{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T12:41:21Z","timestamp":1760704881339,"version":"build-2065373602"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9783031851865"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9783031851872"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-85187-2_1","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T05:13:40Z","timestamp":1745385220000},"page":"3-19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["$$360^{\\circ }$$ Volumetric Portrait Avatar"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0489-6282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jalees","family":"Nehvi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Berna","family":"Kabadayi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Valentin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0056-9825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justus","family":"Thies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"1_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Beeler, T., Bickel, B., Beardsley, P., Sumner, B., Gross, M.: High-quality single-shot capture of facial geometry. ACM Trans. Graph. 29(4) (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1778765.1778777","DOI":"10.1145\/1778765.1778777"},{"key":"1_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1145\/3618401","volume":"42","author":"S Bharadwaj","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bharadwaj, S., Zheng, Y., Hilliges, O., Black, M.J., Abrevaya, V.F.: Flare: fast learning of animatable and relightable mesh avatars. ACM Trans. Graph. 42, 15 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3618401","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"1_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bi, S., et al.: Deep relightable appearance models for animatable faces. ACM Trans. Graph. 40(4) (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3450626.3459829","DOI":"10.1145\/3450626.3459829"},{"key":"1_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cao, C., et al.: Authentic volumetric avatars from a phone scan. 41(4) (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3528223.3530143","DOI":"10.1145\/3528223.3530143"},{"key":"1_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, E.R., et al.: Efficient geometry-aware 3D generative adversarial networks. In: CVPR (2022)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01565"},{"key":"1_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark, J.H.: Hierarchical geometric models for visible-surface algorithms. In: Proceedings of the 3rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques (1976). https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:8231831","DOI":"10.1145\/563274.563323"},{"key":"1_CR7","unstructured":"Feng, Y., Liu, W., Bolkart, T., Yang, J., Pollefeys, M., Black, M.J.: Learning disentangled avatars with hybrid 3D representations. arXiv preprint arXiv:2309.06441 (2023)"},{"key":"1_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gafni, G., Thies, J., Zollh\u00f6fer, M., Nie\u00dfner, M.: Dynamic neural radiance fields for monocular 4D facial avatar reconstruction. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 8649\u20138658 (2021)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.00854"},{"key":"1_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gao, X., Zhong, C., Xiang, J., Hong, Y., Guo, Y., Zhang, J.: Reconstructing personalized semantic facial NeRF models from monocular video. ACM Trans. Graph. 41(6), 1\u201312 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3550454.3555501","DOI":"10.1145\/3550454.3555501"},{"key":"1_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Garbin, S., et al.: Voltemorph: real-time, controllable and generalizable animation of volumetric representations. Comput. Graph. Forum (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cgf.15117","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.15117"},{"key":"1_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grassal, P.W., Prinzler, M., Leistner, T., Rother, C., Nie\u00dfner, M., Thies, J.: Neural head avatars from monocular RGB videos. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 18653\u201318664 (2022)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01810"},{"key":"1_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huber, P.J.: Robust estimation of a location parameter. Ann. Math. Stat. 35, 492\u2013518 (1964). https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:121252793","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177703732"},{"key":"1_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kabadayi, B., Zielonka, W., Bhatnagar, B.L., Pons-Moll, G., Thies, J.: Gan-avatar: controllable personalized GAN-based human head avatar. In: International Conference on 3D Vision (3DV) (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/3DV62453.2024.00058"},{"key":"1_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kania, K., et al.: BlendFields: few-shot example-driven facial modeling. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (2023)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.00047"},{"key":"1_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karras, T., Laine, S., Aittala, M., Hellsten, J., Lehtinen, J., Aila, T.: Analyzing and improving the image quality of StyleGAN. In: 2020 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 8107\u20138116 (2019)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00813"},{"key":"1_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kerbl, B., Kopanas, G., Leimk\u00fchler, T., Drettakis, G.: 3D gaussian splatting for real-time radiance field rendering. ACM Trans. Graph. 