{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T22:40:02Z","timestamp":1756766402107,"version":"3.44.0"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783032038692","type":"print"},{"value":"9783032038708","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-03870-8_21","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T22:03:35Z","timestamp":1756764215000},"page":"306-320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessing Computational Thinking Using Log Data: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3155-6773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiana","family":"Mergianian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9381-9442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ninja","family":"Hienonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4094-5274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhterem","family":"Dindar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4186-692X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mari-Pauliina","family":"Vainikainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"21_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ahadi, A., Lister, R., Haapala, H., & Vihavainen, A.: Exploring machine learning methods to automatically identify students in need of assistance. In: Proceedings of the 11th Annual ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research, pp. 121\u2013130. ACM, Omaha (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2787622.2787717","DOI":"10.1145\/2787622.2787717"},{"issue":"3","key":"21_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11030389","volume":"11","author":"P Ardimento","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ardimento, P., Bernardi, M.L., Cimitile, M., Redavid, D., Ferilli, S.: Understanding coding behavior: an incremental process mining approach. Electronics 11(3), 389 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics11030389","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"21_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Avital, B., Hershkovitz, A., Israel-Fishelson, R.: Associations between computational thinking and figural, verbal creativity. Thinking Skills Creativity 50, 101417 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tsc.2023.101417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2023.101417"},{"key":"21_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carter, A.S., Hundhausen, C.D.: Using programming process data to detect differences in students\u2019 patterns of programming. In: Proceedings of the 48th ACM SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, pp. 105\u2013110. ACM, Seattle (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3017680.3017785","DOI":"10.1145\/3017680.3017785"},{"key":"21_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carter, A.S., Hundhausen, C.D., Adesope, O.: The normalized programming state model: predicting student performance in computing courses based on programming behavior. In: Proceedings of the 11th Annual ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research, pp. 141\u2013150. ACM, Omaha (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2787622.2787710","DOI":"10.1145\/2787622.2787710"},{"key":"21_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2016.01.010","volume":"95","author":"P-Y Chao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chao, P.-Y.: Exploring students\u2019 computational practice, design and performance of problem-solving through a visual programming environment. Comput. Educ. 95, 202\u2013215 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2016.01.010","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"21_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scico.2024.103138","volume":"237","author":"Y-T Chuang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chuang, Y.-T., Chang, H.-Y.: Analyzing novice and competent programmers\u2019 problem-solving behaviors using an automated evaluation system. Sci. Comput. Program. 237, 103138 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scico.2024.103138","journal-title":"Sci. Comput. Program."},{"key":"21_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Edwards, J., Leinonen, J., Hellas, A.: A study of keystroke data in two contexts: written language and programming language influence predictability of learning outcomes. In: Proceedings of the 51st ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, pp. 413\u2013419. ACM, Portland (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3328778.3366863","DOI":"10.1145\/3328778.3366863"},{"key":"21_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Emerson, A., et al.: Cluster-based analysis of novice coding misconceptions in block-based programming. In: Proceedings of the 51st ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, pp. 825\u2013831. ACM, Portland (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3328778.3366924","DOI":"10.1145\/3328778.3366924"},{"issue":"6","key":"21_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2022.2146141","volume":"32","author":"Q Fu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fu, Q., Tang, W., Zheng, Y., Ma, H., Zhong, T.: Predicting programming performance by using process behavior in a block-based programming environment. Interact. Learn. Environ. 32(6), 1\u201315 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2022.2146141","journal-title":"Interact. Learn. Environ."},{"key":"21_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gao, G., Marwan, S., Price, T.W.: Early performance prediction using interpretable patterns in programming process data. In: Proceedings of the 52nd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, pp. 342\u2013348. ACM, Virtual (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3408877.3432439","DOI":"10.1145\/3408877.3432439"},{"issue":"3","key":"21_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3105910","volume":"17","author":"S Grover","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grover, S., Basu, S., Bienkowski, M., Eagle, M., Diana, N., Stamper, J.: A framework for using hypothesis-driven approaches to support data-driven learning analytics in measuring computational thinking in block-based programming environments. ACM Trans. Comput. Educ. 17(3), 1\u201325 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3105910","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Comput. Educ."