{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T20:27:56Z","timestamp":1757622476103,"version":"3.44.0"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9783032006370"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9783032006356"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]],"date-time":"2025-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":220,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The proliferation of digital carriers that can be exploited to conceal arbitrary data has increased the number of techniques for implementing steganography and other forms of information hiding. As a result, the literature overlaps greatly in terms of concepts and terminology. Moreover, from a cybersecurity viewpoint, the same hiding mechanism may be perceived differently, making harder the development of a unique defensive strategy or the definition of practices to mitigate risks arising from the use of steganography. To mitigate these drawbacks, several researchers introduced approaches that aid in the unified description of steganography methods and covert channels.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>Understanding and combining all descriptive methods for steganography techniques is a challenging but important task. For instance, researchers might want to explain how malware applies a certain steganography technique or categorize a novel hiding approach. Consequently, this paper aims to provide an introduction to the concept of <jats:italic>descriptive methods for steganography<\/jats:italic>. The paper is organized in the form of a tutorial, with the main goal of explaining how existing descriptions and taxonomy objects can be combined to achieve a detailed categorization and description of hiding methods. To show how this can effectively help the research community, the paper also contains various real-world examples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-00635-6_16","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T13:36:18Z","timestamp":1754660178000},"page":"271-289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Combining Different Existing Methods for\u00a0Describing Steganography Hiding Methods"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1913-5912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steffen","family":"Wendzel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0138-4638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Kr\u00e4tzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7985-8041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana","family":"Dittmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6466-3354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Caviglione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0706-6355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Mileva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5912-0857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Schmidbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7125-2722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claus","family":"Vielhauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2084-7204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Zander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"16_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"DomEye: Detecting network covert channel of domain fronting with throughput fluctuation. Comput. Sec. 144 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cose.2024.103976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2024.103976"},{"issue":"4","key":"16_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.3390\/e21040355","volume":"21","author":"MT Ahvanooey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahvanooey, M.T., Li, Q., Hou, J., Rajput, A.R., Chen, Y.: Modern text hiding, text steganalysis, and applications: A comparative analysis. Entropy 21(4), 355 (2019)","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"issue":"Nos3 &4","key":"16_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1147\/sj.353.0313","volume":"35","author":"W Bender","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bender, W., Gruhl, D., Morimoto, N., Lu, A.: Techniques for data hiding. IBM Syst. J. 35(Nos3 &4), 313\u2013336 (1996)","journal-title":"IBM Syst. J."},{"key":"16_CR4","unstructured":"Bennett, K.: Linguistic steganography: Survey, analysis, and robustness concerns for hiding information in text. Tech. Rep. 2004-13, CERIAS Tech Report, Purdue University (2004)"},{"issue":"2","key":"16_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2938370","volume":"49","author":"B Carrara","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carrara, B., Adams, C.: Out-of-band covert channels\u2013a survey. ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR) 49(2), 1\u201336 (2016)","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR)"},{"issue":"5","key":"16_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1109\/MSEC.2022.3178205","volume":"20","author":"L Caviglione","year":"2022","unstructured":"Caviglione, L., Mazurczyk, W.: Never mind the malware, here\u2019s the stegomalware. IEEE Sec. Priv. 20(5), 101\u2013106 (2022)","journal-title":"IEEE Sec. Priv."},{"issue":"5","key":"16_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2024.3352411","volume":"38","author":"L Caviglione","year":"2024","unstructured":"Caviglione, L., Mazurczyk, W.: You can\u2019t do that on protocols anymore: analysis of covert channels in ietf standards. IEEE Netw. 38(5), 255\u2013263 (2024)","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"issue":"4","key":"16_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2016.2627503","volume":"13","author":"L Caviglione","year":"2017","unstructured":"Caviglione, L., Podolski, M., Mazurczyk, W., Ianigro, M.: Covert channels in personal cloud storage services: the case of Dropbox. IEEE Trans. Industr. Inf. 13(4), 1921\u20131931 (2017)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Industr. Inf."