42(4) (2023). https:\/\/repo-sam.inria.fr\/fungraph\/3d-gaussian-splatting\/","DOI":"10.1145\/3592433"},{"key":"1_CR17","unstructured":"Kingma, D.P., Ba, J.: Adam: a method for stochastic optimization. In: Bengio, Y., LeCun, Y. (eds.) 3rd International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2015, San Diego, CA, USA, 7-9 May 2015, Conference Track Proceedings (2015). http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1412.6980"},{"key":"1_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laine, S., Hellsten, J., Karras, T., Seol, Y., Lehtinen, J., Aila, T.: Modular primitives for high-performance differentiable rendering. ACM Trans. Graph. 39(6), 1\u201314 (2020)","DOI":"10.1145\/3414685.3417861"},{"key":"1_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, T., Bolkart, T., Black, M.J., Li, H., Romero, J.: Learning a model of facial shape and expression from 4D scans. ACM Trans. Graph. (Proc. SIGGRAPH Asia) 36(6), 194:1\u2013194:17 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3130800.3130813","DOI":"10.1145\/3130800.3130813"},{"key":"1_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Zheng, Z., Wang, L., Liu, Y.: Animatable gaussians: learning pose-dependent gaussian maps for high-fidelity human avatar modeling. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.01864"},{"key":"1_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lombardi, S., Saragih, J., Simon, T., Sheikh, Y.: Deep appearance models for face rendering. ACM Trans. Graph. 37(4), 1\u201313 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3197517.3201401","DOI":"10.1145\/3197517.3201401"},{"key":"1_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lombardi, S., Simon, T., Saragih, J., Schwartz, G., Lehrmann, A., Sheikh, Y.: Neural volumes. ACM Trans. Graph. 38(4), 1\u201314 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3306346.3323020","DOI":"10.1145\/3306346.3323020"},{"key":"1_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lombardi, S., Simon, T., Schwartz, G., Zollhoefer, M., Sheikh, Y., Saragih, J.: Mixture of volumetric primitives for efficient neural rendering. ACM Trans. Graph. 40(4) (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3450626.3459863","DOI":"10.1145\/3450626.3459863"},{"key":"1_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ma, S., et al.: Pixel codec avatars. In: 2021 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 64\u201373. IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos, CA, USA (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.00013, https:\/\/doi.ieeecomputersociety.org\/10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.00013","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.00013"},{"issue":"1","key":"1_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1145\/3503250","volume":"65","author":"B Mildenhall","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mildenhall, B., Srinivasan, P.P., Tancik, M., Barron, J.T., Ramamoorthi, R., Ng, R.: NeRF: representing scenes as neural radiance fields for view synthesis. Commun. ACM 65(1), 99\u2013106 (2021)","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"issue":"4","key":"1_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3528223.3530127","volume":"41","author":"T M\u00fcller","year":"2022","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, T., Evans, A., Schied, C., Keller, A.: Instant neural graphics primitives with a multiresolution hash encoding. ACM Trans. Graph. (ToG) 41(4), 1\u201315 (2022)","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph. (ToG)"},{"key":"1_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pang, H., Zhu, H., Kortylewski, A., Theobalt, C., Habermann, M.: Ash: animatable gaussian splats for efficient and photoreal human rendering. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 1165\u20131175 (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.00117"},{"key":"1_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavlakos, G., et al.: Expressive body capture: 3D hands, face, and body from a single image. In: Proceedings IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 10975\u201310985 (2019)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.01123"},{"key":"1_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prinzler, M., Hilliges, O., Thies, J.: Diner: depth-aware image-based neural radiance fields. In: IEEE\/CVF Conference\u00a0on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2023). https:\/\/malteprinzler.github.io\/projects\/diner\/diner.html","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.01198"},{"key":"1_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qian, S., Kirschstein, T., Schoneveld, L., Davoli, D., Giebenhain, S., Nie\u00dfner, M.: GaussianAvatars: photorealistic head avatars with rigged 3D gaussians. arXiv preprint arXiv:2312.02069 (2023)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.01919"},{"key":"1_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raj, A., et al.: Pixel-aligned volumetric avatars. In: v2021 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 11728\u201311737 (2021). https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:230799419","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.01156"},{"key":"1_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saito, S., Schwartz, G., Simon, T., Li, J., Nam, G.: Relightable gaussian codec avatars. In: CVPR (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.00021"},{"key":"1_CR33","unstructured":"Simonyan, K., Zisserman, A.: Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition. CoRR abs\/1409.1556 (2014). https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:14124313"},{"key":"1_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tewari, A., et al.: State of the art on neural rendering. EG (2020)","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.14022"},{"key":"1_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tewari, A., et al.: Advances in neural rendering. Comput. Graph. Forum 41(2), 703\u2013735 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cgf.14507, https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/cgf.14507","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.14507"},{"key":"1_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thies, J., Zollh\u00f6fer, M., Stamminger, M., Theobalt, C., Nie\u00dfner, M.: Face2face: real-time face capture and reenactment of RGB videos. In: Proceedings of he Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), IEEE (2016)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.262"},{"key":"1_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., et al.: StyleAvatar: real-time photo-realistic portrait avatar from a single video. In: ACM SIGGRAPH 2023 Conference Proceedings (2023)","DOI":"10.1145\/3588432.3591517"},{"issue":"4","key":"1_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2003.819861","volume":"13","author":"Z Wang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Bovik, A., Sheikh, H., Simoncelli, E.: Image quality assessment: from error visibility to structural similarity. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 13(4), 600\u2013612 (2004). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIP.2003.819861","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"1_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wuu, C.h., et al.: Multiface: a dataset for neural face rendering. In: arXiv (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.2207.11243, https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2207.11243","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.2207.11243"},{"key":"1_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y., et al.: Gaussian head avatar: Ultra high-fidelity head avatar via dynamic gaussians. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.00189"},{"key":"1_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Wang, L., Zhao, X., Zhang, H., Liu, Y.: AvatarMAV: fast 3D head avatar reconstruction using motion-aware neural voxels. In: ACM SIGGRAPH 2023 Conference Proceedings (2023)","DOI":"10.1145\/3588432.3591567"},{"key":"1_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y., et al.: LatentAvatar: learning latent expression code for expressive neural head avatar. In: ACM SIGGRAPH 2023 Conference Proceedings (2023)","DOI":"10.1145\/3588432.3591545"},{"key":"1_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang, R., Isola, P., Efros, A.A., Shechtman, E., Wang, O.: The unreasonable effectiveness of deep features as a perceptual metric. In: 2018 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 586\u2013595 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00068","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00068"},{"key":"1_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, Y., Abrevaya, V.F., B\u00fchler, M.C., Chen, X., Black, M.J., Hilliges, O.: I M avatar: implicit morphable head avatars from videos. In: IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 13545\u201313555 (2022)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01318"},{"key":"1_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, Y., Yifan, W., Wetzstein, G., Black, M.J., Hilliges, O.: PointAvatar: Deformable point-based head avatars from videos. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 21057\u201321067 (2023)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.02017"},{"key":"1_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, Z., Zhao, X., Zhang, H., Liu, B., Liu, Y.: AvatarReX: real-time expressive full-body avatars. ACM Trans. Graph. (TOG) 42(4) (2023)","DOI":"10.1145\/3592101"},{"key":"1_CR47","unstructured":"Zielonka, W., Bagautdinov, T., Saito, S., Zollh\u00f6fer, M., Thies, J., Romero, J.: Drivable 3D gaussian avatars (2023)"},{"key":"1_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zielonka, W., Bolkart, T., Thies, J.: Instant volumetric head avatars. In: 2023 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 4574\u20134584 (2022). https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:253761096","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.00444"},{"key":"1_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zollh\u00f6fer, M., et al.: State of the art on monocular 3D face reconstruction, tracking, and applications. Comput. Graph. Forum 37(2), 523\u2013550 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cgf.13382, https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/cgf.13382","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.13382"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Pattern Recognition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-031-85187-2_1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T12:03:49Z","timestamp":1760702629000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-031-85187-2_1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"ISBN":["9783031851865","9783031851872"],"references-count":49,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-85187-2_1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0302-9743"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1611-3349"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 April 2025","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclosure of Interests"}}]}}