},{"issue":"2","key":"21_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/08993408.2021.1903248","volume":"31","author":"M Guenaga","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guenaga, M., Egu\u00edluz, A., Garaizar, P., Gibaja, J.: How do students develop computational thinking? Assessing early programmers in a maze-based online game. Comput. Sci. Educ. 31(2), 259\u2013289 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08993408.2021.1903248","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Educ."},{"key":"21_CR14","unstructured":"Guo, H., Zhang, M., Ko, A. J., Li, M., Zhou, B., Lim, J., et al.: Measuring students\u2019 programming skill via online practice. In: CEUR Workshop Proceedings of the 8th Educational Data Mining in Computer Science Education Workshop. CEUR-WS, Atlanta (2024). https:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-3796\/CSEDM-24_paper_9417.pdf"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"21_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2019.1610451","volume":"27","author":"A Hershkovitz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hershkovitz, A., Sitman, R., Israel-Fishelson, R., Egu\u00edluz, A., Garaizar, P., Guenaga, M.: Creativity in the acquisition of computational thinking. Interact. Learn. Environ. 27(5\u20136), 628\u2013644 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2019.1610451","journal-title":"Interact. Learn. Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"21_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci15010003","volume":"15","author":"R Israel-Fishelson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Israel-Fishelson, R., Hershkovitz, A.: Log-based analysis of creativity in the context of computational thinking. Educ. Sci. 15(1), 3 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/educsci15010003","journal-title":"Educ. Sci."},{"key":"21_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Israel-Fishelson, R., Hershkovitz, A.: Log-based multidimensional measurement of CT acquisition. In: Proceedings of the 6th APSCE International Conference on Computational Thinking and STEM Education, pp. 128\u2013133. Asia Pacific Society for Computers in Education, Delft (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34641\/ctestem.2022.477","DOI":"10.34641\/ctestem.2022.477"},{"key":"21_CR18","unstructured":"Israel-Fishelson, R., Hershkovitz, A., Egu\u00edluz, A., Garaizar, P., Guenaga, M.: Computational thinking and creativity: a test for interdependency. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Computational Thinking Education, pp. 15\u201320. The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (2020)"},{"issue":"5","key":"21_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633120973429","volume":"59","author":"R Israel-Fishelson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Israel-Fishelson, R., Hershkovitz, A., Egu\u00edluz, A., Garaizar, P., Guenaga, M.: A log-based analysis of the associations between creativity and computational thinking. J. Educ. Comput. Res. 59(5), 926\u2013959 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0735633120973429","journal-title":"J. Educ. Comput. Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"21_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633120940954","volume":"58","author":"R Israel-Fishelson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Israel-Fishelson, R., Hershkovitz, A., Egu\u00edluz, A., Garaizar, P., Guenaga, M.: The associations between computational thinking and creativity: the role of personal characteristics. J. Educ. Comput. Res. 58(8), 1415\u20131447 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0735633120940954","journal-title":"J. Educ. Comput. Res."},{"key":"21_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64211","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3075027","volume":"9","author":"I Kanellopoulou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kanellopoulou, I., Garaizar, P., Guenaga, M.: First steps towards automatically defining the difficulty of maze-based programming challenges. IEEE Access 9, 64211\u201364223 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3075027","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"21_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Karvelas, I., Becker, B.A.: Sympathy for the (Novice) developer: programming activity when compilation mechanism varies. In: Proceedings of the 53rd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, pp. 962\u2013968. ACM, Virtual (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3478431.3499347","DOI":"10.1145\/3478431.3499347"},{"key":"21_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Keuning, H., Heeren, B., Jeuring, J.: Student Refactoring behaviour in a programming tutor. In: Proceedings of the 20th Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research. ACM, Virtual (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3428029.3428043","DOI":"10.1145\/3428029.3428043"},{"key":"21_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Leinonen, J., Castro, F.E.V., Hellas, A.: Time-on-task metrics for predicting performance. In: Proceedings of the 53rd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, pp. 871\u2013877. ACM, Virtual (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3478431.3499359","DOI":"10.1145\/3478431.3499359"},{"key":"21_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lestari, V.A., Andoko, B.S., Abdullah, M.Z., Ikawati, D.S., Hamimudin, M.A.: Analysis of experimental log data on pseudolearn in pseudo-code algorithm learning. In: Proceedings of the 2024 International Conference on Electrical and Information Technology, pp. 213\u2013218. IEEE, Malang (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IEIT64341.2024.10763144","DOI":"10.1109\/IEIT64341.2024.10763144"},{"key":"21_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu, D., Xu, S., Cui, Z.: Programmer\u2019s performance with the keystroke as an indicator: a further study. In: 2012 IEEE\/ACIS 11th International Conference on Computer and Information Science, pp. 577\u2013583. IEEE, Shanghai (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICIS.2012.88","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIS.2012.88"},{"issue":"6","key":"21_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2022.3216276","volume":"15","author":"F Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu, F., Zhao, L., Zhao, J., Dai, Q., Fan, C., Shen, J.: Educational process mining for discovering students\u2019 problem-solving ability in computer programming education. IEEE Trans. Learn. Technol. 