{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]],"date-time":"2025-05-24T13:10:08Z","timestamp":1748092208353,"version":"3.41.0"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783031920882","type":"print"},{"value":"9783031920899","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-92089-9_18","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]],"date-time":"2025-05-24T12:49:23Z","timestamp":1748090963000},"page":"279-299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Frequency Matters: Explaining Biases of\u00a0Face Recognition in\u00a0the\u00a0Frequency Domain"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3413-6291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Huber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4516-9128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fadi","family":"Boutros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7910-7895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naser","family":"Damer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"18_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abello, A.A., Hirata, R., Wang, Z.: Dissecting the high-frequency bias in convolutional neural networks. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, CVPR Workshops 2021, virtual, 19-25 June 2021, pp. 863\u2013871. Computer Vision Foundation \/ IEEE (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPRW53098.2021.00096, https:\/\/openaccess.thecvf.com\/content\/CVPR2021W\/UG2\/html\/Abello_Dissecting_the_High-Frequency_Bias_in_Convolutional_Neural_Networks_CVPRW_2021_paper.html","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW53098.2021.00096"},{"key":"18_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Acien, A., Morales, A., Vera-Rodr\u00edguez, R., Bartolome, I., Fi\u00e9rrez, J.: Measuring the gender and ethnicity bias in deep models for face recognition. In: Vera-Rodr\u00edguez, R., Fi\u00e9rrez, J., Morales, A. (eds.) Progress in Pattern Recognition, Image Analysis, Computer Vision, and Applications - 23rd Iberoamerican Congress, CIARP 2018, Madrid, Spain, 19-22 November 2018, Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 11401, pp. 584\u2013593. Springer (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-13469-3_68","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-13469-3_68"},{"key":"18_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ahn, K., Lee, S., Han, S., Low, C.Y., Cha, M.: Uncertainty-aware face embedding with contrastive learning for open-set evaluation. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur., 1 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIFS.2024.3426973","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2024.3426973"},{"key":"18_CR4","unstructured":"Albiero, V., Bowyer, K.W.: Is face recognition sexist? no, gendered hairstyles and biology are. In: 31st British Machine Vision Conference 2020, BMVC 2020, Virtual Event, UK, 7-10 September 2020. BMVA Press (2020). https:\/\/www.bmvc2020-conference.com\/assets\/papers\/0905.pdf"},{"key":"18_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Albiero, V., S, K.K., Vangara, K., Zhang, K., King, M.C., Bowyer, K.W.: Analysis of gender inequality in face recognition accuracy. In: IEEE Winter Applications of Computer Vision Workshops, WACV Workshops 2020, Snowmass Village, CO, USA, 1-5 March 2020, pp. 81\u201389. IEEE (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/WACVW50321.2020.9096947","DOI":"10.1109\/WACVW50321.2020.9096947"},{"key":"18_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Albiero, V., Zhang, K., Bowyer, K.W.: How does gender balance in training data affect face recognition accuracy? In: 2020 IEEE International Joint Conference on Biometrics, IJCB 2020, Houston, TX, USA, September 28 - October 1, 2020, pp. 1\u201310. IEEE (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IJCB48548.2020.9304924","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCB48548.2020.9304924"},{"key":"18_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Atzori, A., Fenu, G., Marras, M.: Explaining bias in deep face recognition via image characteristics. In: IEEE International Joint Conference on Biometrics, IJCB 2022, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 10-13 October 2022, pp. 1\u201310. IEEE (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IJCB54206.2022.10007937","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCB54206.2022.10007937"},{"key":"18_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bhatta, A., Albiero, V., Bowyer, K.W., King, M.C.: The gender gap in face recognition accuracy is a hairy problem. In: IEEE\/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision Workshops, WACV 2023 - Workshops, Waikoloa, HI, USA, 3-7 January 2023, pp. 1\u201310. IEEE (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/WACVW58289.2023.00034","DOI":"10.1109\/WACVW58289.2023.00034"},{"key":"18_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bhatta, A., Pangelinan, G., King, M.C., Bowyer, K.W.: Impact of blur and resolution on demographic disparities in 1-to-many facial identification. In: IEEE\/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision Workshops, WACVW 2024 - Workshops, Waikoloa, HI, USA, 1-6 January 2024, pp. 422\u2013430. IEEE (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/WACVW60836.2024.00051","DOI":"10.1109\/WACVW60836.2024.00051"},{"key":"18_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bousnina, N., Ascenso, J., Correia, P.L., Pereira, F.: A rise-based explainability method for genuine and impostor face verification. In: International Conference of the Biometrics Special Interest Group, BIOSIG 2023, Darmstadt, Germany, 20-22 September 2023, pp.\u00a01\u20136. IEEE (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/BIOSIG58226.2023.10345979","DOI":"10.1109\/BIOSIG58226.2023.10345979"},{"key":"18_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boutros, F., Damer, N., Kirchbuchner, F., Kuijper, A.: Elasticface: elastic margin loss for deep face recognition. In: IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, CVPR Workshops 2022, New Orleans, LA, USA, 19-20 June 2022, pp. 1577\u20131586. IEEE (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPRW56347.2022.00164, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPRW56347.2022.00164","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW56347.2022.00164"},{"key":"18_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cascone, L., Pero, C., Proen\u00e7a, H.: Visual and textual explainability for a biometric verification system based on piecewise facial attribute analysis. Image Vis. Comput. 132, 104645 (2023)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2023.104645"},{"key":"18_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cavazos, J.G., Phillips, P.J., Castillo, C.D., O\u2019Toole, A.J.: Accuracy comparison across face recognition algorithms: Where are we on measuring race bias? IEEE Trans. Biom. Behav. Identity Sci. 3(1), 101\u2013111 (2021)","DOI":"10.1109\/TBIOM.2020.3027269"},{"key":"18_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Correia, R., Correia, P.L., Pereira, F.: Face verification explainability heatmap generation. In: International Conference of the Biometrics Special Interest Group, BIOSIG 2023, Darmstadt, Germany, 20-22 September 2023, pp.\u00a01\u20135. IEEE (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/BIOSIG58226.2023.10345992","DOI":"10.1109\/BIOSIG58226.2023.10345992"},{"key":"18_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeAndres-Tame, I., et al.: How good is ChatGPT at face biometrics? A first look into recognition, soft biometrics, and explainability. IEEE Access 12, 34390\u201334401 (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3370437"},{"key":"18_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Deng, J., Guo, J., Xue, N., Zafeiriou, S.: ArcFace: Aaditive angular margin loss for deep face recognition. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR 2019, Long Beach, CA, USA, 16-20 June 2019, pp. 4690\u20134699. Computer Vision Foundation \/ IEEE (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00482, http:\/\/openaccess.thecvf.com\/content_CVPR_2019\/html\/Deng_ArcFace_Additive_Angular_Margin_Loss_for_Deep_Face_Recognition_CVPR_2019_paper.html","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00482"},{"key":"18_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fang, M., Damer, N., Kirchbuchner, F., Kuijper, A.: Demographic bias in presentation attack detection of iris recognition systems. In: 28th European Signal Processing Conference, EUSIPCO 2020, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 18-21 January 2021, pp. 835\u2013839. IEEE (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23919\/EUSIPCO47968.2020.9287321","DOI":"10.23919\/EUSIPCO47968.2020.9287321"},{"key":"18_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, M., Yang, W., Kuijper, A., Struc, V., Damer, N.: Fairness in face presentation attack detection. Pattern Recognit. 147, 110002 (2024)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2023.110002"},{"key":"18_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fu, B., Damer, N.: Towards explaining demographic bias through the eyes of face recognition models. In: IEEE International Joint Conference on Biometrics, IJCB 2022, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 10-13 October 2022, pp. 1\u201310. IEEE (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IJCB54206.2022.10007962","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCB54206.2022.10007962"},{"key":"18_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Galbally, J., Haraksim, R., Beslay, L.: Fingerprint quality: a lifetime story. In: 2018 International Conference of the Biometrics Special Interest Group, BIOSIG 2018, Darmstadt, Germany, 26-28 September 2018. LNI, vol. P-282, pp.