{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T07:41:55Z","timestamp":1775202115411,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783031984617","type":"print"},{"value":"9783031984624","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-98462-4_3","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,20]],"date-time":"2025-07-20T17:07:02Z","timestamp":1753031222000},"page":"19-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Utilizing Log-Based and Neurophysiological Measures to Understand Engagement and Learning with Intelligent Tutoring Systems"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3219-894X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yushuang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0754-5807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ido","family":"Davidesco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1196-5284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruce","family":"McLaren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0045-6855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Elizabeth","family":"Richey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xiaorui","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Leah","family":"Teffera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hayden","family":"Stec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hyosun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jiayi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Suyi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8831-3188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elana","family":"Zion-Golumbic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"3_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2018.1558257","volume":"29","author":"E Mousavinasab","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mousavinasab, E., Zarifsanaiey, N., Niakan Kalhori, S.R., Rakhshan, M., Keikha, L., Ghazi Saeedi, M.: Intelligent tutoring systems: a systematic review of characteristics, applications, and evaluation methods. Interact. Learn. Environ. 29, 142\u2013163 (2021)","journal-title":"Interact. Learn. Environ."},{"key":"3_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3233\/IRG-2006-16(3)02","volume":"16","author":"K VanLehn","year":"2006","unstructured":"VanLehn, K.: The behavior of tutoring systems. Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ. 16, 227\u2013265 (2006)","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ."},{"key":"3_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.2011.611369","volume":"46","author":"K VanLehn","year":"2011","unstructured":"VanLehn, K.: The relative effectiveness of human tutoring, intelligent tutoring systems, and other tutoring systems. Educ. Psychol. 46, 197\u2013221 (2011)","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"3_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.2017.1281747","volume":"52","author":"S D\u2019Mello","year":"2017","unstructured":"D\u2019Mello, S., Dieterle, E., Duckworth, A.: Advanced, analytic, automated (AAA) measurement of engagement during learning. Educ. Psychol. 52, 104\u2013123 (2017)","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"3_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-007-9049-0","volume":"19","author":"KR Koedinger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Koedinger, K.R., Aleven, V.: Exploring the assistance dilemma in experiments with cognitive tutors. Educ. Psychol. Rev. 19, 239\u2013264 (2007)","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"3_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.2014.965823","volume":"49","author":"MTH Chi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chi, M.T.H., Wylie, R.: The ICAP framework: Linking cognitive engagement to active learning outcomes. Educ. Psychol. 49, 219\u2013243 (2014)","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"3_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.12626","volume":"42","author":"MTH Chi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chi, M.T.H., et al.: Translating the ICAP theory of cognitive engagement into practice. Cogn. Sci. 42, 1777\u20131832 (2018)","journal-title":"Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"3_CR8","unstructured":"Schwartz, R.N., Plass, J.L.: Types of engagement in learning with games. In: Plass, J.L., Mayer, R.E. (eds.) Handbook of Game-Based Learning, pp. 53\u201380. MIT Press (2020)"},{"key":"3_CR9","unstructured":"D\u2019Mello, S.K.: Improving student engagement in and with digital learning technologies. In: Pushing the Frontiers with Artificial Intelligence. Blockchain and Robots, pp. 79\u2013104. OECD Publishing, Paris (2021)"},{"key":"3_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543074001059","volume":"74","author":"JA Fredricks","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fredricks, J.A., Blumenfeld, P.C., Paris, A.H.: School engagement: potential of the concept, state of the evidence. Rev. Educ. Res. 74, 59\u2013109 (2004)","journal-title":"Rev. Educ. Res."},{"key":"3_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2015.02.004","volume":"19","author":"MS Clayton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Clayton, M.S., Yeung, N., Cohen Kadosh, R.: The roles of cortical oscillations in sustained attention. Trends Cogn. Sci. 19, 188\u2013195 (2015)","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"3_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2010.00186","volume":"4","author":"O Jensen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jensen, O., Mazaheri, A.: Shaping functional architecture by oscillatory alpha activity: gating by inhibition. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 4, 186 (2010)","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"3_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00406","volume":"11","author":"CL Baldwin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Baldwin, C.L., et al.: Detecting and quantifying mind wandering during simulated driving. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 11, 406 (2017)","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"3_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-019-00745-9","volume":"19","author":"RJ Compton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Compton, R.J., Gearinger, D., Wild, H.: The wandering mind oscillates: EEG alpha power is enhanced during moments of mind-wandering. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 19, 1184\u20131191 (2019)","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"3_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00231","volume":"24","author":"M Casarotti","year":"2012","unstructured":"Casarotti, M., et al.: Paying attention through eye movements: A computational investigation of the premotor theory of spatial attention. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 24, 1519\u20131531 (2012)","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"3_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-010-0042-1","volume":"73","author":"EF Risko","year":"2011","unstructured":"Risko, E.F., Kingstone, A.: Eyes wide shut: implied social presence, eye tracking and attention. Atten. Percept. Psychophys. 73, 291\u2013296 (2011)","journal-title":"Atten. Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"3_CR17","first-page":"439","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Eye Movements","author":"WS Geisler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Geisler, W.S., Cormack, L.K.: Models of overt attention. In: Liversedge, S., Gilchrist, I.D., Everling, S. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Eye Movements, pp. 439\u2013454. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2011)"},{"key":"3_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.08.038","volume":"55","author":"BM McLaren","year":"2016","unstructured":"McLaren, B.M., et al.: The efficiency of worked examples compared to erroneous examples, tutored problem solving, and problem solving in computer-based learning environments. Comput. Hum. Behav. 