{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T21:39:51Z","timestamp":1757626791430,"version":"3.44.0"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9783032038692"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9783032038708"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-03870-8_28","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T22:03:26Z","timestamp":1756764206000},"page":"412-426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhancing Student Focus and Problem-Solving with Real-Time LLM Feedback on Compiler Errors"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6945-0523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Pankiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3051-3232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan S.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"28_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0088-2","volume":"26","author":"V Aleven","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aleven, V., et al.: Example-tracing tutors: intelligent tutor development for non-programmers. Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ. 26, 224\u2013269 (2016)","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ."},{"key":"28_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0089-1","volume":"26","author":"V Aleven","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aleven, V., et al.: Help helps, but only so much: research on help seeking with intelligent tutoring systems. Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ. 26, 205\u2013223 (2016)","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ."},{"key":"28_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baker, R.S., et al.: The Confrustion Constellation: A New Way of Looking at Confusion and Frustration. https:\/\/osf.io\/4rgtk, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35542\/osf.io\/4rgtk","DOI":"10.35542\/osf.io\/4rgtk"},{"key":"28_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bassner, P., et al.: Iris: an AI-driven virtual tutor for computer science education. In: Proceedings of the 2024 on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education, vol. 1, pp. 394\u2013400. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3649217.3653543","DOI":"10.1145\/3649217.3653543"},{"key":"28_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Becker, B.A., et al.: Compiler error messages considered unhelpful: the landscape of text-based programming error message research. In: Proceedings of the Working Group Reports on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education. pp. 177\u2013210. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3344429.3372508","DOI":"10.1145\/3344429.3372508"},{"key":"28_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chapagain, J., et al.: A study of LLM generated line-by-line explanations in the context of conversational program comprehension tutoring systems. In: Ferreira Mello, R., et al. (eds.) Technology Enhanced Learning for Inclusive and Equitable Quality Education. EC-TEL 2024. LNCS, vol. 15159, pp. 64\u201374. Springer, Cham (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-72315-5_5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-72315-5_5"},{"key":"28_CR7","unstructured":"Fancsali, S.: Causal discovery with models: behavior, affect, and learning in cognitive tutor algebra. In: Educational Data Mining 2014 (2014)"},{"key":"28_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Finnie-Ansley, J., et al.: The robots are coming: exploring the implications of OpenAI codex on introductory programming. In: Proceedings of the 24th Australasian Computing Education Conference, pp. 10\u201319 ACM, New York, NY, USA (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3511861.3511863","DOI":"10.1145\/3511861.3511863"},{"key":"28_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gabbay, H., Cohen, A.: Exploring the connections between the use of an automated feedback system and learning behavior in a MOOC for programming. In: Hilliger, I., Mu\u00f1oz-Merino, P.J., De Laet, T., Ortega-Arranz, A., Farrell, T. (eds.) Educating for a New Future: Making Sense of Technology-Enhanced Learning Adoption. EC-TEL 2022. LNCS, vol. 13450, pp. 116\u2013130. Springer, Cham (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-16290-9_9","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-16290-9_9"},{"key":"28_CR10","unstructured":"Goldin, I., et al.: Hints: you can\u2019t have just one. In: Educational Data Mining 2013. (2013)"},{"key":"28_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jadud, M.C., Dorn, B.: Aggregate compilation behavior. In: Proceedings of the eleventh annual International Conference on International Computing Education Research, pp. 131\u2013139 ACM, New York, NY, USA (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2787622.2787718","DOI":"10.1145\/2787622.2787718"},{"key":"28_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karumbaiah, S., et al.: How does students\u2019 affect in virtual learning relate to their outcomes? A systematic review challenging the positive-negative dichotomy. In: Proceedings of the International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference, pp. 24\u201333 (2022)","DOI":"10.1145\/3506860.3506863"},{"key":"28_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kiesler, N., et al.: Novice learners of programming and generative AI - prior knowledge matters. In: Proceedings of the 24th Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3699538.3699580","DOI":"10.1145\/3699538.3699580"},{"key":"28_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Koedinger, K.R., Corbett, A.: Cognitive tutors. Cambridge Handb. Learn. Sci. 61\u201378 (2005). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511816833.006","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511816833.006"},{"key":"28_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Koutcheme, C. et al.: Open source language models can provide feedback: evaluating LLMs\u2019 ability to help students Using GPT-4-As-A-Judge. In: Proceedings of the 2024 on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education, vol. 1, pp. 52\u201358. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3649217.3653612","DOI":"10.1145\/3649217.3653612"},{"key":"28_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, D.M.C., et al.: Exploring the relationship between novice programmer confusion and achievement. In: Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction: 4th International Conference, ACII 2011, Memphis, TN, USA, pp. 175\u2013184 (2011)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-24600-5_21"},{"key":"28_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Leinonen, J., et al.: Using large language models to enhance programming error messages. In: Proceedings of the 54th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, vol. 1, pp. 563\u2013569. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3545945.3569770","DOI":"10.1145\/3545945.3569770"},{"key":"28_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu, R., et al.: Teaching CS50 with AI: leveraging generative artificial intelligence in computer science education. In: Proceedings of the 55th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, vol. 1, pp. 750\u2013756 Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3626252.3630938","DOI":"10.1145\/3626252.3630938"},{"key":"28_CR19","unstructured":"Liu, Z., et al.: Sequences of frustration and confusion, and learning. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Educational Data Mining, pp. 114\u2013120 (2013)"},{"key":"28_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lohr, D., et al.: You\u2019re (Not) my type- can LLMs generate feedback of specific types for introductory programming tasks? J. Comput. Assist. Learn. 41(1), e13107 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcal.13107","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.13107"},{"key":"28_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mogessie, M., et al.: Confrustion and gaming while learning with erroneous examples in a decimals game. In: Artificial Intelligence in Education: 21st International Conference, AIED 2020, pp. 208\u2013213 (2020)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-52240-7_38"},{"key":"28_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moradi Dakhel, A., et al.: GitHub copilot AI pair programmer: asset or liability? J. Syst. Softw. 203, 111734 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jss.2023.111734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2023.111734"},{"key":"28_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pankiewicz, M., et al.: Using intelligent tutoring on the first steps of learning to program: affective and learning outcomes. In: Artificial Intelligence in Education: 24th International Conference, AIED 2023, pp. 593\u2013598 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-36336-8_92","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-36336-8_92"},{"key":"28_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pankiewicz, M., Baker, R.S.: Large Language Models (GPT) for automating feedback on programming assignments. In: 31st International Conference on Computers in Education Conference Proceedings, Volume I, pp. 68\u201377 (2023)","DOI":"10.58459\/icce.2023.950"},{"key":"28_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pankiewicz, M., Baker, R.S.: Navigating compiler errors with AI assistance - a study of GPT hints in an introductory programming course. In: Proceedings of the 2024 on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education, vol. 1, pp. 94\u2013100. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3649217.3653608","DOI":"10.1145\/3649217.3653608"},{"key":"28_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Phung, T., et al.: Generating high-precision feedback for programming syntax errors using large language models. In: Feng, M., et al. (eds.) Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Educational Data Mining, pp. 370\u2013377 International Educational Data Mining Society, Bengaluru, India (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.8115653","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.8115653"},{"key":"28_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Price, T.W., et al.: iSnap: towards intelligent tutoring in novice programming environments. In: Proceedings of the 2017 ACM SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, pp. 483\u2013488 (2017)","DOI":"10.1145\/3017680.3017762"},{"key":"28_CR28","unstructured":"Radford, A., et al.: Language models are unsupervised multitask learners. OpenAI blog 1(8), 9 (2019)"},{"key":"28_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richey, J.E., et al.: Gaming and confrustion explains learning advantages for a math digital learning game. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Education (2021)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-78292-4_28"},{"key":"28_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rodrigo, M.M.T., et al.: Affective and behavioral predictors of novice programmer achievement. In: Proceedings of the 14th Annual ACM SIGCSE Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education, pp. 156\u2013160 Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1562877.1562929","DOI":"10.1145\/1562877.1562929"},{"issue":"2","key":"28_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2010.07.004","volume":"21","author":"I Roll","year":"2011","unstructured":"Roll, I., et al.: Improving students\u2019 help-seeking skills using metacognitive feedback in an intelligent tutoring system. Learn. Instr. 21(2), 267\u2013280 (2011)","journal-title":"Learn. Instr."},{"key":"28_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Santos, E.A., Becker, B.A.: Not the silver bullet: LLM-enhanced programming error messages are ineffective in practice. In: Proceedings of the 2024 Conference on United Kingdom & Ireland Computing Education Research. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3689535.3689554","DOI":"10.1145\/3689535.3689554"},{"key":"28_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Traver, V.J.: On compiler error messages: what they say and what they mean. Adv. Hum.-Comp. Int. 2010 (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2010\/602570","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/602570"},{"issue":"4","key":"28_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.2011.611369","volume":"46","author":"K VanLehn","year":"2011","unstructured":"VanLehn, K.: The relative effectiveness of human tutoring, intelligent tutoring systems, and other tutoring systems. Educ. Psychol. 46(4), 197\u2013221 (2011)","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol."}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Two Decades of TEL. From Lessons Learnt to Challenges Ahead"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-032-03870-8_28","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T23:28:59Z","timestamp":1757460539000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-032-03870-8_28"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"ISBN":["9783032038692","9783032038708"],"references-count":34,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-032-03870-8_28","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0302-9743"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1611-3349"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 September 2025","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"EC-TEL","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"European Conference on Technology Enhanced Learning","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Newcastle upon Tyne","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"United Kingdom","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2025","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"15 September 2025","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"19 September 2025","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"20","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"ectel2025","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}