\u00a01\u20135. GI \/ IEEE (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23919\/BIOSIG.2018.8553188","DOI":"10.23919\/BIOSIG.2018.8553188"},{"key":"18_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guo, Y., Zhang, L., Hu, Y., He, X., Gao, J.: MS-celeb-1M: a dataset and benchmark for large-scale face recognition. In: Leibe, B., Matas, J., Sebe, N., Welling, M. (eds.) Computer Vision - ECCV 2016 - 14th European Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 11-14 October 2016, Proceedings, Part III. LNCS, vol.\u00a09907, pp. 87\u2013102. Springer (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-46487-9_6","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46487-9_6"},{"key":"18_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hambarde, K., Proen\u00e7a, H.: Image-based human re-identification: which covariates are actually (the most) important? Image Vis. Comput. 143, 104917 (2024)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2024.104917"},{"key":"18_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., Sun, J.: Deep residual learning for image recognition. In: 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR 2016, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 27-30 June 2016, pp. 770\u2013778. IEEE Computer Society (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"18_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Herranz, N.M., Galdi, C., Dugelay, J.: Impact of digital face beautification in biometrics. In: 10th European Workshop on Visual Information Processing, EUVIP 2022, Lisbon, Portugal, 11-14 September 2022, pp.\u00a01\u20136. IEEE (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EUVIP53989.2022.9922802","DOI":"10.1109\/EUVIP53989.2022.9922802"},{"key":"18_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang, L., et al.: Gradient attention balance network: Mitigating face recognition racial bias via gradient attention. In: IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR 2023 - Workshops, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 17-24 June 2023, pp. 38\u201347. IEEE (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPRW59228.2023.00009","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW59228.2023.00009"},{"key":"18_CR26","unstructured":"Huber, M., Damer, N.: Beyond spatial explanations: explainable face recognition in the frequency domain (2024). https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2407.11941"},{"key":"18_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huber, M., Luu, A.T., Boutros, F., Kuijper, A., Damer, N.: Bias and diversity in synthetic-based face recognition. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV), pp. 6215\u20136226 (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV57701.2024.00610"},{"key":"18_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huber, M., Luu, A.T., Damer, N.: Recognition performance variation across demographic groups through the eyes of explainable face recognition. In: 2024 IEEE 18th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG), pp. 1\u201310 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/FG59268.2024.10581908","DOI":"10.1109\/FG59268.2024.10581908"},{"key":"18_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huber, M., Luu, A.T., Terh\u00f6rst, P., Damer, N.: Efficient explainable face verification based on similarity score argument backpropagation. In: IEEE\/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision, WACV 2024, Waikoloa, HI, USA, 3-8 January 2024, pp. 4724\u20134733. IEEE (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/WACV57701.2024.00467","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV57701.2024.00467"},{"key":"18_CR30","unstructured":"Huber, M., Terh\u00f6rst, P., Kirchbuchner, F., Damer, N., Kuijper, A.: Stating comparison score uncertainty and verification decision confidence towards transparent face recognition. In: 33rd British Machine Vision Conference 2022, BMVC 2022, London, UK, 21-24 November 2022. p.\u00a0506. BMVA Press (2022). https:\/\/bmvc2022.mpi-inf.mpg.de\/506\/"},{"key":"18_CR31","unstructured":"ISO\/IEC DIS 19795-10: Information technology -Biometric performance testing and reporting - Part 10: Quantifying biometric system performance variation across demographic groups. Standard, International Organization for Standardization (2024)"},{"key":"18_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jain, A.K., Deb, D., Engelsma, J.J.: Biometrics: Trust, but verify. IEEE Trans. Biom. Behav. Identity Sci. 4(3), 303\u2013323 (2022)","DOI":"10.1109\/TBIOM.2021.3115465"},{"key":"18_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim, M., Jain, A.K., Liu, X.: AdaFace: quality adaptive margin for face recognition. In: IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR 2022, New Orleans, LA, USA, 18-24 June 2022, pp. 18729\u201318738. IEEE (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01819","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01819"},{"key":"18_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klare, B., Burge, M.J., Klontz, J.C., Bruegge, R., Jain, A.K.: Face recognition performance: role of demographic information. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 7(6), 1789\u20131801 (2012)","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2012.2214212"},{"key":"18_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Knoche, M., Teepe, T., H\u00f6rmann, S., Rigoll, G.: Explainable model-agnostic similarity and confidence in face verification. In: IEEE\/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision Workshops, WACV 2023 - Workshops, Waikoloa, HI, USA, 3-7 January 2023, pp.\u00a01\u20138. IEEE (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/WACVW58289.2023.00078","DOI":"10.1109\/WACVW58289.2023.00078"},{"key":"18_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lin, Y., Liu, Z.Y., Chen, Y., Wang, Y., Chang, Y., Hsu, W.H.: XCOS: an explainable cosine metric for face verification task. ACM Trans. Multim. Comput. Commun. Appl. 17(3s), 112:1\u2013112:16 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3469288","DOI":"10.1145\/3469288"},{"key":"18_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lu, Y., Xu, Z., Ebrahimi, T.: Explainable face verification via feature-guided gradient backpropagation. In: 2024 IEEE 18th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG), pp.\u00a01\u20135 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/FG59268.2024.10581925","DOI":"10.1109\/FG59268.2024.10581925"},{"key":"18_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lu, Y., Xu, Z., Ebrahimi, T.: Towards visual saliency explanations of face verification. In: IEEE\/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision, WACV 2024, Waikoloa, HI, USA, 3-8 January 2024, pp. 4714\u20134723. IEEE (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/WACV57701.2024.00466","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV57701.2024.00466"},{"key":"18_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mery, D.: True black-box explanation in facial analysis. In: IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, CVPR Workshops 2022, New Orleans, LA, USA, 19-20 June 2022, pp. 1595\u20131604. IEEE (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPRW56347.2022.00166","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW56347.2022.00166"},{"key":"18_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mery, D., Morris, B.: On black-box explanation for face verification. In: IEEE\/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision, WACV 2022, Waikoloa, HI, USA, 3-8 January 2022, pp. 1194\u20131203. IEEE (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/WACV51458.2022.00126","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV51458.2022.00126"},{"key":"18_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mittal, S., Thakral, K., Majumdar, P., Vatsa, M., Singh, R.: Are face detection models biased? In: 17th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, FG 2023, Waikoloa Beach, HI, USA, 5-8 January 2023, pp.\u00a01\u20137. IEEE (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/FG57933.2023.10042564","DOI":"10.1109\/FG57933.2023.10042564"},{"key":"18_CR42","unstructured":"Molina, D., Causa, L., Tapia, J.E.: Toward to reduction of bias for gender and ethnicity from face images using automated skin tone classification. In: Br\u00f6mme, A., Busch, C., Dantcheva, A., Raja, K.B., Rathgeb, C., Uhl, A. (eds.) BIOSIG 2020 - Proceedings of the 19th International Conference of the Biometrics Special Interest Group, online, 16-18. September 2020. LNI, vol. P-306, pp. 281\u2013289. Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Informatik e.V. (2020). https:\/\/dl.gi.de\/handle\/20.500.12116\/34339"},{"key":"18_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Neto, P.C., Caldeira, E., Cardoso, J.S., Sequeira, A.F.: Compressed models decompress race biases: What quantized models forget for fair face recognition. In: Damer, N., Gomez-Barrero, M., Raja, K.B., Rathgeb, C., Sequeira, A.F., Todisco, M., Uhl, A. (eds.) International Conference of the Biometrics Special Interest Group, BIOSIG 2023, Darmstadt, Germany, 20-22 September 2023, pp.