{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T06:35:09Z","timestamp":1761892509990,"version":"build-2065373602"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783032031006","type":"print"},{"value":"9783032031013","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This paper proposes a decentralized voltage control strategy for islanded DC microgrids that replaces conventional droop control with a reinforcement learning (RL)-based approach. Using a Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) agent, the controller learns to generate real-time voltage references based solely on local measurements, eliminating the need for inter-unit communication. Compared to droop control, the proposed method reduces power sharing error from +30% to +8% and halves bus voltage deviation under high line impedance scenarios. The framework adapts to dynamic load and network conditions, offering a scalable and resilient control solution for next-generation microgrids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-03101-3_4","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T04:42:40Z","timestamp":1761885760000},"page":"60-75","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Decentralized Reinforcement Learning for\u00a0Adaptive Power Sharing in\u00a0Hybrid DC Microgrids"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1743-3422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abd Alelah","family":"Derbas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9869-3276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Bordin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0529-0620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sambeet","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8311-7412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frede","family":"Blaabjerg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"4_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30345","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3369609","volume":"12","author":"FS Al-Ismail","year":"2024","unstructured":"Al-Ismail, F.S.: A critical review on DC microgrids voltage control and power management. IEEE Access 12, 30345\u201330361 (2024)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"4","key":"4_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5835","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2022.3190279","volume":"16","author":"M Nabatirad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nabatirad, M., Razzaghi, R., Bahrani, B.: Decentralized energy management and voltage regulation in islanded DC microgrids. IEEE Syst. J. 16(4), 5835\u20135844 (2022)","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"4_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2931837","volume":"16","author":"AM Dissanayake","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dissanayake, A.M., Ekneligoda, N.C.: Multiobjective optimization of droop-controlled distributed generators in DC microgrids. IEEE Trans. Industr. Inf. 16(4), 2423\u20132435 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Industr. Inf."},{"issue":"6","key":"4_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1109\/TCST.2020.3038495","volume":"29","author":"P Nahata","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nahata, P., La Bella, A., Scattolini, R., Ferrari-Trecate, G.: Hierarchical control in islanded DC microgrids with flexible structures. IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol. 29(6), 2379\u20132392 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol."},{"key":"4_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Derbas, A.A., Bordin, C., Mishra, S., Hamzeh, M., Blaabjerg, F.: AC microgrid modeling and adaptive control using biomimetic valence learning: an AI-based approach. In: 2024 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids (SmartGridComm), pp. 117\u2013122 (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/SmartGridComm60555.2024.10738109"},{"key":"4_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Derbas, A.A., Hamzeh, M.: A new power sharing method for improving power management in DC microgrid with power electronic interfaced distributed generations. In: 2019 27th Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE), pp. 624\u2013629 (2019)","DOI":"10.1109\/IranianCEE.2019.8786470"},{"key":"4_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Derbas, A.A., Oshnoei, A., Azzouz, M.A., Awad, A.S.A., Blaabjerg, F., Anvari-Moghaddam, A.: Adaptive damping control to enhance small-signal stability of dc microgrids. IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron. 11(3), 2963\u20132978 (2023)","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2023.3236809"},{"issue":"3","key":"4_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2016.2535264","volume":"7","author":"A Tah","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tah, A., Das, D.: An enhanced droop control method for accurate load sharing and voltage improvement of isolated and interconnected dc microgrids. IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy 7(3), 1194\u20131204 (2016)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy"},{"issue":"5","key":"4_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4373","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2017.2715039","volume":"33","author":"M Davari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Davari, M., Mohamed, Y.A.-R.I.: Robust droop and DC-bus voltage control for effective stabilization and power sharing in VSC multiterminal DC grids. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 33(5), 4373\u20134395 (2018)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"4_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Yang, T., Hao, X., Qi, Y., Li, W.: Data-driven power sharing control within multisource paralleled DAB converters. IEEE Trans. Transport. Electrif., 1 (2025)","DOI":"10.1109\/TTE.2025.3565006"},{"key":"4_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2023.108879","volume":"110","author":"M Ali","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ali, M., Ahmad, M., Koondhar, M.A., Akram, M.S., Verma, A., Khan, B.: Maximum power point tracking for grid-connected photovoltaic system using adaptive fuzzy logic controller. Comput. Electr. Eng. 110, 108879 (2023)","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"4_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208992","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3038735","volume":"8","author":"EO Arwa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arwa, E.O., Folly, K.A.: Reinforcement learning techniques for optimal power control in grid-connected microgrids: a comprehensive review. IEEE Access 8, 208992\u2013209007 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"4_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcontrol.2019.09.008","volume":"48","author":"M Glavic","year":"2019","unstructured":"Glavic, M.: (deep) reinforcement learning for electric power system control and related problems: a short review and perspectives. Annu. Rev. Control. 48, 22\u201335 (2019)","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Control."},{"key":"4_CR14","unstructured":"Cui, Y., Xu, Y., Li, Y., Wang, Y., Zou, X.: Deep reinforcement learning based optimal energy management of multi-energy microgrids with uncertainties. CSEE J. Power Energy Syst., 1\u201312 (2024)"},{"key":"4_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2020.106983","volume":"192","author":"Y Mi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mi, Y., et al.: A power sharing strategy for islanded DC microgrid with unmatched line impedance and local load. Electric Power Syst. Res. 192, 106983 (2021)","journal-title":"Electric Power Syst. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"4_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02286203.2019.1655701","volume":"41","author":"MS Mahmoud","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mahmoud, M.S., Abouheaf, M., Sharaf, A.: Reinforcement learning control approach for autonomous microgrids. Int. J. Model. Simul. 41(1), 1\u201310 (2021)","journal-title":"Int. J. Model. Simul."},{"key":"4_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2021.121873","volume":"238","author":"C Guo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo, C., Wang, X., Zheng, Y., Zhang, F.: Real-time optimal energy management of microgrid with uncertainties based on deep reinforcement learning. Energy 238, 121873 (2022)","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"4_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2024.134165","volume":"314","author":"C Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang, C., et al.: Multiagent deep reinforcement learning-based cooperative optimal operation with strong scalability for residential microgrid clusters. Energy 314, 134165 (2025)","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"4_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Derbas, A.A., Bordin, C., Mishra, S., Blaabjerg, F.: ANN-based real-time optimal voltage control in islanded AC microgrids. In: 2024 IEEE 15th International Symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG), pp. 1\u20135 (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/PEDG61800.2024.10667427"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Energy Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-032-03101-3_4","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T04:42:42Z","timestamp":1761885762000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-032-03101-3_4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"ISBN":["9783032031006","9783032031013"],"references-count":19,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-032-03101-3_4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 November 2025","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"EIA Nordic","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Nordic Energy Informatics Academy Conference","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Stockholm","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Sweden","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2025","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"20 August 2025","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"22 August 2025","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"1","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"nordic eia2025a","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/www.nordicenergyinformatics.academy\/2025eianordic","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}