},{"issue":"4","key":"16_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2006.885034","volume":"1","author":"CC Chang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chang, C.C., Lin, C.Y.: Reversible steganography for VQ-compressed images using side matching and relocation. IEEE Trans. Inform. Forens. and Sec. 1(4), 493\u2013501 (2006)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inform. Forens. and Sec."},{"key":"16_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s41403-018-0058-8","volume":"4","author":"A Dey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dey, A., Bhattacharya, S., Chaki, N.: Software watermarking: progress and challenges. INAE Lett. 4, 65\u201375 (2019)","journal-title":"INAE Lett."},{"issue":"2","key":"16_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/19393555.2020.1801911","volume":"30","author":"S Dhawan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dhawan, S., Gupta, R.: Analysis of various data security techniques of steganography: a survey. Inform. Sec. J. Global Perspective 30(2), 63\u201387 (2021)","journal-title":"Inform. Sec. J. Global Perspective"},{"key":"16_CR12","unstructured":"DICOM: The DICOM standard (2025). https:\/\/www.dicomstandard.org\/"},{"key":"16_CR13","unstructured":"Eckstein, K., Jahnke, M.: Data hiding in journaling file systems. In: Digital Forensic Research Workshop (2005)"},{"key":"16_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fraczek, W., Mazurczyk, W., Szczypiorski, K.: Multi-level steganography: Improving hidden communication in networks. J. Univ. Comput. Sci. (J. UCS) 18(14), 1967\u20131986 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3217\/jucs-018-14-1967","DOI":"10.3217\/jucs-018-14-1967"},{"key":"16_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fridrich, J.: Steganography in Digital Media: Principles, Algorithms, and Applications. Cambridge University Press (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO978113919290","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO978113919290"},{"key":"16_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.1987.233153","volume":"13","author":"CG Girling","year":"1987","unstructured":"Girling, C.G.: Covert channels in LAN\u2019s. IEEE Trans. Software Eng. 13, 292\u2013296 (1987)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Software Eng."},{"key":"16_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guri, M., Monitz, M., Mirski, Y., Elovici, Y.: BitWhisper: covert signaling channel between air-gapped computers using thermal manipulations. In: 2015 IEEE 28th Computer Security Foundations Symposium, pp. 276\u2013289 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CSF.2015.26","DOI":"10.1109\/CSF.2015.26"},{"key":"16_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Han, J., Pan, M., Gao, D., Pang, H.: A multi-user steganographic file system on untrusted shared storage. In: 26th ACSAC, pp. 317\u2013326. ACM (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1920261.1920309, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1920261.1920309","DOI":"10.1145\/1920261.1920309"},{"key":"16_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"He\u00dfeling, C., Keller, J., Litzinger, S.: Reversible network covert channel by payload modulation in streams of decimal sensor values. In: 2023 IEEE 19th International Conference on e-Science (e-Science). IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos, CA, USA (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/e-Science58273.2023.10254946","DOI":"10.1109\/e-Science58273.2023.10254946"},{"key":"16_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hildebrandt, M., Lamsh\u00f6ft, K., Dittmann, J., Neubert, T., Vielhauer, C.: Information hiding in industrial control systems: An opc ua based supply chain attack and its detection. In: Proceedings of the 2020 ACM Workshop on Information Hiding and Multimedia Security, pp. 115\u2013120 (2020)","DOI":"10.1145\/3369412.3395068"},{"issue":"2","key":"16_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.1998.4655281","volume":"31","author":"NF Johnson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Johnson, N.F., Jajodia, S.: Exploring steganography: seeing the unseen. Computer 31(2), 26\u201334 (1998). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MC.1998.4655281","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"16_CR22","unstructured":"Johnson, N.F., Katzenbeisser, S.: A survey of steganographic techniques. In: Information hiding, pp. 43\u201378 (2000)"},{"key":"16_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kn\u00f6chel, M., Karius, S.: Text steganography methods and their influence in malware: A comprehensive overview and evaluation. In: Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Workshop on Information Hiding and Multimedia Security, pp. 113\u2013124 (2024)","DOI":"10.1145\/3658664.3659637"},{"key":"16_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lamsh\u00f6ft, K., Dittmann, J.: Assessment of hidden channel attacks: Targetting Modbus\/TCP. IFAC-PapersOnLine 53(2) (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ifacol.2020.12.258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2020.12.258"},{"issue":"2","key":"16_CR25","first-page":"142","volume":"2","author":"B Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li, B., He, J., Huang, J., Shi, Y.Q.: A survey on image steganography and steganalysis. J. Inf. Hiding Multim. Signal Process. 2(2), 142\u2013172 (2011)","journal-title":"J. Inf. Hiding Multim. Signal Process."},{"issue":"3","key":"16_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7215","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-023-15263-7","volume":"83","author":"H Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, H., et al.: To deliver more information in coverless information hiding. Multim. Tools Appl. 83(3), 7215\u20137229 (2024)","journal-title":"Multim. Tools Appl."