{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T22:31:59Z","timestamp":1761172319516,"version":"build-2065373602"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783032032805","type":"print"},{"value":"9783032032812","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-03281-2_6","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T04:57:27Z","timestamp":1761109047000},"page":"79-93","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["MxGPU: A Case Study on\u00a0OS-Controlled GPGPU Multiplexing"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2426-4798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcel L\u00fctke","family":"Dreimann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9469-2367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olaf","family":"Spinczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"6_CR1","unstructured":"Enabling the guc\/huc firmware for linux* on new intel gpu platforms. Technical Report 609249-1.0, Intel Corporation (2019). https:\/\/www.intel.de\/content\/www\/de\/de\/content-details\/609249\/enabling-the-guc-huc-firmware-for-linux-on-new-intel-gpu-platforms.html"},{"key":"6_CR2","unstructured":"Nvidia multi-instance gpu and nvidia virtual compute server. Tech. Rep. TB-10226-001_v01, NVIDIA Corporation, 2788 San Tomas Expressway, Santa Clara, CA 95051 (November 2020), https:\/\/www.nvidia.com\/content\/dam\/en-zz\/Solutions\/design-visualization\/solutions\/resources\/documents1\/Technical-Brief-Multi-Instance-GPU-NVIDIA-Virtual-Compute-Server.pdf"},{"key":"6_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alyas, M., Hassan, H.: Gpgpu virtualization techniques a comparative survey. VAWKUM Trans. Comput. Sci. 8(1), 09\u201322 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21015\/vtcs.v15i3.521. https:\/\/vfast.org\/journals\/index.php\/VTCS\/article\/view\/521","DOI":"10.21015\/vtcs.v15i3.521"},{"key":"6_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Atzori, A., Barra, S., Carta, S., Fenu, G., Podda, A.S.: Heimdall: an ai-based infrastructure for traffic monitoring and anomalies detection. In: 2021 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops and other Affiliated Events (PerCom Workshops), pp. 154\u2013159 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/PerComWorkshops51409.2021.9431052","DOI":"10.1109\/PerComWorkshops51409.2021.9431052"},{"key":"6_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Campmany, V., Silva, S., Espinosa, A., Moure, J., V\u00e1zquez, D., L\u00f3pez, A.: Gpu-based pedestrian detection for autonomous driving. Procedia Comput. Sci. 80, 2377\u20132381 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2016.05.455. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1877050916309395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2016.05.455"},{"key":"6_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dreimann, M.L., M\u00fchlig, J., M\u00fcller, M., Spinczyk, O., Teubner, J.: MxKernel: A Bare-Metal Runtime System for Database Operations on Heterogeneous Many-Core Hardware, pp. 117\u2013143. Springer, Cham (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-74097-8_5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-74097-8_5"},{"key":"6_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Duato, J., Pe\u00f1a, A.J., Silla, F., Fern\u00e1ndez, J.C., Mayo, R., Quintana-Ort\u00ed, E.S.: Enabling cuda acceleration within virtual machines using rcuda. In: 2011 18th International Conference on High Performance Computing, pp. 1\u201310 (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/HiPC.2011.6152718","DOI":"10.1109\/HiPC.2011.6152718"},{"key":"6_CR8","unstructured":"Feske, N.: Genode operating system framework (2015)"},{"key":"6_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gottschlag, M., Hillenbrand, M., Kehne, J., Stoess, J., Bellosa, F.: Logv: low-overhead gpgpu virtualization. In: 2013 IEEE 10th International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications & 2013 IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Ubiquitous Computing, pp. 1721\u20131726 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/HPCC.and.EUC.2013.245","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCC.and.EUC.2013.245"},{"key":"6_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Grauer-Gray, S., Xu, L., Searles, R., Ayalasomayajula, S., Cavazos, J.: Auto-tuning a high-level language targeted to gpu codes. In: 2012 Innovative Parallel Computing (InPar), pp. 1\u201310 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/InPar.2012.6339595","DOI":"10.1109\/InPar.2012.6339595"},{"key":"6_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Haleem, A., Javaid, M., Khan, I.H.: Current status and applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in medical field: an overview. Curr. Med. Res. Pract. 9(6), 231\u2013237 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmrp.2019.11.005. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S235208171930193X","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmrp.2019.11.005"},{"issue":"12","key":"6_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3472","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2017.2717908","volume":"28","author":"CH Hong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hong, C.H., Spence, I., Nikolopoulos, D.S.: Fairgv: fair and fast gpu virtualization. IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst. 28(12), 3472\u20133485 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TPDS.2017.2717908","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"6_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hong, C.H., Spence, I., Nikolopoulos, D.S.: Gpu virtualization and scheduling methods: a comprehensive survey. ACM Comput. Surv. 50(3) (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3068281","DOI":"10.1145\/3068281"},{"issue":"7","key":"6_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1145\/3007611.2892246","volume":"51","author":"YJ Huang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huang, Y.J., Wu, H.H., Chung, Y.C., Hsu, W.C.: Building a kvm-based hypervisor for a heterogeneous system architecture compliant system. SIGPLAN Not. 51(7), 3\u201315 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3007611.2892246","journal-title":"SIGPLAN Not."