{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T21:16:46Z","timestamp":1757625406438,"version":"3.44.0"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9783032042873"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9783032042880"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-04288-0_2","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T08:22:58Z","timestamp":1755764578000},"page":"18-38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Explainable AI for SW Development and Testing"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8257-825X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas Michael","family":"Fehlmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5422-9973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eberhard","family":"Kranich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guidotti, R., Monreale, A., Ruggieri, S., Turini, F., Giannotti, F., Pedreschi, D.: A Survey of Methods for Explaining Black Box Models. ACM Comput. Surv., vol. 51, no. 5, p. 42, Article 93, 2018","DOI":"10.1145\/3236009"},{"key":"2_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/jj.14962448","volume-title":"Mathematica - a Secret World of Intuition and Curiosity","author":"D Bessis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bessis, D.: Mathematica - a Secret World of Intuition and Curiosity. Yale University Press, New Haven and London (2024)"},{"key":"2_CR3","unstructured":"Wei, J., et al.: Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Models. In: 36th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS) (2022)"},{"key":"2_CR4","first-page":"1","volume":"11","author":"TM Fehlmann","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fehlmann, T.M., Kranich, E.: A general model for representing knowledge - intelligent systems using concepts. Athens J. Sci. 11, 1\u201318 (2024)","journal-title":"Athens J. Sci."},{"key":"2_CR5","unstructured":"Gigerenzer, G., Feelings, G.: The Intelligence of the Unconscious, New York, NY: Viking (2007)"},{"key":"2_CR6","unstructured":"Mohammadkhani, H., Bommi, N.S., Daboussi, M., Sabnis, O., Tantithamthavorn, C., Hemmati, H.: A Systematic Literature Review of Explainable AI for Software Engineering arXiv:2302.06065v1 [cs.SE], Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (2023)"},{"key":"2_CR7","volume-title":"What is ChatGPT doing \u2026 and Why Does it Work?, Champaign","author":"S Wolfram","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wolfram, S.: What is ChatGPT doing \u2026 and Why Does it Work?, Champaign. Wolfram Media Inc, IL (2023)"},{"key":"2_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fehlmann, T.M., Kranich, E.: How to Explain Artificial Intelligence to Humans - Learning from Quality Function Deployment. In: EuroSPI, Munich (2024)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-71139-8_4"},{"key":"2_CR9","unstructured":"Akao, Y.: Quality Function Deployment - Integrating Customer Requirements into Product Design, Y. Akao, Ed., Portland, OR: Productivity Press (1990)"},{"key":"2_CR10","unstructured":"Fehlmann, T.M., Kranich, E.: QFD and AI \u2013 similarities, differences, and what we can learn. In: Proceedings of the 16th German and 28th International Symposium on Quality Function Deployment - ISQFD\u201824, Aachen (2024)"},{"key":"2_CR11","volume-title":"Managing Complexity \u2013 Uncover the Mysteries with Six Sigma Transfer Functions, Berlin","author":"TM Fehlmann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fehlmann, T.M.: Managing Complexity \u2013 Uncover the Mysteries with Six Sigma Transfer Functions, Berlin. Logos Press, Germany (2016)"},{"key":"2_CR12","unstructured":"Schockert, S., Herzwurm, G.: Agile Software Quality Function Deployment, Tokyo (2017)"},{"key":"2_CR13","unstructured":"Chollet, F.: On the Measure of Intelligence. arXiv:1911.01547 [cs.AI], Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (2019)"},{"key":"2_CR14","unstructured":"Pfeifer, \u201cLab42,\u201d Mindfire AG, Pf\u00e4ffikon (2023). https:\/\/lab42.global\/. Accessed 22 Feb 2023"},{"key":"2_CR15","unstructured":"Kaggle AI & ML community, \u201cARC Prize 2025,\u201d Google LLC (2025). https:\/\/www.kaggle.com\/competitions\/arc-prize-2025. Accessed 11 April 2025"},{"key":"2_CR16","unstructured":"ARC Prize Inc., \u201cARC Prize,\u201d (2024). https:\/\/arcprize.org. Accessed 27 Feb 2025"},{"key":"2_CR17","unstructured":"Franzen, D., Disselhoff, J., Hartmann, D.: The LLM ARChitect - Solving ARC-AGI Is A Matter of Perspective (2024). https:\/\/github.com\/da-fr\/arc-prize-2024\/blob\/main\/the_architects.pdf. Accessed 07 Mar 2025"},{"key":"2_CR18","unstructured":"Barbadillo, G.: ARC 24 Solution Summary, 08 12 20214. https:\/\/ironbar.github.io\/arc24\/05_Solution_Summary\/. Accessed 07 Mar 2025"},{"key":"2_CR19","unstructured":"Bonnet, C., Macfarlane, M.V.: Searching Latent Program Spaces. arXiv:2411.08706v1, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (2024)"},{"key":"2_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Gerven, M., Bohte, S.: Artificial Neural Networks as Models of Neural Information Processing. In: Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience, Lausanne (2017)","DOI":"10.3389\/978-2-88945-401-3"},{"key":"2_CR21","unstructured":"Gao, Y., et al.: Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Large Language Models: A Survey. arXiv:2312.10997 [cs.CL], Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (2024)"},{"key":"2_CR22","unstructured":"Lewis, P., et al.: Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Tasks. arXiv:2005.11401v4 [cs.CL], Cornell University (2020)"},{"key":"2_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcs.2019.03.038","volume":"777","author":"E Engeler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Engeler, E.: Neural algebra on \u201chow does the brain think?