},{"key":"16_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu, T., Liu, Z., Liu, Q., Wen, W., Xu, W., Li, M.: Stegonet: Turn deep neural network into a stegomalware. In: Proc. ACSAC 2020, pp. 928\u2013938. ACM (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3427228.3427268","DOI":"10.1145\/3427228.3427268"},{"issue":"5","key":"16_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2014.6815916","volume":"52","author":"J Lubacz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lubacz, J., Mazurczyk, W., Szczypiorski, K.: Principles and overview of network steganography. IEEE Commun. Mag. 52(5), 225\u2013229 (2014)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"issue":"21","key":"16_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2829","DOI":"10.3390\/math9212829","volume":"9","author":"MA Majeed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Majeed, M.A., Sulaiman, R., Shukur, Z., Hasan, M.K.: A review on text steganography techniques. Mathematics 9(21), 2829 (2021)","journal-title":"Mathematics"},{"key":"16_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Masud, M.A., Akter, S., Sultana, N., Yousuf, M.A., Uddin, M.Z.: Multi-layered password-based steganography: A novel approach for tiered information hiding. techxiv (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36227\/techrxiv.173397886.68744435\/v1","DOI":"10.36227\/techrxiv.173397886.68744435\/v1"},{"key":"16_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazurczyk, W., Szary, P., Wendzel, S., Caviglione, L.: Towards reversible storage network covert channels. In: Proc. ARES 2019, pp.\u00a01\u20138","DOI":"10.1145\/3339252.3341493"},{"key":"16_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mazurczyk, W., Wendzel, S., Cabaj, K.: Towards deriving insights into data hiding methods using pattern-based approach. In: Proc. ARES 2018, pp. 10:1\u201310. ACM (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3230833.3233261","DOI":"10.1145\/3230833.3233261"},{"key":"16_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mileva, A., Caviglione, L., Velinov, A., Wendzel, S., Dimitrova, V.: Risks and opportunities for information hiding in dicom standard. In: CUING, ARES 2021: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3465481.347007","DOI":"10.1145\/3465481.347007"},{"issue":"2","key":"16_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.2478\/s13537-014-0205-6","volume":"4","author":"A Mileva","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mileva, A., Panajotov, B.: Covert channels in TCP\/IP protocol stack-extended version. Open Comput. Sci. 4(2), 45\u201366 (2014)","journal-title":"Open Comput. Sci."},{"key":"16_CR35","unstructured":"Neubert, T., Peuker, B., Schueler, E., Ullrich, H., Buxhoidt, L., Vielhauer, C.: An analysis framework for steganographic network data in industrial control systems. In: Proc. SECURWARE 2024. IARIA (2024)"},{"issue":"11","key":"16_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-015-1728-z","volume":"19","author":"MR Ogiela","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ogiela, M.R., Koptyra, K.: False and multi-secret steganography in digital images. Soft. Comput. 19(11), 3331\u20133339 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00500-015-1728-z","journal-title":"Soft. Comput."},{"key":"16_CR37","unstructured":"OPC Foundation: official website (2025). https:\/\/opcfoundation.org"},{"key":"16_CR38","unstructured":"Pan, X., Zhang, S., Zhang, M., Yang, M.: House of cans: covert transmission of internal datasets via capacity-aware neuron steganography. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (2022)"},{"issue":"7","key":"16_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1109\/5.771065","volume":"87","author":"F Petitcolas","year":"1999","unstructured":"Petitcolas, F., Anderson, R.J., Kuhn, M.G.: Information hiding-a survey. Proc. of the IEEE 87(7), 1062\u20131078 (1999)","journal-title":"Proc. of the IEEE"},{"issue":"7","key":"16_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1109\/5.771065","volume":"87","author":"F Petitcolas","year":"1999","unstructured":"Petitcolas, F., Anderson, R., Kuhn, M.: Information hiding - a survey. Proc. IEEE 87(7), 1062\u20131078 (1999)","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"issue":"3","key":"16_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1109\/MSECP.2003.1203220","volume":"1","author":"N Provos","year":"2003","unstructured":"Provos, N., Honeyman, P.: Hide and seek: an introduction to steganography. IEEE Sec. Priv. 1(3), 32\u201344 (2003)","journal-title":"IEEE Sec. Priv."},{"issue":"2","key":"16_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1049\/cit2.12029","volume":"6","author":"F Regazzoni","year":"2021","unstructured":"Regazzoni, F., Palmieri, P., Smailbegovic, F., Cammarota, R., Polian, I.: Protecting artificial intelligence ips: a survey of watermarking and fingerprinting for machine learning. CAAI Trans. Intell. Technol. 6(2), 180\u2013191 (2021)","journal-title":"CAAI Trans. Intell. Technol."},{"key":"16_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schmidbauer, T., Wendzel, S.: SoK: a survey of indirect network-level covert channels. In: Proc. 17th Asia Conf. Computer and Communications Security (ASIACCS), pp. 546\u2013560. ACM (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3488932.3517418","DOI":"10.1145\/3488932.3517418"},{"key":"16_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, C., Zhang, Y., Lu, G.: Reversible data hiding in encrypted images based on image partition and spatial correlation. In: Proc. International Workshop On Digital Watermarking (IWDW), pp. 180\u2013194 (2018)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-11389-6_14"},{"key":"16_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Song, C., Ristenpart, T., Shmatikov, V.: Machine learning models that remember too much. In: Proc. ACM CCS 2017, pp. 587\u2013601. ACM (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3133956.3134077","DOI":"10.1145\/3133956.3134077"},{"key":"16_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Spiekermann, D., Keller, J., Eggendorfer, T.: Towards covert channels in cloud environments: a study of implementations in virtual networks. In: International Workshop on Digital Watermarking, pp. 248\u2013262. Springer (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-64185-0_19","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-64185-0_19"},{"key":"16_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Strachanski, F., Petrov, D., Schmidbauer, T., Wendzel, S.: A comprehensive pattern-based overview of stegomalware. In: Proc. ARES 2024 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3664476.3670886","DOI":"10.1145\/3664476.3670886"},{"key":"16_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161899","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2951425","volume":"7","author":"A Velinov","year":"2019","unstructured":"Velinov, A., Mileva, A., Wendzel, S., Mazurczyk, W.: Covert channels in the MQTT-based Internet of Things. IEEE Access 7, 161899\u2013161915 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2951425","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"16_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2022.02.083","volume":"488","author":"W Wan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wan, W., et al.: A comprehensive survey on robust image watermarking. Neurocomputing 488, 226\u2013247 (2022)","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"issue":"9","key":"16_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3729165","volume":"57","author":"S Wendzel","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wendzel, S., et al.: A generic taxonomy for steganography methods. ACM Comput. Surv. 57(9), 1\u201337 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3729165","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"16_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2024.3410679","author":"S Wendzel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wendzel, S., Schmidbauer, T., Zillien, S., Keller, J.: DYST (did you see that?): an amplified covert channel that points to previously seen data. IEEE Trans. Dependable Sec. Comput. (TDSC) (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TDSC.2024.3410679","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dependable Sec. Comput. (TDSC)"},{"key":"16_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wendzel, S., Zander, S., Fechner, B., Herdin, C.: Pattern-based survey and categorization of network covert channel techniques. Comp. Surveys 47(3) (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2684195","DOI":"10.1145\/2684195"},{"key":"16_CR53","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-51754-5_33","volume-title":"Local Area Network Security","author":"M Wolf","year":"1989","unstructured":"Wolf, M.: Covert channels in LAN protocols. In: Berson, T.A., Beth, T. (eds.) LANSEC 1989. LNCS, vol. 396, pp. 89\u2013101. Springer, Heidelberg (1989). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/3-540-51754-5_33"},{"key":"16_CR54","unstructured":"Zander, S.: Performance of selected noisy covert channels and their countermeasures in IP networks. Ph.D. thesis, Swinburne Univ. (2010)"},{"issue":"3","key":"16_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2007.4317620","volume":"9","author":"S Zander","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zander, S., Armitage, G., Branch, P.: A survey of covert channels and countermeasures in computer network protocols. Commun. Surv. Tutorials 9(3), 44\u201357 (2007)","journal-title":"Commun. Surv. Tutorials"},{"key":"16_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhiyong, C., Yong, Z.: Entropy based taxonomy of network convert channels. In: Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Power Electronics and Intelligent Transportation System (PEITS), pp. 451\u2013455 (2009)","DOI":"10.1109\/PEITS.2009.5406973"},{"issue":"13","key":"16_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4927","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-018-3151-8","volume":"23","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou, Z., Mu, Y., Wu, Q.: Coverless image steganography using partial-duplicate image retrieval. Soft. Comput. 23(13), 4927\u20134938 (2019)","journal-title":"Soft. Comput."},{"issue":"6","key":"16_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2009.12.010","volume":"29","author":"X Zi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zi, X., Yao, L., Pan, L., Li, J.: Implementing a passive network covert timing channel. Comput. Sec. 29(6), 686\u2013696 (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cose.2009.12.010","journal-title":"Comput. Sec."}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Availability, Reliability and Security"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-032-00635-6_16","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T19:41:54Z","timestamp":1757360514000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-032-00635-6_16"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"ISBN":["9783032006370","9783032006356"],"references-count":58,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-032-00635-6_16","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0302-9743"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1611-3349"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 August 2025","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclosure of Interests"}},{"value":"ARES","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Ghent","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Belgium","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2025","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"11 August 2025","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"14 August 2025","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"20","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"ares-12025","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/2025.ares-conference.eu","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}