{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T19:24:41Z","timestamp":1754162681912,"version":"3.41.2"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9783031859595"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9783031859601"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-85960-1_20","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T07:24:50Z","timestamp":1741245890000},"page":"485-501","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["5G Performance: A Multidimensional Variability Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Varshika","family":"Srinivasavaradhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jiayi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"M. Belding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"20_CR1","unstructured":"How Fast Is Your Internet? (2016). https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/2yrn99z4"},{"key":"20_CR2","unstructured":"Qualcomm Linux Modems by Quectel & Co (2019). https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/dtywzznh"},{"key":"20_CR3","unstructured":"The Importance Of An Internet Speed Test (2019). https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/2wxaxrvc"},{"key":"20_CR4","unstructured":"U.S. Policy on 5G Technology (2019). https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/4vbszdzu"},{"key":"20_CR5","unstructured":"When was 5G introduced? (2019). https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/yck2yd58"},{"key":"20_CR6","unstructured":"Laplace smoothing (2020). https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/nhc3p4d3"},{"key":"20_CR7","unstructured":"NetMonster: Android network monitoring app (2020). https:\/\/netmonster.app"},{"key":"20_CR8","unstructured":"What are good download and upload speeds for home internet? (2020). https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/2w96rjew"},{"key":"20_CR9","unstructured":"MediaTek Launches First mmWave Chipset for Seamless 5G Smartphone Connectivity (2022). https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/52d37k53"},{"key":"20_CR10","unstructured":"Speedtest is the world\u2019s #1 internet utility (2022). https:\/\/www.ookla.com\/"},{"key":"20_CR11","unstructured":"The Speedtest Server Network$$^{TM}$$ (2022). https:\/\/www.ookla.com\/network"},{"key":"20_CR12","unstructured":"Use your device to its greatest potential (2022). https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/a5sn4hjb"},{"key":"20_CR13","unstructured":"When did 5G come out? (2022). https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/bdhurmpw"},{"key":"20_CR14","unstructured":"5G network coverage outlook (2023). https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/vzujbku9"},{"key":"20_CR15","unstructured":"CellMapper (2023). https:\/\/www.cellmapper.net\/"},{"key":"20_CR16","unstructured":"How does Speedtest select a server? (2023) https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/5n7cj6dc"},{"key":"20_CR17","unstructured":"National Broadband Map (2023). https:\/\/broadbandmap.fcc.gov\/home"},{"key":"20_CR18","unstructured":"Ookla\u2019s Speedtest.net (2023). https:\/\/www.speedtest.net"},{"key":"20_CR19","unstructured":"T-Mobile US builds a commanding lead over rivals AT &T and Verizon (2023). https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/5n8z5397"},{"key":"20_CR20","unstructured":"Tower Maps (2023). https:\/\/www.towermaps.com\/"},{"key":"20_CR21","unstructured":"XCAL: World\u2019s Leading Drive Test Tool (2023). https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/nkh8mu5c"},{"key":"20_CR22","unstructured":"H3 Spatial Index (2024). https:\/\/h3geo.org\/"},{"key":"20_CR23","unstructured":"Moran\u2019s I (2024). https:\/\/www.statisticshowto.com\/morans-i\/"},{"key":"20_CR24","unstructured":"Tables of Cell Statistics Across Resolutions (2024). https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/448w9kzf"},{"key":"20_CR25","unstructured":"Bauer, S., Clark, D.D., Lehr, W.: Understanding broadband speed measurements. In: TPRC (2010)"},{"key":"20_CR26","unstructured":"Bauer, S., Lehr, W.: Measuring mobile broadband performance. TPRC (2018)"},{"key":"20_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canadi, I., Barford, P., Sommers, J.: Revisiting broadband performance. In: IMC (2012)","DOI":"10.1145\/2398776.2398805"},{"key":"20_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chung, J., Kannappan, P., Ng, C., Sahoo, P.: Measures of distance between probability distributions. J. Math. Anal. Appl. (1989)","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-247X(89)90335-1"},{"key":"20_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark, D.D., Wedeman, S.: Measurement, meaning and purpose: exploring the M-Lab NDT dataset. In: TPRC (2021)","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3898339"},{"key":"20_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dasari, M., Vargas, S., Bhattacharya, A., Balasubramanian, A., Das, S.R., Ferdman, M.: Impact of device performance on mobile internet QoE. In: IMC (2018)","DOI":"10.1145\/3278532.3278533"},{"key":"20_CR31","unstructured":"Deasy, J., Simidjievski, N., Li\u00f3, P.: Constraining variational inference with geometric Jensen-Shannon divergence. In: NeurIPS (2020)"},{"key":"20_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, A., Lei, F., Mancenido, M., Maceachren, A.M., Maciejewski, R.: Understanding reader takeaways in thematic maps under varying text, detail, and spatial autocorrelation. In: ACM CHI (2024)","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642132"},{"key":"20_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feamster, N., Livingood, J.: Measuring internet speed: current challenges and future recommendations. Commun. ACM (2020)","DOI":"10.1145\/3372135"},{"key":"20_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, L., Wang, H., Jin, B., Li, H., Xue, M., Wang, L.: Learning a distance metric by balancing KL-divergence for imbalanced datasets. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man, Cybern. Syst. (2019)","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2018.2790914"},{"key":"20_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fezeu, R.A., et\u00a0al.: An in-depth measurement analysis of 5G mmwave PHY latency and its impact on End-to-End delay. In: PAM (2023)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-28486-1_13"},{"key":"20_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghoshal, M., et al.: Performance of cellular networks on the wheels. In: IMC (2023)","DOI":"10.1145\/3618257.3624814"},{"key":"20_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, J., Lyu, M., Sivaraman, V.: On the validity of internet speed test tools and broadband measurement programs. In: AINTEC (2022)","DOI":"10.1145\/3570748.3570749"},{"key":"20_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassan, A., et al.: Vivisecting mobility management in 5G cellular networks. In: SIGCOMM (2022)","DOI":"10.1145\/3544216.3544217"},{"key":"20_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K.\u00a0Fezeu, R.A., et al.: Unveiling the 5G mid-band landscape: from network deployment to performance and application QoE. In: SIGCOMM (2024)","DOI":"10.1145\/3651890.3672269"},{"key":"20_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Peng, C.: A close look at 5G in the wild: unrealized potentials and implications. In: IEEE INFOCOM (2023)","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM53939.2023.10229016"},{"key":"20_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Locke, D.H., Ossola, A., Minor, E., Lin, B.B.: Spatial contagion structures urban vegetation from parcel to landscape. People Nat. (2021)","DOI":"10.1002\/pan3.10254"},{"key":"20_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacMillan, K., Mangla, T., Richardson, M., Feamster, N.: Best practices for collecting speed test data. In: TPRC (2022)","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4189044"},{"key":"20_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacMillan, K., Mangla, T., Saxon, J., Marwell, N.P., Feamster, N.: A comparative analysis of Ookla speedtest and measurement labs network diagnostic test (NDT7). In: ACM SIGMETRICS (2023)","DOI":"10.1145\/3578338.3593522"},{"key":"20_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mangla, T., Paul, U., Gupta, A., Marwell, N.P., Feamster, N.: Internet inequity in chicago: adoption, affordability, and availability. In: TPRC (2022)","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4182994"},{"key":"20_CR45","unstructured":"Minovski, D., \u00d6gren, N., Mitra, K., \u00c5hlund, C.: Throughput prediction using machine learning in LTE and 5G networks. IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput. (2023)"},{"key":"20_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narayanan, A., et al.: A first look at commercial 5G performance on smartphones. In: WWW (2020)","DOI":"10.1145\/3366423.3380169"},{"key":"20_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narayanan, A., et al.: Lumos5G: mapping and predicting commercial MmWave 5G throughput. In: IMC (2020)","DOI":"10.1145\/3419394.3423629"},{"key":"20_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narayanan, A., et al.: A comparative measurement study of commercial 5G mmWave deployments. In: IEEE INFOCOM (2022)","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM48880.2022.9796693"},{"key":"20_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narayanan, A., et al.: A variegated look at 5G in the wild: performance, power, and QoE implications. In: SIGCOMM (2021)","DOI":"10.1145\/3452296.3472923"},{"key":"20_CR50","unstructured":"Paul, U., Liu, J., Adarsh, V., Gu, M., Gupta, A., Belding, E.: Characterizing performance inequity across U.S. Ookla Speedtest Users (2021). https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2110.12038"},{"key":"20_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul, U., Liu, J., Gu, M., Gupta, A., Belding, E.: The importance of contextualization of crowdsourced active speed test measurements. In: IMC (2022)","DOI":"10.1145\/3517745.3561441"},{"key":"20_CR52","unstructured":"Qualcomm: Everything you need to know about 5G. https:\/\/www.qualcomm.com\/invention\/5g\/what-is-5g"},{"key":"20_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez-Arias, R., Jaimes, L.G., Taj, S., Habib, M.S.: Understanding the state of broadband connectivity: an analysis of speedtests and emerging technologies. IEEE Access (2023)","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3313231"},{"key":"20_CR54","unstructured":"Sharma, T., Schmitt, P., Bronzino, F., Feamster, N., Marwell, N.: From point data to geographic boundaries: regionalizing crowdsourced latency measurements (2024). https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2405.11138"},{"key":"20_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sommers, J., Barford, P.: Cell vs. WiFi: on the performance of metro area mobile connections. In: IMC (2012)","DOI":"10.1145\/2398776.2398808"},{"key":"20_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srinivasavaradhan, V., Park, O., Belding, E.: Mapping cellular network evolution and infrastructure criticality: a nationwide analysis. In: TPRC (2024)","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4919404"},{"key":"20_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoecklin, M.: Anomaly detection by finding feature distribution outliers. In: ACM CoNEXT (2006)","DOI":"10.1145\/1368436.1368476"},{"key":"20_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sui, K., et al.: Characterizing and improving WiFi latency in large-scale operational networks. In: MobiSys (2016)","DOI":"10.1145\/2906388.2906393"},{"key":"20_CR59","unstructured":"Sutter, T., Daunhawer, I., Vogt, J.: Multimodal generative learning utilizing Jensen-Shannon-divergence. NeurIPS (2020)"},{"key":"20_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, D., et al.: Understanding operational 5G: a first measurement study on its coverage performance and energy consumption. In: SIGCOMM (2020)","DOI":"10.1145\/3387514.3405882"},{"key":"20_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, X., et al.: Mobile access bandwidth in practice: measurement, analysis, and implications. In: SIGCOMM (2022)","DOI":"10.1145\/3544216.3544237"},{"key":"20_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, W., et al.: Dissecting carrier aggregation in 5G networks: measurement. QoE implications and prediction. In: SIGCOMM (2024)","DOI":"10.1145\/3651890.3672250"},{"key":"20_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, X., et al.: Understanding 5G performance for real-world services: a content provider\u2019s perspective. In: SIGCOMM (2022)","DOI":"10.1145\/3544216.3544219"},{"key":"20_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zahnd, W., Bell, N., Larson, A.: Geographic, racial\/ethnic, and socioeconomic inequities in broadband access. J. Rural Health (2021)","DOI":"10.1111\/jrh.12635"},{"key":"20_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Shen, J., Mok, R.K.P.: Empirical characterization of Ookla\u2019s speed test platform: analyzing server deployment, policy impact, and user coverage. In: CCWC (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/CCWC60891.2024.10427883"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Passive and Active Measurement"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-031-85960-1_20","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:08:53Z","timestamp":1753884533000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-031-85960-1_20"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"ISBN":["9783031859595","9783031859601"],"references-count":65,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-85960-1_20","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0302-9743"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1611-3349"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 March 2025","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"PAM","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Passive and Active Network Measurement","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2025","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"10 March 2025","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"12 March 2025","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"26","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"pam2025","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/udesa.edu.ar\/pam25","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}