{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T19:33:38Z","timestamp":1757619218216,"version":"3.44.0"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9783031984648"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9783031984655"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-98465-5_49","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]],"date-time":"2025-07-19T01:47:23Z","timestamp":1752889643000},"page":"388-395","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Challenges of\u00a0Applying Computer Vision for\u00a0Emotion Detection in\u00a0Educational Settings: A Study on\u00a0Bias"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1690-1626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T. S.","family":"Ashwin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5303-6400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nihar","family":"Sanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5430-3993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umesh","family":"Timalsina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2752-3878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gautam","family":"Biswas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,20]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Akpanoko, C.E., Ashwin, T.S., Biswas, G.: The Interplay of Affective States and Cognitive Processes in an Open-Ended Learning Environment: A Case Study, pp. 873\u2013880 (Jun 2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22318\/icls2024.321032, https:\/\/repository.isls.org\/handle\/1\/11182","key":"49_CR1","DOI":"10.22318\/icls2024.321032"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Akpanoko, C.E., Ashwin. T.S., Cordell, G., Biswas, G.: Investigating the relations between students\u2019 affective states and the coherence in their activities in open-ended learning environments. In: Paaen, B., Epp, C.D. (eds.) Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Educational Data Mining. pp. 511\u2013517. International Educational Data Mining Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (July 2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.12729872","key":"49_CR2","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.12729872"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashwin, T.S., Biswas, G.: Identifying and mitigating algorithmic bias in student emotional analysis. In: International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 89\u2013103. Springer (2024)","key":"49_CR3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-64299-9_7"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashwin, T., Guddeti, R.M.R.: Unobtrusive students\u2019 engagement analysis in computer science laboratory using deep learning techniques. In: 2018 IEEE 18th International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT), pp. 436\u2013440. IEEE (2018)","key":"49_CR4","DOI":"10.1109\/ICALT.2018.00110"},{"key":"49_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2020.02.075","volume":"108","author":"T Ashwin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ashwin, T., Guddeti, R.: Affective database for e-learning and classroom environments using indian students\u2019 faces, hand gestures and body postures. Futur. Gener. Comput. Syst. 108, 334\u2013348 (2020)","journal-title":"Futur. Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ashwin, T., Rajendran, R.: Preserving privacy of face and facial expression in computer vision data collected in learning environments. In: International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 561\u2013567. Springer (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-36336-8_87","key":"49_CR6","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-36336-8_87"},{"unstructured":"Azevedo, R., Witherspoon, A.M.: Self-regulated learning with hypermedia. Handbook of metacognition in education, pp. 319\u2013339 (2009)","key":"49_CR7"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker, R.S., Hawn, A.: Algorithmic bias in education. Inter. J. Artifi. Intell. Educ., 1\u201341 (2021)","key":"49_CR8","DOI":"10.35542\/osf.io\/pbmvz"},{"unstructured":"Buolamwini, J., Gebru, T.: Gender shades: intersectional accuracy disparities in commercial gender classification. In: Friedler, S.A., Wilson, C. (eds.) Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency. Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, vol.\u00a081, pp. 77\u201391. PMLR (23\u201324 Feb 2018), https:\/\/proceedings.mlr.press\/v81\/buolamwini18a.html","key":"49_CR9"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohn, C., Snyder, C., Fonteles, J.H., TS, A., Montenegro, J., Biswas, G.: A multimodal approach to support teacher, researcher and ai collaboration in stem+ c learning environments. British J. Educ. Technol. (2024)","key":"49_CR10","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13518"},{"issue":"6","key":"49_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1988.01670060015008","volume":"124","author":"TB Fitzpatrick","year":"1988","unstructured":"Fitzpatrick, T.B.: The validity and practicality of sun-reactive skin types i through vi. Arch. Dermatol. 124(6), 869\u2013871 (1988)","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"49_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-64299-9_1","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","author":"J Fonteles","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fonteles, J., et al.: A first step in using machine learning methods to enhance interaction analysis for embodied learning environments. In: Olney, A.M., Chounta, I.A., Liu, Z., Santos, O.C., Bittencourt, I.I. (eds.) Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 3\u201316. Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham (2024)"},{"unstructured":"Gupta, A., D\u2019Cunha, A., Awasthi, K., Balasubramanian, V.: Daisee: towards user engagement recognition in the wild. arXiv preprint arXiv:1609.01885 (2016)","key":"49_CR13"},{"key":"49_CR14","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1007\/11774303_67","volume-title":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems","author":"BW Mott","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mott, B.W., Lester, J.C.: Narrative-centered tutorial planning for inquiry-based learning environments. In: Ikeda, M., Ashley, K.D., Chan, T.-W. (eds.) ITS 2006. LNCS, vol. 4053, pp. 675\u2013684. Springer, Heidelberg (2006). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/11774303_67"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panadero, E., J\u00e4rvel\u00e4, S.: Socially shared regulation of learning: a review. Euro. Psychol. (2015)","key":"49_CR15","DOI":"10.1027\/1016-9040\/a000226"},{"unstructured":"S, A.T., Biswas, G.: Relating students cognitive processes and learner-centered emotions: an advanced deep learning approach. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Multimodal Interaction (ICMI 2024), 04\u201308 November. ACM, New York (2024)","key":"49_CR16"},{"unstructured":"Savchenko, A.: Facial expression recognition with adaptive frame rate based on multiple testing correction. In: International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 30119\u201330129. PMLR (2023)","key":"49_CR17"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Savchenko, A.V., Savchenko, L.V., Makarov, I.: Classifying emotions and engagement in online learning based on a single facial expression recognition neural network. IEEE Trans. Affective Comput. (2022). https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9815154","key":"49_CR18","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2022.3188390"},{"unstructured":"Sinatra, G.M., Broughton, S.H., Lombardi, D.: Emotions in science education. In: International Handbook of Emotions in Education, pp. 415\u2013436. Routledge (2014)","key":"49_CR19"},{"unstructured":"Snyder, C., Biswas, G., Emara, M., Grover, S., Conlin, L.: Analyzing students\u2019 synergistic learning processes in physics and ct by collaborative discourse analysis. In: Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (2019)","key":"49_CR20"},{"key":"49_CR21","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-91464-0_23","volume-title":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems","author":"M Taub","year":"2018","unstructured":"Taub, M., Mudrick, N.V., Rajendran, R., Dong, Y., Biswas, G., Azevedo, R.: How are students\u2019 emotions associated with the accuracy of their note taking and summarizing during learning with ITSs? In: Nkambou, R., Azevedo, R., Vassileva, J. (eds.) ITS 2018. LNCS, vol. 10858, pp. 233\u2013242. Springer, Cham (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-91464-0_23"},{"issue":"1","key":"49_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-020-00280-0","volume":"3","author":"A Toisoul","year":"2021","unstructured":"Toisoul, A., Kossaifi, J., Bulat, A., Tzimiropoulos, G., Pantic, M.: Estimation of continuous valence and arousal levels from faces in naturalistic conditions. Nat. Mach. Intell. 3(1), 42\u201350 (2021)","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TS, A., Guddeti, R.M.R.: Automatic detection of students\u2019 affective states in classroom environment using hybrid convolutional neural networks. Educ. Inform. Technol. 25(2), 1387\u20131415 (2020)","key":"49_CR23","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-019-10004-6"},{"key":"49_CR24","first-page":"19","volume":"83","author":"Y Wan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wan, Y., et al.: A systematic review on affective computing: Emotion models, databases, and recent advances. Inform. Fusion 83, 19\u201352 (2022)","journal-title":"Inform. Fusion"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadannavar, S., Ashwin, T., Pathan, R., Vanahalli, M.K., Rajendran, R.: Multimodal analysis of learning-centered emotions and cognitive processes in open-ended learning environments. In: 2024 IEEE International Conference on Teaching, Assessment and Learning for Engineering (TALE), pp.\u00a01\u20138. IEEE (2024)","key":"49_CR25","DOI":"10.1109\/TALE62452.2024.10834331"},{"issue":"2","key":"49_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3158369","volume":"51","author":"L Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Verma, B., Tjondronegoro, D., Chandran, V.: Facial expression analysis under partial occlusion: a survey. ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR) 51(2), 1\u201349 (2018)","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR)"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Artificial Intelligence in Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-031-98465-5_49","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T14:48:03Z","timestamp":1757256483000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-031-98465-5_49"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"ISBN":["9783031984648","9783031984655"],"references-count":26,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-98465-5_49","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0302-9743"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1611-3349"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 July 2025","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"AIED","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Palermo","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Italy","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2025","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"22 July 2025","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"26 July 2025","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"26","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"aied2025","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/aied2025.itd.cnr.it\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}