{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T14:06:27Z","timestamp":1784297187934,"version":"3.55.0"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":125,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783032031754","type":"print"},{"value":"9783032031761","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762992000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-03176-1_13","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T21:47:52Z","timestamp":1762984072000},"page":"255-272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Impact of Oral Immunity on Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Mehrshad","family":"Ashford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heliya","family":"Ziaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nima","family":"Rezaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"13_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2197779","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2023.2197779","volume":"15","author":"A Abdulkareem","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abdulkareem A, Al-Taweel F, Al-Sharqi A, Gul S, Sha A, Chapple I (2023) Current concepts in the pathogenesis of periodontitis: from symbiosis to dysbiosis. J Oral Microbiol 15:2197779. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20002297.2023.2197779","journal-title":"J Oral Microbiol"},{"key":"13_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams B, Nunes JM, Page MJ, Roberts T, Carr J, Nell TA, Kell DB, Pretorius E (2019) Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systemic inflammatory disease accompanied by bacterial Inflammagens. Front Aging Neurosci:11\u20132019. https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/aging-neuroscience\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00210","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00210"},{"key":"13_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adamu A, Li S, Gao F, Xue G (2024) The role of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases: current understanding and future therapeutic targets. Front Aging Neurosci 16. https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/aging-neuroscience\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1347987","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1347987"},{"key":"13_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Adil NA, Omo-Erigbe C, Yadav H, Jain S (2025) The oral\u2013gut microbiome\u2013brain axis in cognition. Microorganisms 13(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms13040814","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13040814"},{"issue":"1","key":"13_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s44400-025-00004-4","volume":"1","author":"D Adnan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Adnan D, Engen PA, Villanueva M, Raeisi S, Ramirez V, Naqib A, Green SJ, Bishehsari F, Barnes LL, Keshavarzian A, Dhana K, Voigt RM (2025) Oral microbiome brain axis and cognitive performance in older adults. Npj Dementia 1(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s44400-025-00004-4","journal-title":"Npj Dementia"},{"key":"13_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Amato M, Polizzi A, Viglianisi G, Leonforte F, Mascitti M, Isola G (2025) Impact of periodontitis and oral dysbiosis metabolites in the modulation of accelerating ageing and human senescence. Meta 15(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo15010035","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15010035"},{"key":"13_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Asher S, Stephen R, M\u00e4ntyl\u00e4 P, Suominen A, Solomon A (2022) Periodontal health, cognitive decline, and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. J Am Geriatr Soc 70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgs.17978","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.17978"},{"issue":"7","key":"13_CR8","first-page":"ZE21-4","volume":"8","author":"T Bansal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bansal T, Pandey ADD, Asthana AK (2014) C-reactive protein (CRP) and its association with periodontal disease: a brief review. J Clin Diagn Res JCDR 8(7):ZE21-4. https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:28126813","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res JCDR"},{"key":"13_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonaz B, Sinniger V, Pellissier S (2017) The Vagus nerve in the neuro-immune axis: implications in the pathology of the gastrointestinal tract. Front Immunol 8. https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/immunology\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01452","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01452"},{"key":"13_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bowland G, Weyrich L (2022) The oral-microbiome-brain axis and neuropsychiatric disorders: an anthropological perspective. Front Psych 13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.810008","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.810008"},{"key":"13_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breit S, Kupferberg A, Rogler G, Hasler G (2018) Vagus nerve as modulator of the brain\u2013gut axis in psychiatric and inflammatory disorders. Front Psych 9. https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/psychiatry\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00044","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00044"},{"issue":"11","key":"13_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13861","volume":"50","author":"\u00c1 Carballo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Carballo \u00c1, L\u00f3pez-Dequidt I, Custodia A, Botelho J, Aramburu-N\u00fa\u00f1ez M, Machado V, P\u00edas-Peleteiro JM, Ouro A, Romaus-Sanjurjo D, V\u00e1zquez-V\u00e1zquez L, Jim\u00e9nez-Mart\u00edn I, Aguiar P, Rodr\u00edguez-Y\u00e1\u00f1ez M, Aldrey JM, Blanco J, Castillo J, Sobrino T, Leira Y (2023) Association of periodontitis with cognitive decline and its progression: contribution of blood-based biomarkers of Alzheimer\u2019s disease to this relationship. J Clin Periodontol 50(11):1444\u20131454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpe.13861","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"13_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carreto-Binaghi LE, Sztein MB, Booth JS (2024) Role of cellular effectors in the induction and maintenance of IgA responses leading to protective immunity against enteric bacterial pathogens. Front Immunol 15. https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/immunology\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1446072","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1446072"},{"key":"13_CR14","first-page":"10.18632\/oncota","volume":"9","author":"L Chen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen L, Deng H, Cui H, Fang J, Zuo Z, Deng J, Li Y, Wang X, Zhao L (2015) Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs. Oncotarget 9:10.18632\/oncotarget.23208","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"13_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-230059","volume":"13","author":"Y Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen Y, Jin Y, Li K, Qiu H, Jiang Z, Zhu J, Chen S, Xie W, Chen G, Yang D (2023) Is there an association between Parkinson\u2019s disease and periodontitis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Parkinsons Dis 13:1107\u20131125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JPD-230059","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"13_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chi L, Cheng X, Lishan L, Yang T, Sun J, Feng Y, Liang F, Pei Z, Teng W (2021) Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced cognitive impairment is associated with gut dysbiosis, neuroinflammation, and glymphatic dysfunction. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.755925","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.755925"},{"issue":"1","key":"13_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5243","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-55272-6","volume":"14","author":"H-A Cho","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cho H-A, Kim B-R, Shin H (2024) Association of periodontal disease treatment with mortality in patients with dementia: a population-based retrospective cohort study (2002\u20132018). Sci Rep 14(1):5243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-55272-6","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"13_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cicho\u0144ska D, Mazu\u015b M, Kusiak A (2024) Recent aspects of periodontitis and Alzheimer\u2019s disease \u2013 a narrative review. Int J Mol Sci 25(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25052612","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052612"},{"key":"13_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dai D, Cao G, Huang S, Xu M, Wang J, Han X, Ma Q, Lin J (2025) Porphyromonas gingivalis exacerbates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by driving Th1 differentiation via ZAP70\/NF-\u03baB signaling. Front Immunol 16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1549102","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1549102"},{"key":"13_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00039.2016","volume":"98","author":"R Dantzer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dantzer R (2018) Neuroimmune interactions: from the brain to the immune system and vice versa. Physiol Rev 98:477\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00039.2016","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"13_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7241312","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7241312","volume":"2019","author":"KQ de Andrade","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Andrade KQ, Almeida-da-Silva CLC, Coutinho-Silva R (2019) Immunological pathways triggered by Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum: therapeutic possibilities? Mediat Inflamm 2019(1):7241312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/7241312","journal-title":"Mediat Inflamm"},{"key":"13_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-Z\u00fa\u00f1iga J, More J, Melgar-Rodr\u00edguez S, Jim\u00e9nez-Uni\u00f3n M, Villalobos-Orchard F, Mu\u00f1oz-Manr\u00edquez C, Monasterio G, Valdes J, Vernal R, Paula-Lima A (2020) Alzheimer\u2019s disease-like pathology triggered by Porphyromonas gingivalis in wild type rats is serotype dependent. Front Immunol 11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.588036","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.588036"},{"key":"13_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.306064","volume":"16","author":"Z-B Ding","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ding Z-B, Song L-J, Wang Q, Kumar G, Yan Y-Q, Ma C-G (2021) Astrocytes: a double-edged sword in neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 16:1702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1673-5374.306064","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"13_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105314","volume":"164","author":"T Doifode","year":"2021","unstructured":"Doifode T, Giridharan VV, Generoso JS, Bhatti G, Collodel A, Schulz PE, Forlenza OV, Barichello T (2021) The impact of the microbiota-gut-brain axis on Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathophysiology. Pharmacol Res 164:105314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105314","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"13_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaau3333","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aau3333","volume":"5","author":"SS Dominy","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dominy SS, Lynch C, Ermini F, Benedyk M, Marczyk A, Konradi A, Nguyen M, Haditsch U, Raha D, Griffin C, Holsinger LJ, Arastu-Kapur S, Kaba S, Lee A, Ryder MI, Potempa B, Mydel P, Hellvard A, Adamowicz K et al (2025) Porphyromonas gingivalis in Alzheimer\u2019s disease brains: evidence for disease causation and treatment with small-molecule inhibitors. Sci Adv 5(1):eaau3333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.aau3333","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"13_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duarte LF, Far\u00edas MA, \u00c1lvarez DM, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, Gonz\u00e1lez PA (2019) Herpes simplex virus type 1 infection of the central nervous system: insights into proposed interrelationships with neurodegenerative disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 13. https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/cellular-neuroscience\/articles\/10.3389\/fncel.2019.00046","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00046"},{"issue":"1","key":"13_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.12.010","volume":"46","author":"N Dutzan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dutzan N, Abusleme L, Bridgeman H, Greenwell-Wild T, Zangerle-Murray T, Fife ME, Bouladoux N, Linley H, Brenchley L, Wemyss K, Calderon G, Hong B-Y, Break TJ, Bowdish DME, Lionakis MS, Jones SA, Trinchieri G, Diaz PI, Belkaid Y et al (2017) On-going mechanical damage from mastication drives homeostatic Th17 cell responses at the oral barrier. Immunity 46(1):133\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.12.010","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"13_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Emery D, Seong J, Davies M, Paterson A, Allen S, West N (2021) Comparison of blood bacterial communities in periodontal health and periodontal disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2020.577485","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.577485"},{"key":"13_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2145729","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2022.2145729","volume":"15","author":"Z Fan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fan Z, Tang P, Li C, Yang Q, Xu Y, Su C, Li L (2022) Fusobacterium nucleatum and its associated systemic diseases: epidemiologic studies and possible mechanisms. J Oral Microbiol 15:2145729. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20002297.2022.2145729","journal-title":"J Oral Microbiol"},{"key":"13_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105990","volume":"169","author":"N Faraji","year":"2025","unstructured":"Faraji N, Payami B, Ebadpour N, Gorji A (2025) Vagus nerve stimulation and gut microbiota interactions: a novel therapeutic avenue for neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 169:105990. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105990","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"13_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-02027-5","volume":"17","author":"Y-K Feng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Feng Y-K, Wu Q-L, Peng Y-W, Liang F-Y, You H-J, Feng Y-W, Li G, Li X-J, Liu S-H, Li Y-C, Zhang Y, Pei Z (2020) Oral P. gingivalis impairs gut permeability and mediates immune responses associated with neurodegeneration in LRRK2 R1441G mice. J Neuroinflammation 17(1):347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-020-02027-5","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"13_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Feng S, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Shu Z, Cheng Z, Brenner C, Feng P (2023) Mechanistic insights into the role of herpes simplex virus 1 in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Front Aging Neurosci 15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1245904","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1245904"},{"key":"13_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fulop T, Witkowski J, Bourgade K, Khalil A, Zerif E, Larbi A, Hirokawa K, Bocti C, Lacombe G, Dupuis G, Frost E (2018) Can an infection hypothesis explain the beta amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease? Front Aging Neurosci 10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00224","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00224"},{"key":"13_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Galea I (2021) The blood\u2013brain barrier in systemic infection and inflammation. Cell Mol Immunol 18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41423-021-00757-x","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00757-x"},{"key":"13_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-124X.55840","volume":"13","author":"D Gani","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gani D, Lakshmi D, Krishnan R, Emmadi P (2009) Evaluation of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 in the peripheral blood of patients with chronic periodontitis. J Indian Soc Periodontol 13:69\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0972-124X.55840","journal-title":"J Indian Soc Periodontol"},{"issue":"1","key":"13_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01588-0","volume":"8","author":"C Gao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gao C, Jiang J, Tan Y, Chen S (2023) Microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanism and potential therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 8(1):359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-023-01588-0","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"13_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gryka-Marton M, Grabowska AD, Szukiewicz D (2025) Breaking the barrier: the role of Proinflammatory cytokines in BBB dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 26(8). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26083532","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26083532"},{"issue":"7","key":"13_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00488-6","volume":"21","author":"G Hajishengallis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hajishengallis G, Chavakis T (2021) Local and systemic mechanisms linking periodontal disease and inflammatory comorbidities. Nat Rev Immunol 21(7):426\u2013440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41577-020-00488-6","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"13_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12371","volume":"2000","author":"G Hajishengallis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hajishengallis G, Lamont R (2021) Polymicrobial communities in periodontal disease: their quasi-organismal nature and dialogue with the host. Periodontology 2000:86. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/prd.12371","journal-title":"Periodontology"},{"issue":"1","key":"13_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-015-0332-6","volume":"12","author":"ICM Hoogland","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hoogland ICM, Houbolt C, van Westerloo DJ, van Gool WA, van de Beek D (2015) Systemic inflammation and microglial activation: systematic review of animal experiments. J Neuroinflammation 12(1):114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-015-0332-6","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"13_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang Z, Hao M, Shi N, Wang X, Yuan L, Yuan H, Wang X (2025) Porphyromonas gingivalis: a potential trigger of neurodegenerative disease. Front Immunol 16. https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/immunology\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1482033","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1482033"},{"issue":"10","key":"13_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0204941","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204941","volume":"13","author":"V Ilievski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ilievski V, Zuchowska PK, Green SJ, Toth PT, Ragozzino ME, Le K, Aljewari HW, O\u2019Brien-Simpson NM, Reynolds EC, Watanabe K (2018) Chronic oral application of a periodontal pathogen results in brain inflammation, neurodegeneration and amyloid beta production in wild type mice. PLoS One 13(10):e0204941. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0204941","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"13_CR1000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Itzhaki RF (2018) Corroboration of a Major Role for Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 10:324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00324","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00324"},{"key":"13_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Iqbal U, Zeng E, Pasinetti G (2020) The use of antimicrobial and antiviral drugs in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Int J Mol Sci 21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21144920","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21144920"},{"issue":"1","key":"13_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16594","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96147-4","volume":"11","author":"E Jeong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jeong E, Park J-B, Park Y-G (2021) Evaluation of the association between periodontitis and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease: a nationwide retrospective cohort study. Sci Rep 11(1):16594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-96147-4","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"13_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jia L, Han N, Du J, Guo L, Luo Z, Liu Y (2019) Pathogenesis of important virulence factors of Porphyromonas gingivalis via toll-like receptors. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00262","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00262"},{"issue":"87","key":"13_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12398","volume":"2000","author":"Y Kapila","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kapila Y (2021) Oral health\u2019s inextricable connection to systemic health: special populations bring to bear multimodal relationships and factors connecting periodontal disease to systemic diseases and conditions. Periodontology 2000(87):11\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/prd.12398","journal-title":"Periodontology"},{"key":"13_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-6434-1_174-1","volume-title":"Neuroscience in the 21st century","author":"RH Kennedy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kennedy RH, Silver R (2016) Neuroimmune signaling: cytokines and the CNS. In: Pfaff DW, Volkow ND (eds) Neuroscience in the 21st century. Springer, New York, pp 1\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4614-6434-1_174-1"},{"issue":"4","key":"13_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2009.12.009","volume":"1802","author":"EK Kim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kim EK, Choi E-J (2010) Pathological roles of MAPK signaling pathways in human diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta 1802(4):396\u2013405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbadis.2009.12.009","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"13_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"002203452092612","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034520926126","volume":"99","author":"S Kleinstein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kleinstein S, Nelson KE, Freire M (2020) Inflammatory networks linking oral microbiome with systemic health and disease. J Dent Res 99:002203452092612. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022034520926126","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"13_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konkel JE, O\u2019Boyle C, Krishnan S (2019) Distal consequences of oral inflammation. Front Immunol 10. https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/immunology\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01403","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01403"},{"key":"13_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kulkarni MS, Miller BC, Mahani M, Mhaskar R, Tsalatsanis A, Jain S, Yadav H (2023) Poor oral health linked with higher risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Brain Sci 13(11). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci13111555","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13111555"},{"issue":"1","key":"13_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-020-00221-2","volume":"9","author":"HS Kwon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kwon HS, Koh S-H (2020) Neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders: the roles of microglia and astrocytes. Transl Neurodegener 9(1):42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40035-020-00221-2","journal-title":"Transl Neurodegener"},{"key":"13_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lamptey RNL, Chaulagain B, Trivedi R, Gothwal A, Layek B, Singh J (2022) A review of the common neurodegenerative disorders: current therapeutic approaches and the potential role of nanotherapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 23(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23031851","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031851"},{"key":"13_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.651973","volume":"13","author":"D Lana","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lana D, Ugolini F, Nosi D, Wenk G, Giovannini M (2021) The emerging role of the interplay among astrocytes, microglia, and neurons in the hippocampus in health and disease. Front Aging Neurosci 13:651973. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2021.651973","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"13_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, A., Du, M., Chen, Y., Marks LAM, Visser, A., Xu, S., & Tjakkes, G.-H. (2022). Periodontitis and cognitive impairment in older adults: the mediating role of mitochondrial dysfunction. J Periodontol https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/JPER.21-0620","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.21-0620"},{"key":"13_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li R, Wang J, Xiong W, Luo Y, Feng H, Zhou H, Peng Y, He Y, Ye Q (2024a) The oral-brain axis: can periodontal pathogens trigger the onset and progression of Alzheimer\u2019s disease? Front Microbiol 15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1358179","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1358179"},{"key":"13_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li R, Wang J, Xiong W, Luo Y, Feng H, Zhou H, Peng Y, He Y, Ye Q (2024b) The oral-brain axis: can periodontal pathogens trigger the onset and progression of Alzheimer\u2019s disease? Front Microbiol 15. https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/microbiology\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1358179","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1358179"},{"key":"13_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu X-J, Che P, Xing M, Tian X-B, Gao C, Li X, Zhang N (2021) Cerebral hemodynamics and carotid atherosclerosis in patients with subcortical ischemic vascular dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 13. https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/aging-neuroscience\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2021.741881","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.741881"},{"key":"13_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu Y, Qv W, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Ding C, Chu M, Chen F (2022) The interplay between oral microbes and immune responses. Front Microbiol 13. https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/microbiology\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1009018","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1009018"},{"issue":"1","key":"13_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s44298-025-00099-9","volume":"3","author":"L Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu L, Bano F, Conca DV, Thorsteinsson K, Jayaweera SW, Avinens D, Pace H, L\u00f6vheim H, Olofsson A, Bally M (2025) Recruitment of apolipoprotein E facilitates herpes simplex virus 1 attachment and release. Npj Viruses 3(1):13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s44298-025-00099-9","journal-title":"Npj Viruses"},{"key":"13_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lyra P, Botelho J, Machado V, Rota S, Walker R, Staunton J, Proen\u00e7a L, Ray Chaudhuri K, Mendes JJ (2022) Self-reported periodontitis and C-reactive protein in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a cross-sectional study of two American cohorts. Npj Parkinsons Disease 8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41531-022-00302-1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-022-00302-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"13_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-024-03122-4","volume":"14","author":"S Malan-M\u00fcller","year":"2024","unstructured":"Malan-M\u00fcller S, Vidal R, O\u2019Shea E, Montero