\u00a01\u20135. IEEE (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/BIOSIG58226.2023.10346003","DOI":"10.1109\/BIOSIG58226.2023.10346003"},{"key":"18_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Neto, P.C., et al.: Explainable biometrics in the age of deep learning. CoRR abs\/2208.09500 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.2208.09500","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.2208.09500"},{"key":"18_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Neto, P.C., Sequeira, A.F., Cardoso, J.S., Terh\u00f6rst, P.: Pic-score: Probabilistic interpretable comparison score for optimal matching confidence in single- and multi-biometric face recognition. In: IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR 2023 - Workshops, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 17-24 June 2023. pp. 1021\u20131029. IEEE (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPRW59228.2023.00109","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW59228.2023.00109"},{"key":"18_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Robinson, J.P., Livitz, G., Henon, Y., Qin, C., Fu, Y., Timoner, S.: Face recognition: too bias, or not too bias? In: 2020 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR Workshops 2020, Seattle, WA, USA, 14-19 June 2020, pp. 1\u201310. Computer Vision Foundation \/ IEEE (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPRW50498.2020.00008, https:\/\/openaccess.thecvf.com\/content_CVPRW_2020\/html\/w1\/Robinson_Face_Recognition_Too_Bias_or_Not_Too_Bias_CVPRW_2020_paper.html","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW50498.2020.00008"},{"key":"18_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S, K.K., Vangara, K., King, M.C., Albiero, V., Bowyer, K.W.: Characterizing the variability in face recognition accuracy relative to race. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, CVPR Workshops 2019, Long Beach, CA, USA, 16-20 June 2019, pp. 2278\u20132285. Computer Vision Foundation \/ IEEE (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPRW.2019.00281, http:\/\/openaccess.thecvf.com\/content_CVPRW_2019\/html\/BEFA\/S_Characterizing_the_Variability_in_Face_Recognition_Accuracy_Relative_to_Race_CVPRW_2019_paper.html","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2019.00281"},{"key":"18_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Selvaraju, R.R., Cogswell, M., Das, A., Vedantam, R., Parikh, D., Batra, D.: Grad-CAM:visual explanations from deep networks via gradient-based localization. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, ICCV 2017, Venice, Italy, 22-29 October 2017, pp. 618\u2013626. IEEE Computer Society (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCV.2017.74","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.74"},{"key":"18_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shi, Y., Jain, A.K.: Probabilistic face embeddings. In: 2019 IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision, ICCV 2019, Seoul, Korea (South), October 27 - November 2, 2019, pp. 6901\u20136910. IEEE (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00700","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00700"},{"key":"18_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stragapede, G., Vera-Rodr\u00edguez, R., Tolosana, R., Morales, A., Damer, N., Fi\u00e9rrez, J., Ortega-Garcia, J.: Keystroke verification challenge (KVC): biometric and fairness benchmark evaluation. IEEE Access 12, 1102\u20131116 (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3345452"},{"key":"18_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Terh\u00f6rst, P., Kolf, J.N., Damer, N., Kirchbuchner, F., Kuijper, A.: Face quality estimation and its correlation to demographic and non-demographic bias in face recognition. In: 2020 IEEE International Joint Conference on Biometrics, IJCB 2020, Houston, TX, USA, September 28 - October 1, 2020, pp. 1\u201311. IEEE (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IJCB48548.2020.9304865","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCB48548.2020.9304865"},{"issue":"1","key":"18_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1109\/TTS.2021.3111823","volume":"3","author":"P Terh\u00f6rst","year":"2022","unstructured":"Terh\u00f6rst, P., et al.: A comprehensive study on face recognition biases beyond demographics. IEEE Trans. Technol. Soc. 3(1), 16\u201330 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TTS.2021.3111823","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Technol. Soc."},{"key":"18_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, H., et al.: Score-CAM: score-weighted visual explanations for convolutional neural networks. In: 2020 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR Workshops 2020, Seattle, WA, USA, 14-19 June 2020, pp. 111\u2013119. Computer Vision Foundation \/ IEEE (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPRW50498.2020.00020, https:\/\/openaccess.thecvf.com\/content_CVPRW_2020\/html\/w1\/Wang_Score-CAM_Score-Weighted_Visual_Explanations_for_Convolutional_Neural_Networks_CVPRW_2020_paper.html","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW50498.2020.00020"},{"key":"18_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, H., Wu, X., Huang, Z., Xing, E.P.: High-frequency component helps explain the generalization