15(6), 709\u2013719 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TLT.2022.3216276","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Learn. Technol."},{"key":"21_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu, H., Liu, D., Xu, S.: Evaluating programming performance with keystroke characteristics: an empirical experiment. In: Proceedings of the 14th ACIS International Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Parallel\/Distributed Computing, pp. 329\u2013335. IEEE, Honolulu (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SNPD.2013.49","DOI":"10.1109\/SNPD.2013.49"},{"key":"21_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mangaroska, K., Sharma, K., Ga\u0161evi\u0107, D., Giannakos, M.: Multimodal learning analytics to inform learning design: lessons learned from computing education. J. Learn. Anal. 7(3), 79\u201397 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18608\/jla.2020.73.7","DOI":"10.18608\/jla.2020.73.7"},{"key":"21_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Meier, H., Lepp, M.: Clusters of solvers\u2019 behavioral patterns based on analysis of the programming process. In: Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference, pp. 1\u20136. IEEE, College Station (2023a). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/FIE58773.2023.10343479","DOI":"10.1109\/FIE58773.2023.10343479"},{"issue":"3","key":"21_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1177\/07356331221132651","volume":"61","author":"H Meier","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meier, H., Lepp, M.: Effectiveness of feedback based on log file analysis in introductory programming courses. J. Educ. Comput. Res. 61(3), 696\u2013719 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/07356331221132651","journal-title":"J. Educ. Comput. Res."},{"key":"21_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Meier, H., Tonisson, E., Lepp, M., Luik, P.: Behaviour patterns of learners while solving a programming task: an analysis of log files. In: Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference, pp. 685\u2013690. IEEE, Porto (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EDUCON45650.2020.9125134","DOI":"10.1109\/EDUCON45650.2020.9125134"},{"key":"21_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mi, H., Liu, Y., Meng, R., Tang, Y., Zhang, Q.: A study of learning behavior analysis and student achievement based on an online judge system. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Distance Education and Learning, pp. 278\u2013284. ACM, Guangzhou (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3675812.3675817","DOI":"10.1145\/3675812.3675817"},{"key":"21_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Murali, R., Lall\u00e9, S., Conati, C.: An intelligent pedagogical agent for in-the-wild interaction in an open-ended learning environment for computational thinking. In: Proceedings of the 24th ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, pp. 1\u20139. ACM, Glasgow (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3652988.3673948","DOI":"10.1145\/3652988.3673948"},{"key":"21_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ono, Y., Saito, D., Washizaki, H.: Evaluating preschoolers\u2019 block programming using complexity and personality traits. In: Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Software Engineering Education and Training. IEEE, Wurzburg (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CSEET62301.2024.10663038","DOI":"10.1109\/CSEET62301.2024.10663038"},{"key":"21_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117097","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3105956","volume":"9","author":"FD Pereira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pereira, F.D., Fonseca, S.C., Oliveira, E.H.T., Cristea, A.I., Bellhauser, H., Rodrigues, L., et al.: Explaining individual and collective programming students\u2019 behavior by interpreting a black-box predictive model. IEEE Access 9, 117097\u2013117119 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3105956","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"4","key":"21_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12953","volume":"51","author":"FD Pereira","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pereira, F.D., Oliveira, E.H.T., Oliveira, D.B.F., Cristea, A.I., Carvalho, L.S.G., Fonseca, S.C., et al.: Using learning analytics in the amazonas: understanding students\u2019 behaviour in introductory programming. Br. J. Educ. Technol. 51(4), 955\u2013972 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.12953","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"21_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pozzan, G., Padova, C., Montuori, C., Arf\u00e9, B., Vardanega, T.: Experimental analysis of first-grade students\u2019 block-based programming problem solving processes. In: Proceedings of the 29th Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education, pp. 143\u2013149. ACM, Milan (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3649217.3653586","DOI":"10.1145\/3649217.3653586"},{"key":"21_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Price, T.W., Hovemeyer, D., Rivers, K., Gao, G., Bart, A.C., Kazerouni, A.M., et al.: ProgSnap2: a flexible format for programming process data. In: Proceedings of the 25th ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education, pp. 356\u2013362. ACM, Trondheim (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3341525.3387373","DOI":"10.1145\/3341525.3387373"},{"key":"21_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pullar-Strecker, Z., Pereira, F.D., Denny, P., Luxton-Reilly, A., Leinonen, J.: G is for Generalisation: predicting student success from keystrokes. In: Proceedings of the 54th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, pp. 1028\u20131034. ACM, Toronto (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3545945.3569824","DOI":"10.1145\/3545945.3569824"},{"key":"21_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.106707","volume":"120","author":"E Rowe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rowe, E., Almeda, M.V., Asbell-Clarke, J., Scruggs, R., Baker, R., Bardar, E., et al.: Assessing implicit computational thinking in Zoombinis puzzle gameplay. Comput. Hum. Behav. 