{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T22:14:53Z","timestamp":1782944093996,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783031982804","type":"print"},{"value":"9783031982811","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753747200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-98281-1_1","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T04:38:16Z","timestamp":1753677496000},"page":"3-16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Leveraging Large Language Models for\u00a0a\u00a0Swahili Mathematics ITS in\u00a0Tanzania: Designing Effective Prompts"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2401-3672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edger P.","family":"Rutatola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3409-444X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koen","family":"Stroeken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5207-7745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tony","family":"Belpaeme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"1_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ahmad, I.S., Dudy, S., Ramachandranpillai, R., Church, K.: Are generative language models multicultural? a study on hausa culture and emotions using ChatGPT. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Cross-Cultural Considerations in NLP, pp. 98\u2013106. Association for Computational Linguistics (Aug 2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2024.c3nlp-1.8,","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.c3nlp-1.8"},{"key":"1_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bang, Y., Cahyawijaya, S., et al.: A multitask, multilingual, multimodal evaluation of ChatGPT on reasoning, hallucination, and interactivity, vol.\u00a01, pp. 675\u2013718. Long Papers (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2302.04023","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2302.04023"},{"key":"1_CR3","unstructured":"Baraza la Mitihani la Tanzania: Taarifa ya Matokeo ya Mtihani wa Kumaliza Elimu ya Msingi (PSLE) Uliofanyika Septemba, 2023 (2023). https:\/\/www.moe.go.tz\/sites\/default\/files\/PRESS%20PSLE%202023%20final_231123_121622_1.pdf"},{"key":"1_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belpaeme, T., Kennedy, J., Ramachandran, A., Scassellati, B., Tanaka, F.: Social robots for education: a review. Sci. Robot 3, 5954 (2018). http:\/\/robotics.sciencemag.org\/","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aat5954"},{"key":"1_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cao, C.: Scaffolding CS1 Courses with a Large Language Model-Powered Intelligent Tutoring System.,pp. 229\u2013232. Association for Computing Machinery (Mar 2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3581754.3584111","DOI":"10.1145\/3581754.3584111"},{"key":"1_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chaaben, M.B., Burgue\u00f1o, L., Sahraoui, H.: Towards using few-shot prompt learning for automating model completion. In: Proceedings - International Conference on Software Engineering, pp. 7\u201312. IEEE Computer Society (5 2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICSE-NIER58687.2023.00008, https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/10173909","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE-NIER58687.2023.00008"},{"key":"1_CR7","unstructured":"Chang, K., Xu, S., Wang, C., Luo, Y., Liu, X., Xiao, T., Zhu, J.: Efficient Prompting Methods for Large Language Models: A Survey. In: IEEE International Conference on Program Comprehension, vol. 2022, pp. 36\u201347. IEEE Computer Society (March 2024). arxiv:2404.01077"},{"key":"1_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Coello, C.E.A., Alimam, M.N., Kouatly, R.: Effectiveness of ChatGPT in coding: a comparative analysis of popular large language models. Digital 4, 114\u2013125 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/digital4010005","DOI":"10.3390\/digital4010005"},{"key":"1_CR9","unstructured":"Colelough, B.C., Regli, W.: Neuro-Symbolic AI in 2024: A Systematic Review. arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.05435 (2025)"},{"key":"1_CR10","unstructured":"Common Crawl Foundation: Statistics of Common Crawl Monthly Archives: Distribution of Languages (2024). https:\/\/commoncrawl.github.io\/cc-crawl-statistics\/plots\/languages"},{"key":"1_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frieder, S., et al.: Mathematical Capabilities of ChatGPT (2023). https:\/\/ghosts.friederrr.org","DOI":"10.52202\/075280-1205"},{"key":"1_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ghafar, Z.N., Sawalmeh, M.H.M.: The influence of effective teaching on elementary school students: a review paper. J. Learn. Develop. Stud. 3, 10\u201314 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32996\/jlds","DOI":"10.32996\/jlds"},{"key":"1_CR13","unstructured":"Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., et al.: How Good Are GPT Models at Machine Translation? A Comprehensive Evaluation arxiv:2302.09210 (Feb 2023)"},{"key":"1_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kulik, J.A., Fletcher, J.D.: Effectiveness of intelligent tutoring systems: a meta-analytic review. Rev. Educ. Res. 86, 42\u201378 (3 2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/0034654315581420","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654315581420"},{"key":"1_CR15","unstructured":"Lupogo, I.: Language of instruction: a challenge for secondary schools and tertiary institutions in implementing VET in Tanzania. J. Educ. Policy Entrepreneurial Res. 1, 26\u201330 (2014). http:\/\/www.iiste.org\/Journals\/index.php\/JEPER"},{"key":"1_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maginga, T.J., Kutuku, S.J., Hamza, H.M., Mulokozi, G.G., Nsenga, J.: MkulimaGPT: Equitable AI Use Via a swahili chatbot for maize farming system in Tanzania. African J. Agricult. Food Sci. 7, 172\u2013188 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52589\/AJAFS-VERNTB5I","DOI":"10.52589\/AJAFS-VERNTB5I"},{"key":"1_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.5871\/jba\/010s4.141","volume":"10","author":"G Mapunda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mapunda, G., Gibson, H.: On the suitability of Swahili for early schooling in remote rural Tanzania: do policy and practice align? J. British Acad. 10, 141\u2013168 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5871\/jba\/010s4.141","journal-title":"J. British Acad."},{"key":"1_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mazana, M.Y., Montero, C.S., Casmir, R.O.: Assessing students\u2019 performance in mathematics in tanzania: the teacher\u2019s perspective. Inter. Electr. J. Mathem. Educ. 15, em0589 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29333\/iejme\/7994","DOI":"10.29333\/iejme\/7994"},{"key":"1_CR19","unstructured":"National Bureau of Statistics: Tanzania in Figures (2022). https:\/\/www.nbs.go.tz\/index.php\/en\/tanzania-in-figures\/891-tanzania-in-figures-2022"},{"key":"1_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ndijuye, L.G.: Early learning attainments of children of naturalized citizens of refugee backgrounds in the sub-Saharan region: evidence from Tanzania. Child Developm. Perspectives 17, 67\u201373 (3 2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cdep.12479","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12479"},{"key":"1_CR21","unstructured":"Petrov, A., Malfa, L., Torr, P.H.S., Bibi, A.: Language Model Tokenizers Introduce Unfairness Between Languages (2023). https:\/\/proceedings.neurips.cc\/paper_files\/paper\/2023\/file\/74bb24dca8334adce292883b4b651eda-Paper-Conference.pdf"},{"key":"1_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Plevris, V., Papazafeiropoulos, G., Rios, A.J.: Chatbots Put to the test in math and logic problems: a comparison and assessment of ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4, and Google Bard. AI (Switzerland) 4, 949\u2013969 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ai4040048","DOI":"10.3390\/ai4040048"},{"key":"1_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson, N.R., Ogayo, P., Mortensen, D.R., Neubig, G.: ChatGPT MT: Competitive for High- (but not Low-) Resource Languages (Sep 2023). arxiv:2309.07423","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.wmt-1.40"},{"key":"1_CR24","unstructured":"Schmucker, R., Xia, M., Azaria, A., Mitchell, T.: Ruffle &Riley: Towards the Automated Induction of Conversational Tutoring Systems (2023). https:\/\/gaied.org\/neurips2023\/files\/38\/38_paper.pdf"},{"key":"1_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Spreitzer, C., Straser, O., Zehetmeier, S., Maa\u00e5, K.: Mathematical modelling abilities of artificial intelligence tools: the case of ChatGPT. Educ. Sci. 14 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/educsci14070698","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci14070698"},{"key":"1_CR26","unstructured":"Telaumbanua, F., et al.: psychological encouragement for high school students in preparation for online learning during Covid-19. Middle European Sci. Bull. 14 (2021)"},{"key":"1_CR27","unstructured":"Wei, J., et al.: Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models. In: Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. Curran Associates Inc. arxiv:2201.11903 (Dec 2022)"},{"key":"1_CR28","unstructured":"White, J., et al.: A Prompt Pattern Catalog to Enhance Prompt Engineering with ChatGPT arxiv:2302.11382 (Feb 2023)"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Generative Systems and Intelligent Tutoring Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-031-98281-1_1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T21:39:57Z","timestamp":1782941997000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-031-98281-1_1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"ISBN":["9783031982804","9783031982811"],"references-count":28,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-98281-1_1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 July 2025","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that\u00a0are relevant to the content of this article.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclosure of Interests"}},{"value":"ITS","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Alexandroupolis","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Greece","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2025","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2 June 2025","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"6 June 2025","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"21","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"its2025","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/iis-international.org\/its2025-generative-systems\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}