},{"key":"6_CR15","unstructured":"Intel Corporation: Intel\u00aeOpen Source HD Graphics and Intel Iris$$^{{\\rm TM}}$$ Plus Graphics Programmer\u2019s Reference Manual For the 2016 - 2017 Intel Core$$^{{\\rm TM}}$$ Processors, Celeron$$^{{\\rm TM}}$$ Processors, and Pentium$$^{{\\rm TM}}$$ Processors based on the Kaby Lake Platform, Volume 5: Memory Views (2017). https:\/\/01.org\/linuxgraphics\/documentation"},{"key":"6_CR16","unstructured":"Intel Corporation: Intel\u00aeOpen Source HD Graphics and Intel Iris$$^{{\\rm TM}}$$ Plus Graphics Programmer\u2019s Reference Manual For the 2016 - 2017 Intel Core$$^{{\\rm TM}}$$ Processors, Celeron$$^{{\\rm TM}}$$ Processors, and Pentium$$^{{\\rm TM}}$$ Processors based on the Kaby Lake Platform, Volume 7: 3D-Media-GPGPU (2017). https:\/\/01.org\/linuxgraphics\/documentation"},{"key":"6_CR17","unstructured":"Intel Corporation: Intel\u00aeArc$$^{{\\rm TM}}$$ A-Series Graphics and Intel Data Center GPU Flex Series Open-Source Programmer\u2019s Reference Manual For the discrete GPUs code named \u201cAlchemist\u201d and \u201cArctic Sound-M\" Volume 6: Memory Views (2023). https:\/\/www.intel.com\/content\/www\/us\/en\/docs\/graphics-for-linux\/developer-reference\/1-0\/overview.html"},{"issue":"1","key":"6_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2015.2509441","volume":"12","author":"C Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee, C., Kim, S.W., Yoo, C.: Vadi: GPU virtualization for an automotive platform. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf. 12(1), 277\u2013290 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TII.2015.2509441","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf."},{"key":"6_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, B., et al.: Ai-enabling workloads on large-scale gpu-accelerated system: characterization, opportunities, and implications. In: 2022 IEEE International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA), pp. 1224\u20131237 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/HPCA53966.2022.00093","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCA53966.2022.00093"},{"key":"6_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"L\u00fctke\u00a0Dreimann, M., Kessener, D.: Developing bare-metal gpgpu drivers from scratch: What prevents scientists from developing own gpgpu drivers? Tagungsband des FG-BS Fr\u00fchjahrstreffens 2021 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18420\/fgbs2021f-03","DOI":"10.18420\/fgbs2021f-03"},{"key":"6_CR21","unstructured":"Shaikh, A., Suresh, A.: Revolutionizing VDI performance: the impact of intel\u00aedata center gpu flex series and sr-iov technology. Technical Report 827319, Intel (2024). https:\/\/www.intel.de\/content\/www\/de\/de\/content-details\/827319\/revolutionizing-vdi-performance-the-impact-of-intel-data-center-gpu-flex-series-and-sr-iov-technology.html"},{"key":"6_CR22","unstructured":"Song, J., Lv, Z., Tian, K.: Kvmgt: a full gpu virtualization solution. In: KVM Forum, vol.\u00a02014 (2014)"},{"key":"6_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Steinberg, U., Kauer, B.: Nova: a microhypervisor-based secure virtualization architecture. In: Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Computer Systems, EuroSys \u201910, pp. 209\u2013222. Association for Computing Machinery, New York (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1755913.1755935","DOI":"10.1145\/1755913.1755935"},{"key":"6_CR24","unstructured":"Suzuki, Y., Kato, S., Yamada, H., Kono, K.: GPUvm: why not virtualizing GPUs at the hypervisor? In: 2014 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 14), pp. 109\u2013120. USENIX Association, Philadelphia (2014). https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/atc14\/technical-sessions\/presentation\/suzuki"},{"key":"6_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, D., et al.: gremote: API-forwarding powered cloud rendering. In: Proceedings of the 29th International Symposium on High-Performance Parallel and Distributed Computing, pp. 197\u2013201 (2020)","DOI":"10.1145\/3369583.3392676"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Architecture of Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-032-03281-2_6","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T04:57:32Z","timestamp":1761109052000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-032-03281-2_6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"ISBN":["9783032032805","9783032032812"],"references-count":25,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-032-03281-2_6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 October 2025","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"ARCS","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Architecture of Computing Systems","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Kiel","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Germany","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2025","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"22 April 2025","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"24 April 2025","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"38","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"arcs2025","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/arcs-conference.org\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}