55, 87\u201399 (2016)","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"3_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McLaren, B.M., Lim, S.-J., Koedinger, K.R.: When is assistance helpful to learning? In: Woolf, B.P., A\u00efmeur, E., Nkambou, R., Lajoie, S. (eds.) Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp. 677\u2013680. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (2008).\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-540-69132-7_75","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69132-7_75"},{"key":"3_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McLaren, B.M., Isotani, S.:\u00a0 When is it best to learn with all worked examples? In: Biswas, G., Bull, S., Kay, J., Mitrovic, A. (eds.) Artificial Intelligence in Education. Springer,\u00a0 Heidelberg, pp. 222\u2013229 (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-21869-9_30","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-21869-9_30"},{"key":"3_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13330","volume":"54","author":"I Davidesco","year":"2023","unstructured":"Davidesco, I., et al.: Detecting fluctuations in student engagement and retention during video lectures using electroencephalography. Br. J. Educ. Technol. 54, 1895\u20131916 (2023)","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"3_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009","volume":"134","author":"A Delorme","year":"2004","unstructured":"Delorme, A., Makeig, S.: EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. J. Neurosci. Methods 134, 9\u201321 (2004)","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"3_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oostenveld, R., Fries, P., Maris, E., Schoffelen, J.M.: FieldTrip: open source software for advanced analysis of MEG, EEG, and invasive electrophysiological data. Comput. Intell. Neurosci. 2011, Article ID 156869 (2011)","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/156869"},{"key":"3_CR24","unstructured":"Aleven, V., Koedinger, K.R.: Investigations into help seeking and learning with a cognitive tutor. In: Papers of the AIED-2001 Workshop on Help Provision and Help Seeking in Interactive Learning Environments, pp. 47\u201358 (2001)"},{"key":"3_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00060","volume":"4","author":"MA Boudewyn","year":"2013","unstructured":"Boudewyn, M.A., Long, D.L., Swaab, T.Y.: Effects of working memory span on processing of lexical associations and congruence in spoken discourse. Front. Psychol. 4, 60 (2013)","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"3_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2827","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-11283-2","volume":"28","author":"A Farkish","year":"2023","unstructured":"Farkish, A., et al.: Evaluating the effects of educational multimedia design principles on cognitive load using EEG signal analysis. Educ. Inf. Technol. 28, 2827\u20132843 (2023)","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"3_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13048","volume":"52","author":"Z Pi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pi, Z., et al.: Learning by explaining to oneself and a peer enhances learners\u2019 theta and alpha oscillations while watching video lectures. Br. J. Educ. Technol. 52, 659\u2013679 (2021)","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"3_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Antonenko, P.D.:\u00a0 Educational neuroscience: exploring cognitive processes that underlie learning. In: Parsons, T.D., Lin, L., Cockerham, D. (eds.) Mind, Brain and Technology. Springer, Cham, pp 27\u201346 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-02631-8_3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-02631-8_3"},{"key":"3_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X211031563","volume":"50","author":"I Davidesco","year":"2021","unstructured":"Davidesco, I., et al.: Neuroscience research in the classroom: Portable brain technologies in education research. Educ. Res. 50, 649\u2013656 (2021)","journal-title":"Educ. Res."},{"key":"3_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paquette, L., et al.: Cross-system transfer of machine learned and knowledge engineered models of gaming the system. In: Ricci, F., Bontcheva, K., Conlan, O., Lawless, S. (eds.) User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. Springer, Cham, pp 183\u2013194 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-20267-9_15","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-20267-9_15"},{"key":"3_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kardan, S., Conati, C.: Comparing and combining eye gaze and interface actions for determining user learning. In: Carberry, S., Weibelzahl, S., Micarelli, A., Semeraro, G. (eds.) User Modeling, Adaptation, and Personalization. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 215\u2013227 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-38844-6_18","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-38844-6_18"},{"key":"3_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lall\u00e9, S., et al.:\u00a0 \u00a0The impact of student individual differences and visual attention to pedagogical agents during learning with MetaTutor. In: Andr\u00e9, E., Baker, R., Hu, X., Rodrigo, M.M.T., Du Boulay, B. (eds.) Artificial Intelligence in Education. Springer, Cham, pp 149\u2013161 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-61425-0_13","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-61425-0_13"},{"key":"3_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.3632","volume":"34","author":"H Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, H., et al.: Wandering eyes: eye movements during mind wandering in video lectures. Appl. Cogn. Psychol. 34, 449\u2013464 (2020)","journal-title":"Appl. Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"3_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511844744.004","volume-title":"Cognitive Load Theory","author":"J Sweller","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sweller, J.: Cognitive load theory: recent theoretical advances. In: Plass, J.L., Moreno, R., Br\u00fcnken, R. (eds.) Cognitive Load Theory, pp. 29\u201347. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2010)"},{"key":"3_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mills, C., et al.: Mind wandering during learning with an intelligent tutoring system. In: Conati, C., Heffernan, N., Mitrovic, A., Verdejo, M.F. (eds.) Artificial Intelligence in Education, vol 9112. LNCS. Springer, Cham, pp 267\u2013276 (2015) . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-19773-9_27","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19773-9_27"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Artificial Intelligence in Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-031-98462-4_3","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T05:29:45Z","timestamp":1775194185000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-031-98462-4_3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"ISBN":["9783031984617","9783031984624"],"references-count":35,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-98462-4_3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 July 2025","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"AIED","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Palermo","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Italy","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2025","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"22 July 2025","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"26 July 2025","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"26","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"aied2025","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/aied2025.itd.cnr.it\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}