E, Figuero E, Zorrilla I, de Diego-Adeli\u00f1o J, Cano M, Garc\u00eda-Portilla MP, Gonz\u00e1lez-Pinto A, Leza JC (2024) Probing the oral-brain connection: oral microbiome patterns in a large community cohort with anxiety, depression, and trauma symptoms, and periodontal outcomes. Transl Psychiatry 14(1):419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-024-03122-4","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"13_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2009.080561","volume":"80","author":"A Marcaccini","year":"2009","unstructured":"Marcaccini A, Meschiari C, Sorgi C, Pereira Saraiva M, Souza A, Faccioli LH, Tanus-Santos J, Novaes A Jr, Gerlach R (2009) Circulating Interleukin-6 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein decrease after periodontal therapy in otherwise healthy subjects. J Periodontol 80:594\u2013602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1902\/jop.2009.080561","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"13_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.709438","volume":"12","author":"M Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda M, Hern\u00e1ndez-Lemus E (2021) Periodontal inflammation and systemic diseases: an overview. Front Physiol 12:709438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2021.709438","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"13_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.11.001","volume":"137","author":"S Matsuda","year":"2024","unstructured":"Matsuda S, Shintani T, Miyagawa T, Yumoto H, Komatsu Y, Dewake N, Iwata T, Nagano T, Morozumi T, Goto R, Kato S, Kitamura M, Shin K, Sekino S, Yamashita A, Yamashita K, Yoshimura A, Sugaya T, Takashiba S et al (2024) Effect of periodontal treatment on reducing chronic inflammation in systemically healthy patients with periodontal disease. Am J Med 137(3):273\u2013279.e2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.11.001","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"13_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mayer MG, Fischer T (2025) Shared mechanisms of blood-brain barrier dysfunction and neuroinflammation in COVID-19 and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Am J Pathol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.03.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.03.011"},{"key":"13_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mayer C, Walther C, Borof K, N\u00e4gele F, Petersen M, Schell M, Gerloff C, K\u00fchn S, Heydecke G, Beikler T, Cheng B, Thomalla G, Aarabi G (2023) Association between periodontal disease and microstructural brain alterations in the Hamburg City health study. J Clin Periodontol 51. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpe.13828","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13828"},{"key":"13_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2024.105900","volume":"181","author":"C Mekhora","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mekhora C, Lamport DJ, Spencer JPE (2024) An overview of the relationship between inflammation and cognitive function in humans, molecular pathways and the impact of nutraceuticals. Neurochem Int 181:105900. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuint.2024.105900","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"13_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1462399411002006","volume":"13","author":"J Miklossy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Miklossy J (2011) Emerging roles of pathogens in AD. Expert Rev Mol Med 13:e30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1462399411002006","journal-title":"Expert Rev Mol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"13_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2010.01.014","volume":"24","author":"\u00c1C Murphy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Murphy \u00c1C, Lalor SJ, Lynch MA, Mills KHG (2010) Infiltration of Th1 and Th17 cells and activation of microglia in the CNS during the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain Behav Immun 24(4):641\u2013651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2010.01.014","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"13_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13121084","volume":"13","author":"P Murray","year":"2024","unstructured":"Murray P, Coffman J, Garcia-Godoy F (2024) Oral pathogens\u2019 substantial burden on cancer, cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer\u2019s, diabetes, and other systemic diseases: a public health crisis \u2013 a comprehensive review. Pathogens 13:1084. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens13121084","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"13_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/476068","volume":"2014","author":"J Mysak","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mysak J, Podzimek S, Sommerova P, Lyuya-Mi Y, B\u00e1rtov\u00e1 J, Janatova T, Proch\u00e1zkov\u00e1 J, Duskova J (2014) Porphyromonas gingivalis: major periodontopathic pathogen overview. J Immunol Res 2014:476068. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/476068","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"13_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nicholson J, Landry K (2022) Oral dysbiosis and neurodegenerative diseases: correlations and potential causations. Microorganisms 10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms10071326","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10071326"},{"issue":"11","key":"13_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.174029","volume":"80","author":"JM Noble","year":"2009","unstructured":"Noble JM, Borrell LN, Papapanou PN, Elkind MSV, Scarmeas N, Wright CB (2009) Periodontitis is associated with cognitive impairment among older adults: analysis of NHANES-III. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 80(11):1206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.2009.174029","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"13_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01551","volume":"11","author":"M Nunes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nunes M, Fillis T, Page M, Venter C, Lancry O, Kell D, Windberger U, Pretorius E (2020) Gingipain R1 and lipopolysaccharide from Porphyromonas gingivalis have major effects on blood clot morphology and mechanics. Front Immunol 11:1551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01551","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"13_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340085","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2017.1340085","volume":"9","author":"I Olsen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Olsen I, John DL, Hajishengallis G (2017) Porphyromonas gingivalis disturbs host\u2013commensal homeostasis by changing complement function. J Oral Microbiol 9(1):1340085. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20002297.2017.1340085","journal-title":"J Oral Microbiol"},{"key":"13_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Peggion C, Cal\u00ec T, Brini M (2024) Mitochondria dysfunction and neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration: who comes first? Antioxidants 13(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox13020240","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13020240"},{"key":"13_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9386","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159386","volume":"19","author":"F Pisani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pisani F, Pisani V, Arcangeli F, Harding A, Singhrao S (2022) The mechanistic pathways of periodontal pathogens entering the brain: the potential role of Treponema denticola in tracing Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19:9386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19159386","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"13_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Plachokova AS, Gjaltema J, Hagens ERC, Hashemi Z, Kn\u00fcppe TBA, Kootstra TJM, Visser A, Bloem BR (2024) Periodontitis: a plausible modifiable risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases? A comprehensive review. Int J Mol Sci 25(8). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25084504","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25084504"},{"key":"13_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Polak D, Shmueli A, Brenner T, Shapira L (2018) Oral infection with P. gingivalis exacerbates autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Periodontol 89. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jper.17-0531","DOI":"10.1002\/jper.17-0531"},{"key":"13_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3233\/978-1-61499-706-1-105","volume":"5","author":"S Poole","year":"2017","unstructured":"Poole S, Singhrao S, Kesavalu L, Curtis M, Crean S (2017) Determining the presence of Periodontopathic virulence factors in short-term postmortem Alzheimer\u2019s disease brain tissue. Adv Alzheimer\u2019s Dis 5:105\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/978-1-61499-706-1-105","journal-title":"Adv Alzheimer\u2019s Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"13_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2023.82","volume":"11","author":"SM Pruntel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pruntel SM, van Munster BC, de Vries JJ, Vissink A, Visser A (2024) Oral health as a risk factor for Alzheimer disease. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 11(1):249\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14283\/jpad.2023.82","journal-title":"J Prev Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"13_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin J, Ma Z, Chen X, Shu S (2023) Microglia activation in central nervous system disorders: a review of recent mechanistic investigations and development efforts. Front Neurol 14. https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/neurology\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2023.1103416","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1103416"},{"key":"13_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2021.02.010","volume":"19","author":"A Radaic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Radaic A, Kapila YL (2021) The oralome and its dysbiosis: new insights into oral microbiome-host interactions. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 19:1335\u20131360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.csbj.2021.02.010","journal-title":"Comput Struct Biotechnol J"},{"key":"13_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Raha D, Broce S, Haditsch U, Rodriguez L, Ermini F, Detke M, Kapur S, Hennings D, Roth T, Nguyen M, Holsinger L, Lynch C, Dominy S (2020) COR388, a novel gingipain inhibitor, decreases fragmentation of APOE in the central nervous system of Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients: human\/human trials: other. Alzheimers Dement 16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alz.040578","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.040578"},{"key":"13_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rajasekaran JJ, Krishnamurthy HK, Bosco J, Jayaraman V, Krishna K, Wang T, Bei K (2024) Oral microbiome: a review of its impact on oral and systemic health. Microorganisms 12(9). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms12091797","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12091797"},{"issue":"4","key":"13_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0385-3","volume":"12","author":"RM Ransohoff","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ransohoff RM, Schafer D, Vincent A, Blach\u00e8re NE, Bar-Or A (2015) Neuroinflammation: ways in which the immune system affects the brain. Neurotherapeutics 12(4):896\u2013909. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13311-015-0385-3","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"2","key":"13_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0902-0055.2001.00100.x","volume":"17","author":"GR Riviere","year":"2002","unstructured":"Riviere GR, Riviere KH, Smith KS (2002) Molecular and immunological evidence of oral Treponema in the human brain and their association with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Oral Microbiol Immunol 17(2):113\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.0902-0055.2001.00100.x","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"13_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ryder M (2020) Porphyromonas gingivalis and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: recent findings and potential therapies. J Periodontol 91. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jper.20-0104","DOI":"10.1002\/jper.20-0104"},{"key":"13_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sankowski R, Mader S, Vald\u00e9s-Ferrer SI (2015) Systemic inflammation and the brain: novel roles of genetic, molecular, and environmental cues as drivers of neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 9. https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:6337174","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00028"},{"key":"13_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sansores-Espa\u00f1a LD, Melgar-Rodr\u00edguez S, Olivares-Sagredo K, Cafferata EA, Mart\u00ednez-Aguilar VM, Vernal R, Paula-Lima AC, D\u00edaz-Z\u00fa\u00f1iga J (2021) Oral-gut-brain Axis in experimental models of periodontitis: associating gut dysbiosis with neurodegenerative diseases. Frontiers in Aging 2. https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/aging\/articles\/10.3389\/fragi.2021.781582","DOI":"10.3389\/fragi.2021.781582"},{"key":"13_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15353702231187645","volume":"248","author":"L Santacroce","year":"2023","unstructured":"Santacroce L, Passarelli PC, Azzolino D, Bottalico L, Charitos I, Cazzolla A, Colella M, Topi S, Garcia-Godoy F, D\u2019Addona A (2023) Oral microbiota in human health and disease: a perspective. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 248:15353702231187644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15353702231187645","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"},{"issue":"1","key":"13_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s40635-016-0091-4","volume":"4","author":"H Schweigh\u00f6fer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schweigh\u00f6fer H, Rummel C, Roth J, Rosengarten B (2016) Modulatory effects of vagal stimulation on neurophysiological parameters and the cellular immune response in the rat brain during systemic inflammation. Intensive Care Med Exp 4(1):19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40635-016-0091-4","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med Exp"},{"key":"13_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shen Y, Fan N, Ma S, Cheng X, Yang X, Wang G (2025) Gut microbiota Dysbiosis: pathogenesis, diseases, prevention, and therapy. MedComm 6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mco2.70168","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70168"},{"key":"13_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Singh A, Kukreti R, Saso L, Kukreti S (2019) Oxidative stress: a key modulator in neurodegenerative diseases. Molecules 24(8). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules24081583","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24081583"},{"issue":"1","key":"13_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3233\/ADR-180080","volume":"2","author":"SK Singhrao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Singhrao SK, Olsen I (2018) Are Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membrane vesicles microbullets for sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s disease manifestation? J Alzheimer\u2019s Dise Rep 2(1):219\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/ADR-180080","journal-title":"J Alzheimer\u2019s Dise Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"13_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877241289548","volume":"102","author":"L Soiniemi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Soiniemi L, Solje E, Suominen AL, Kanninen KM, Kullaa AM (2024) The association between oral diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis 102(3):577\u2013586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13872877241289548","journal-title":"J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis"},{"key":"13_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.4103\/JPBS.JPBS_56_19","volume":"11","author":"K Subbarao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Subbarao K, Nattuthurai G, Sundararajan S, Sujith I, Joseph J, Syedshah Y (2019) Gingival Crevicular fluid: an overview. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 11:135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/JPBS.JPBS_56_19","journal-title":"J Pharm Bioallied Sci"},{"key":"13_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sun Q, Li M (2025) Association between periodontitis and cognitive impairment in older adults: a cross-sectional study of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health 102020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cegh.2025.102020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2025.102020"},{"key":"13_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.903455","volume":"14","author":"Y Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun Y, Koyama Y, Shimada S (2022) Inflammation from peripheral organs to the brain: how does systemic inflammation cause neuroinflammation? Front Aging Neurosci 14:903455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2022.903455","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"13_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Szablewski L (2025) Associations between diabetes mellitus and neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Mol Sci 26(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26020542","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26020542"},{"issue":"3","key":"13_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21688370.2019.1651158","volume":"7","author":"N Takahashi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Takahashi N, Benso S, Miki Y-H, Takahiro T, Koichi T, Yamazaki K (2019) Gingival epithelial barrier: regulation by beneficial and harmful microbes. Tissue Barriers 7(3):e1651158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21688370.2019.1651158","journal-title":"Tissue Barriers"},{"key":"13_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takata F, Nakagawa S, Matsumoto J, Dohgu S (2021) Blood-brain barrier dysfunction amplifies the development of Neuroinflammation: understanding of cellular events in brain microvascular endothelial cells for prevention and treatment of BBB dysfunction. Front Cell Neurosci 15. https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/cellular-neuroscience\/articles\/10.3389\/fncel.2021.661838","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.661838"},{"key":"13_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12101383","volume":"12","author":"N Tanabe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tanabe N, Tomita K, Manaka S, Ichikawa R, Takayama T, Kawato T, Ono M, Masai Y, Utsu A, Suzuki N, Sato S (2023) Co-stimulation of AGEs and LPS induces inflammatory mediators through PLC\u03b31\/JNK\/NF-\u03baB pathway in MC3T3-E1 cells. Cells 12:1383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells12101383","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"13_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.907804","volume":"13","author":"V Tran","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tran V, Lee L, Cho H (2022) Neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration via microbial infections. Front Immunol 13:907804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.907804","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"13_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2023.105712","volume":"151","author":"MC Verhoeff","year":"2023","unstructured":"Verhoeff MC, Eikenboom D, Koutris M, de Vries R, Berendse HW, van Dijk KD, Lobbezoo F (2023) Parkinson\u2019s disease and oral health: a systematic review. Arch Oral Biol 151:105712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2023.105712","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"issue":"10","key":"13_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5476","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01138-6","volume":"26","author":"M Wainberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wainberg M, Luquez T, Koelle DM, Readhead B, Johnston C, Darvas M, Funk CC (2021) The viral hypothesis: how herpesviruses may contribute to Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Mol Psychiatry 26(10):5476\u20135480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-021-01138-6","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"13_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.07.002","volume":"81","author":"RP-H Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang RP-H, Ho Y-S, Leung WK, Goto T, Chang RC-C (2019) Systemic inflammation linking chronic periodontitis to cognitive decline. Brain Behav Immun 81:63\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.07.002","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"13_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4743","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41218-w","volume":"9","author":"C Warren-Gash","year":"2019","unstructured":"Warren-Gash C, Forbes HJ, Williamson E, Breuer J, Hayward AC, Mavrodaris A, Ridha BH, Rossor MN, Thomas SL, Smeeth L (2019) Human herpesvirus infections and dementia or mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 