomorales\/vit-keras"},{"key":"3_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ravi, N., et al.: SAM 2: segment anything in images and videos. arXiv preprint arXiv:2408.00714 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2408.00714","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2408.00714"},{"key":"3_CR17","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24574-4_28","volume-title":"Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention \u2013 MICCAI 2015","author":"O Ronneberger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ronneberger, O., Fischer, P., Brox, T.: U-net: convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation. In: Navab, N., Hornegger, J., Wells, W.M., Frangi, A.F. (eds.) MICCAI 2015. LNCS, vol. 9351, pp. 234\u2013241. Springer, Cham (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-24574-4_28"},{"key":"3_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","volume":"183","author":"H Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun, H., et al.: IDF diabetes atlas: global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diab. Res. Clin. Pract. 183, 109119 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","journal-title":"Diab. Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"3_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tzortzis, I.N., et al.: Unsupervised diabetic foot monitoring techniques. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments, PETRA 2022, pp. 608\u2013614. Association for Computing Machinery (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3529190.3534723","DOI":"10.1145\/3529190.3534723"},{"key":"3_CR20","unstructured":"Vaswani, A., et al.: Attention is all you need. In: Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 5998\u20136008 (2017). https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:13756489"},{"key":"3_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yap, M.H., et al.: Diabetic foot ulcers segmentation challenge report: benchmark and analysis. Med. Image Anal. 94, 103153 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.media.2024.103153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2024.103153"},{"key":"3_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2021.104596","volume":"135","author":"MH Yap","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yap, M.H., et al.: Deep learning in diabetic foot ulcers detection: a comprehensive evaluation. Comput. Biol. Med. 135, 104596 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2021.104596","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"3_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yi, H., et al.: OCRNet for diabetic foot ulcer segmentation combined with edge loss. In: Yap, M.H., Kendrick, C., Cassidy, B. (eds.) Diabetic Foot Ulcers Grand Challenge, pp. 31\u201339. Springer, Cham (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-26354-5_3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-26354-5_3"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Diabetic Foot Ulcers Grand Challenge"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-031-80871-5_3","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T10:15:39Z","timestamp":1738923339000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-031-80871-5_3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"ISBN":["9783031808708","9783031808715"],"references-count":23,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-80871-5_3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 February 2025","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"All experiments were performed using Python programming language, with Tensorflow Keras library []. In the first stage, Vision Transformers attentions were extracted with vit_keras extension []. Details of the second part are described in []. Models were trained with NVIDIA RTX 2070 Super GPU. The repository can be found at:","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Appendix"}},{"value":"DFUC","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Diabetic Foot Ulcers Grand Challenge","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Marrakesh","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Morocco","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2024","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"7 October 2024","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"7 October 2024","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"4","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"dfuc2024","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/dfu-challenge.github.io\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}