{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T06:24:09Z","timestamp":1761891849455,"version":"build-2065373602"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783032030979","type":"print"},{"value":"9783032030986","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The rapid adoption of renewable energy and energy storage technologies has accelerated the deployment of micro grids (MGs), highlighting the need for clear, standardized metrics to evaluate performance. Current definitions of several metrics for MGs vary widely, often ignoring key aspects such as internal losses, storage dynamics, and grid interactions, limiting comparability and practical applicability. This paper presents a comprehensive set of twelve well-defined metrics ranging from 0 to 1, which are inherently aligned with energy conservation principles and explicitly capture system losses. These generalized metrics serve as a framework for deriving use-case-specific metrics and framework-compliant equations. Synthetic yet realistic use case scenarios are used to demonstrate their flexibility and suitability for different technological and regulatory contexts. The results emphasize clarity, consistency, and practical relevance, laying the groundwork for broader empirical validation, standardization, and regulatory integration. Future work should focus on approximation methods to deal with real-world measurement limitations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-03098-6_1","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T04:31:09Z","timestamp":1761885069000},"page":"3-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Proper Definitions of\u00a0Micro Grid Metrics are Needed! \u2013 A\u00a0Generalizable Framework"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7392-5114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Fellerer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3321-7728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana","family":"Helbrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9071-4802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reinhard","family":"German","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"1_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anaza, S.O., Haruna, Y.S., Amoo, A., Sadiq, A.A., Yisah, Y.A.: Micro-grids system: a review of control techniques and strategy, distributed energy sources and energy storage system. In: 2023 2nd International Conference on Multidisciplinary Engineering and Applied Science (ICMEAS), vol.\u00a01, pp.\u00a01\u20136 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICMEAS58693.2023.10429898","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMEAS58693.2023.10429898"},{"key":"1_CR2","unstructured":"Brusermann, M.: Autarkiegrad: Unterschied Eigenverbrauch & Autarkie \u2013 Klarsolar (2022). https:\/\/klarsolar.de\/unterschied-eigenverbrauch-autarkie\/"},{"key":"1_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cunha, P.H., Saavedra, O.R., Oliveira, D.Q.: Critical review of multi-microgrids. In: 2023 15th IEEE International Conference on Industry Applications (INDUSCON), pp. 443\u2013450 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/INDUSCON58041.2023.10374924","DOI":"10.1109\/INDUSCON58041.2023.10374924"},{"key":"1_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fellerer, J., German, R.: Analytical solution for the cost optimal Electric Energy Storage size based on the Effective Energy Shift (EfES) algorithm. In: J\u00f8rgensen, B.N., Ma, Z.G., Wijaya, F.D., Irnawan, R., Sarjiya, S. (eds.) Energy Informatics, pp. 224\u2013246. Springer, Cham (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-74741-0_15","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-74741-0_15"},{"key":"1_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fellerer, J., Scharrer, D., German, R.: Analytic closed-form expressions for energetic measures as a function of the capacity of Electric Energy Storage - Effective Energy Shift algorithm. In: SSRN. SSRN (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4804780. https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=4804780, submitted version (currently in review)","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4804780"},{"key":"1_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"G\u00e4hrs, S., Mehler, K., Bost, M., Hirschl, B.: Acceptance of ancillary services and willingness to invest in PV-storage-systems. Energy Procedia 73, 29\u201336 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.egypro.2015.07.554. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1876610215013223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2015.07.554"},{"key":"1_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Helbrecht, J.: Analysis of Calculation Methods for Energetic Measures in Systems with Electric Energy Storage. Master\u2019s thesis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Computer Science 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25593\/open-fau-1858. https:\/\/open.fau.de\/handle\/openfau\/36088","DOI":"10.25593\/open-fau-1858"},{"key":"1_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hirsch, A., Parag, Y., Guerrero, J.: Microgrids: a review of technologies, key drivers, and outstanding issues. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 90, 402\u2013411 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2018.03.040. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S136403211830128X","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.03.040"},{"key":"1_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hoppmann, J., Volland, J., Schmidt, T.S., Hoffmann, V.H.: The economic viability of battery storage for residential solar photovoltaic systems \u2013 a review and a simulation model. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 39, 1101\u20131118 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2014.07.068. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032114005206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.07.068"},{"key":"1_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Klein, M., Ziade, A., de\u00a0Vries, L.: Aligning prosumers with the electricity wholesale market \u2013 the impact of time-varying price signals and fixed network charges on solar self-consumption. Energy Policy 134, 110901 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.110901. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301421519304793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.110901"},{"key":"1_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu, C., Xu, W., Li, A., Sun, D., Huo, H.: Analysis and optimization of load matching in photovoltaic systems for zero energy buildings in different climate zones of China. J. Clean. Prod. 238, 117914 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.117914. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0959652619327842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.117914"},{"key":"1_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Luthander, R., Wid\u00e9n, J., Nilsson, D., Palm, J.: A Photovoltaic self-consumption in buildings: a review. Appl. Energy 142, 80\u201394 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apenergy.2014.12.028. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0306261914012859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2014.12.028"},{"key":"1_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Monchusi, B.B.: A comprehensive review of microgrid technologies and applications. In: 2023 International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Energy Technologies (ICECET), pp.\u00a01\u20137 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICECET58911.2023.10389254","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECET58911.2023.10389254"},{"key":"1_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oberst, C.A., Madlener, R.: Prosumer preferences regarding the adoption of micro- generation technologies: empirical evidence for German homeowners. In: Working Papers 2015.07, International Network for Economic Research - INFER (2015). https:\/\/ideas.repec.org\/p\/inf\/wpaper\/2015.07.html","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2670035"},{"key":"1_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R\u00fccker, F., et al.: Self-sufficiency and charger constraints of prosumer households with vehicle-to-home strategies. Appl. Energy 317, 119060 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apenergy.2022.119060. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0306261922004561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2022.119060"},{"key":"1_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166502","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3135083","volume":"9","author":"MH Saeed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saeed, M.H., Fangzong, W., Kalwar, B.A., Iqbal, S.: A review on microgrids\u2019 challenges & perspectives. IEEE Access 9, 166502\u2013166517 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3135083","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"1_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Salom, J., Widen, J., Candanedo, J.A.: Understanding net zero energy buildings: evaluation of load matching and grid interaction indicators. In: Proceedings of Building Simulation 2011: 12th Conference of IBPSA. Building Simulation, vol.\u00a012, pp. 2514\u20132521. IBPSA, Sydney (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26868\/25222708.2011.1787. https:\/\/publications.ibpsa.org\/conference\/paper\/?id=bs2011_1787","DOI":"10.26868\/25222708.2011.1787"},{"key":"1_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schill, W.P., Zerrahn, A., Kunz, F.: Prosumage of solar electricity: pros, cons, and the system perspective. Econ. Energy Environ. Policy 6(1), 7\u201332 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5547\/2160-5890.6.1.wsch. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/26189569","DOI":"10.5547\/2160-5890.6.1.wsch"},{"key":"1_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shahgholian, G.: A brief review on microgrids: operation, applications, modeling, and control. Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst. 31(6), e12885 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2050-7038.12885. https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1002\/2050-7038.12885","DOI":"10.1002\/2050-7038.12885"},{"key":"1_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Simoiu, M.S., Fagarasan, I., Ploix, S., Calofir, V.: Optimising the self-consumption and self-sufficiency: a novel approach for adequately sizing a photovoltaic plant with application to a metropolitan station. J. Clean. Prod. 327, 129399 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.129399. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0959652621035824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.129399"},{"key":"1_CR21","unstructured":"Stippe, B.: Eigenverbrauchsquote: Wieviel Solarstrom kann ich selbst nutzen? (2023). https:\/\/solarwissen.selfmade-energy.com\/eigenverbrauchsquote-was-ist-das\/"},{"key":"1_CR22","unstructured":"Team, X.: Eigenverbrauch und Autarkie - Was ist der Unterschied? (2021). https:\/\/x2energy.de\/ratgeber\/fachwissen\/photovoltaik-solaranlage\/eigenverbrauch-und-autarkie-was-ist-der-unterschied"},{"key":"1_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Uddin, M., Mo, H., Dong, D., Elsawah, S., Zhu, J., Guerrero, J.M.: Microgrids: a review, outstanding issues and future trends. Energy Strategy Rev. 49, 101127 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.esr.2023.101127. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2211467X23000779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esr.2023.101127"},{"key":"1_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Voss, K., et al.: Load matching and grid interaction of net zero energy buildings (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18086\/eurosun.2010.06.24","DOI":"10.18086\/eurosun.2010.06.24"},{"key":"1_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zepter, J.M., Engelhardt, J., Gabderakhmanova, T., Marinelli, M.: Re-thinking the definition of self-sufficiency in systems with energy storage. In: 2022 International Conference on Smart Energy Systems and Technologies (SEST), pp.\u00a01\u20136 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SEST53650.2022.9898436","DOI":"10.1109\/SEST53650.2022.9898436"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Energy Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-032-03098-6_1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T04:31:11Z","timestamp":1761885071000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-032-03098-6_1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"ISBN":["9783032030979","9783032030986"],"references-count":25,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-032-03098-6_1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 November 2025","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"EIA Nordic","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Nordic Energy Informatics Academy Conference","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Stockholm","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Sweden","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2025","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"20 August 2025","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"22 August 2025","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"1","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"nordic eia2025a","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/www.nordicenergyinformatics.academy\/2025eianordic","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}