9(1):4743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-41218-w","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"13_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01427-2","volume":"8","author":"T-S Wong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wong T-S, Li G, Li S, Gao W, Chen G, Gan S, Zhang M, Li H, Wu S, Du Y (2023) G protein-coupled receptors in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. Signal Transduct Target Ther 8(1):177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-023-01427-2","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"13_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2020.10.044","volume":"82","author":"D Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu D, Wang C, Pang P, Kong H, Lin Z, Wang H, Chen X, Zhao J, Hao Z, Zhang T, Guo X (2020) The association between herpes simplex virus type 1 infection and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Clin Neurosci 82:63\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2020.10.044","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"13_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu H, Qiu W, Zhu X, Li X, Xie Z, Carreras I, Dedeoglu A, Van Dyke T, Han YW, Karimbux N, Tu Q, Cheng L, Chen J (2022a) The periodontal pathogen Fusobacterium nucleatum exacerbates Alzheimer\u2019s pathogenesis via specific pathways. Front Aging Neurosci 14. https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/aging-neuroscience\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2022.912709","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.912709"},{"key":"13_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu L, Su X, Tang Z, Jian L, Zhu H, Cheng X, Wu H (2022b) Treponema denticola induces neuronal apoptosis by promoting amyloid-\u03b2 accumulation in mice. Pathogens 11(10). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens11101150","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11101150"},{"issue":"1","key":"13_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dentre.2022.100062","volume":"3","author":"DT Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu DT, Cho YW, Spalti MD, Bishara M, Nguyen TT (2023) The link between periodontitis and Alzheimer\u2019s disease \u2013 emerging clinical evidence. Dent Rev 3(1):100062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dentre.2022.100062","journal-title":"Dent Rev"},{"key":"13_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2024.105880","volume":"180","author":"J Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu J, Wu J, Chen T, Cai J, Ren R (2024) Protein aggregation and its affecting mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurochem Int 180:105880. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuint.2024.105880","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"13_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.13.4.547","volume":"13","author":"L Xiaojing","year":"2000","unstructured":"Xiaojing L, Kolltveit KM, Leif T, Ingar O (2000) Systemic diseases caused by oral infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 13(4):547\u2013558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cmr.13.4.547","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"13_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-020-00096-z","volume":"12","author":"M Xie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xie M, Tang Q, Yu S, Sun J, Mei F, Zhao J, Chen L (2020) Porphyromonas gingivalis disrupts vascular endothelial homeostasis in a TLR-NF-\u03baB axis dependent manner. Int J Oral Sci 12(1):28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41368-020-00096-z","journal-title":"Int J Oral Sci"},{"key":"13_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdsr.2023.08.003","volume":"59","author":"K Yamazaki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yamazaki K (2023) Oral-gut axis as a novel biological mechanism linking periodontal disease and systemic diseases: a review. Jpn Dent Sci Rev 59:273\u2013280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdsr.2023.08.003","journal-title":"Jpn Dent Sci Rev"},{"key":"13_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang J, Ran M, Li H, Lin Y, Ma K, Yang Y, Fu X, Yang S (2022) New insight into neurological degeneration: inflammatory cytokines and blood\u2013brain barrier. Front Mol Neurosci 15. https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/molecular-neuroscience\/articles\/10.3389\/fnmol.2022.1013933","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2022.1013933"},{"issue":"12","key":"13_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.23-0274","volume":"94","author":"M Yilmaz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yilmaz M, Yay E, Balci N, Toygar H, K\u0131l\u0131c BB, Zirh A, Rivas CA, Kantarci A (2023) Parkinson\u2019s disease is positively associated with periodontal inflammation. J Periodontol 94(12):1425\u20131435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/JPER.23-0274","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"13_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Liu D, Liu S, Zhang S, Pan Y (2021a) The role of Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membrane vesicles in periodontal disease and related systemic diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2020.585917","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.585917"},{"key":"13_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang J, Xie M, Huang X, Chen G, Yin Y, Lu X, Feng G, Yu R, Chen L (2021b) The effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis on atherosclerosis-related cells. Front Immunol 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.766560","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.766560"},{"issue":"1","key":"13_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01486-5","volume":"8","author":"W Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang W, Xiao D, Mao Q, Xia H (2023) Role of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration development. Signal Transduct Target Ther 8(1):267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-023-01486-5","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"13_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang R, Ding N, Feng X, Liao W (2025) The gut microbiome, immune modulation, and cognitive decline: insights on the gut-brain axis. Front Immunol 16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1529958","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1529958"}],"container-title":["Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology","Oral Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-032-03176-1_13","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T13:35:09Z","timestamp":1784295309000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-032-03176-1_13"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"ISBN":["9783032031754","9783032031761"],"references-count":125,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-032-03176-1_13","relation":{},"ISSN":["0065-2598","2214-8019"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0065-2598","type":"print"},{"value":"2214-8019","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 November 2025","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}}]}}