120, 106707 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2021.106707","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"21_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shah, A., Hogan, E., Agarwal, V., Driscoll, J., Porter, L., Griswold, W.G., et al.: An empirical evaluation of live coding in CS1. In: Proceedings of the 19th Annual ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research, pp. 476\u2013494. ACM, Chicago (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3568813.3600122","DOI":"10.1145\/3568813.3600122"},{"key":"21_CR43","unstructured":"Shynkarenko, V., Zhevaho, O.: A video-based approach to learning debugging techniques. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Scientific and Practical Programming Conference, pp. 462\u2013473. CEUR-WS, Kiev (2024). https:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-3806\/S_18_Shynkarenko_Zhevaho.pdf"},{"key":"21_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Somasundaram, T.S., Kiruthika, U., Gowsalya, M., Hemalatha, A., Philips, A.: Determination of competency of programmers by classification and ranking using AHP. In: Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Electro\/Information Technology, pp. 194\u2013200. IEEE, Dekalb (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EIT.2015.7293340","DOI":"10.1109\/EIT.2015.7293340"},{"key":"21_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.106746","volume":"120","author":"D Song","year":"2021","unstructured":"Song, D., Hong, H., Oh, E.Y.: Applying computational analysis of novice learners\u2019 computer programming patterns to reveal self-regulated learning, computational thinking, and learning performance. Comput. Hum. Behav. 120, 106746 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2021.106746","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"issue":"3","key":"21_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12939","volume":"40","author":"D Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun, D., Ouyang, F., Li, Y., Zhu, C., Zhou, Y.: Using multimodal learning analytics to understand effects of block-based and text-based modalities on computer programming. J. Comput. Assist. Learn. 40(3), 1123\u20131136 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcal.12939","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Learn."},{"key":"21_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sun, D., Xu, F., Li, Y.: Using learning analytics in understanding students\u2019 behavior in block-based and text-based programming modality. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of Educational Innovation through Technology, pp. 271\u2013275. IEEE, Chongqing (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EITT53287.2021.00060","DOI":"10.1109\/EITT53287.2021.00060"},{"key":"21_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Syahidi, A.A., Supianto, A.A., Hirashima, T., Watanobe, Y.: Learner action patterns in the problem-solving process related to program code composition based on tracking system activities. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Informatics and Computing. IEEE, Virtual (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICIC56845.2022.10006930","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIC56845.2022.10006930"},{"key":"21_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tabarsi, B., Reichert, H., Lytle, N., Catete, V., Barnes, T.: Scaffolding novices: analyzing when and how parsons problems impact novice programming in an integrated science assignment. In: Proceedings of the 20th Annual ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research, pp. 42\u201354. ACM, Melbourne (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3632620.3671110","DOI":"10.1145\/3632620.3671110"},{"issue":"4","key":"21_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12040601","volume":"12","author":"B Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu, B., Yan, S., Jiang, X., Feng, S.: SCFH: a student analysis model to identify students\u2019 programming levels in online judge systems. Symmetry 12(4), 601 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym12040601","journal-title":"Symmetry"},{"key":"21_CR51","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Wong, G.K.W., Chan, P.C.F.: Achievement and effort in acquiring computational thinking concepts: a log-based analysis in a game-based learning environment. In: Proceedings of the 5th APSCE International Conference on Computational Thinking and STEM Education. Asia Pacific Society for Computers in Education, Virtual (2021)"},{"issue":"2","key":"21_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-12872-z","volume":"30","author":"W Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Zeng, X., Song, L.: Towards an assessment model of college students\u2019 computational thinking with text-based programming. Educ. Inf. Technol. 30(2), 1363\u20131385 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12872-z","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Two Decades of TEL. From Lessons Learnt to Challenges Ahead"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-032-03870-8_21","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T22:03:39Z","timestamp":1756764219000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-032-03870-8_21"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"ISBN":["9783032038692","9783032038708"],"references-count":52,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-032-03870-8_21","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 September 2025","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"EC-TEL","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"European Conference on Technology Enhanced Learning","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Newcastle upon Tyne","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"United Kingdom","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2025","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"15 September 2025","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"19 September 2025","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"20","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"ectel2025","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}