of convolutional neural networks. In: 2020 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR 2020, Seattle, WA, USA, June 13-19, 2020. pp. 8681\u20138691. Computer Vision Foundation \/ IEEE (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00871, https:\/\/openaccess.thecvf.com\/content_CVPR_2020\/html\/Wang_High-Frequency_Component_Helps_Explain_the_Generalization_of_Convolutional_Neural_Networks_CVPR_2020_paper.html","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00871"},{"key":"18_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, M., Deng, W.: Mitigating bias in face recognition using skewness-aware reinforcement learning. In: 2020 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR 2020, Seattle, WA, USA, June 13-19, 2020. pp. 9319\u20139328. Computer Vision Foundation \/ IEEE (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00934, https:\/\/openaccess.thecvf.com\/content_CVPR_2020\/html\/Wang_Mitigating_Bias_in_Face_Recognition_Using_Skewness-Aware_Reinforcement_Learning_CVPR_2020_paper.html","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00934"},{"key":"18_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M., Deng, W.: Deep face recognition: a survey. Neurocomputing 429, 215\u2013244 (2021)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2020.10.081"},{"key":"18_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, M., Deng, W., Hu, J., Tao, X., Huang, Y.: Racial faces in the wild: reducing racial bias by information maximization adaptation network. In: 2019 IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision, ICCV 2019, Seoul, Korea (South), October 27 - November 2, 2019, pp. 692\u2013702. IEEE (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00078","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00078"},{"key":"18_CR58","unstructured":"Wang, M., Zhang, Y., Deng, W.: Meta balanced network for fair face recognition. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 44(11), 8433\u20138448 (2022)"},{"key":"18_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu, H., Albiero, V., Krishnapriya, K.S., King, M.C., Bowyer, K.W.: Face recognition accuracy across demographics: Shining a light into the problem. In: IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR 2023 - Workshops, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 17-24 June 2023, pp. 1041\u20131050. IEEE (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPRW59228.2023.00111, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPRW59228.2023.00111","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW59228.2023.00111"},{"key":"18_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu, H., Tian, S., Bhatta, A., \u00d6zt\u00fcrk, K., Ricanek, K., Bowyer, K.W.: Facial hair area in face recognition across demographics: Small size, big effect. In: IEEE\/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision Workshops, WACVW 2024 - Workshops, Waikoloa, HI, USA, 1-6 January 2024, pp. 1131\u20131140. IEEE (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/WACVW60836.2024.00122","DOI":"10.1109\/WACVW60836.2024.00122"},{"key":"18_CR61","unstructured":"Yi, D., Lei, Z., Liao, S., Li, S.Z.: Learning face representation from scratch. CoRR abs\/1411.7923 (2014). http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1411.7923"},{"key":"18_CR62","unstructured":"Zhang, K., Zhang, Z., Li, Z., Qiao, Y.: Joint face detection and alignment using multi-task cascaded convolutional networks. CoRR abs\/1604.02878 (2016). http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1604.02878"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Computer Vision \u2013 ECCV 2024 Workshops"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-031-92089-9_18","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]],"date-time":"2025-05-24T12:49:30Z","timestamp":1748090970000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-031-92089-9_18"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"ISBN":["9783031920882","9783031920899"],"references-count":62,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-92089-9_18","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 May 2025","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"ECCV","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"European Conference on Computer Vision","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Milan","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Italy","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2024","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"29 September 2024","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"4 October 2024","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"18","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"eccv2024","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/eccv2024.ecva.net\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}