\u201d Theoret. Comput. Sci. 777, 296\u2013307 (2019)","journal-title":"Theoret. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"2_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fehlmann, T.M., Kranich, E.: Making Artificial Intelligence Intelligent - Solving the Control Problem for Artificial Neural Networks by Empirical Methods. In: Human Systems Engineering, Split (2024)","DOI":"10.54941\/ahfe1005543"},{"key":"2_CR25","unstructured":"Vaswani, N.S., Parmar, N., Uszkoreit, J., Jones, L., Gomez, A.N., Kaiser, L., Polosukhin, I.: Attention Is All You Need. arXiv:1706.03762 [cs.CL], Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (2017)"},{"issue":"8","key":"2_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735","volume":"9","author":"S Hochreiter","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hochreiter, S., Schmidhuber, J.: Long short-term memory. Neural Comput. 9(8), 1735\u20131780 (1997)","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"2_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, Z., Lu, W.: Self-Harmonized Chain of Thought. arXiv:2409.04057v1 [cs.CL], Cornell University (2024)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.naacl-long.53"},{"key":"2_CR28","unstructured":"Xu, S., Xie, W., Zhao, L., He, P.: Chain of Draft: Thinking Faster by Writing Less. arXiv:2502.18600v2, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (2025)"},{"key":"2_CR29","unstructured":"Panigrahi, N.S., Zhao, H., Arora, S.: Task-Specific Skill Localization in Fine-tuned Language Models, arXiv:2302.06600v2 [cs.CL], Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (2023)"},{"key":"2_CR30","unstructured":"DeepSeek-AI: DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning. arXiv:2501.12948v1, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (2025)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1002\/smr.502","volume":"24","author":"M Korsaa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Korsaa, M., et al.: The SPI Manifesto and the ECQA SPI manager certification scheme. J. Softw. Evol. Process 24(5), 525\u2013540 (2012)","journal-title":"J. Softw. Evol. Process"},{"key":"2_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02483849","volume":"13","author":"E Engeler","year":"1981","unstructured":"Engeler, E.: Algebras and Combinators. Algebra Universalis 13, 389\u2013392 (1981)","journal-title":"Algebra Universalis"},{"key":"2_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Engeler, E.: The Combinatory Programme, Basel, Switzerland: Birkh\u00e4user (1995)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-4268-0"},{"key":"2_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fehlmann, T.M., Kranich, E.: The Neural Algebra and its Impact on Design and Test of Intelligent Systems. In: Integrating People and Intelligent Systems. AHFE International Conference., Palermo (2024)","DOI":"10.54941\/ahfe1004475"},{"key":"2_CR35","unstructured":"Fehlmann, T.M.: QFD as Algebra of Combinators, Tokyo, Japan (2001)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.30958\/ajs.10-2-3","volume":"10","author":"TM Fehlmann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fehlmann, T.M., Kranich, E.: The world formula and the theorem of perron-frobenius: how to solve (almost all) problems of the world. Athens J. Sci. 10(2), 95\u2013110 (2023)","journal-title":"Athens J. Sci."},{"key":"2_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganaie, M., Hu, M., Malik, A., Tanveer, M., Suganthan, P.: Ensemble deep learning: A review. arXiv:2104.02395 [cs.LG], Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (2022)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2022.105151"},{"key":"2_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fehlmann, T.M., Kranich, E.: Designing and testing cyber-physical products - 4th generation product management based on AHP and QFD. In: Systems, Software and Services Process Improvement. EuroSPI 2022. Communications in Computer and Information Science, EuroSPI Salzburg (2022)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-15559-8_26"},{"key":"2_CR39","volume-title":"Autonomous Real-time Testing \u2013 Testing Artificial Intelligence and Other Complex Systems, Berlin","author":"TM Fehlmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fehlmann, T.M.: Autonomous Real-time Testing \u2013 Testing Artificial Intelligence and Other Complex Systems, Berlin. Logos Press, Germany (2020)"},{"key":"2_CR40","volume-title":"The Perceptron: A Perceiving and Recognizing Automaton (Project PARA)","author":"F Rosenblatt","year":"1957","unstructured":"Rosenblatt, F.: The Perceptron: A Perceiving and Recognizing Automaton (Project PARA). Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory Inc., Buffalo (1957)"},{"key":"2_CR41","volume-title":"Introduction to Lambda Calculus","author":"H Barendregt","year":"2000","unstructured":"Barendregt, H., Barendsen, E.: Introduction to Lambda Calculus. University Nijmegen, Nijmegen (2000)"},{"issue":"4","key":"2_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.30958\/ajs.6-4-3","volume":"6","author":"TM Fehlmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fehlmann, T.M., Kranich, E.: Testing artificial intelligence by customers\u2019 needs. Athens J. Sci. 6(4), 265\u2013286 (2019)","journal-title":"Athens J. Sci."},{"key":"2_CR43","unstructured":"Herzwurm, G., Pietsch, W.: Management von IT-Produkten, Wirtschaftswissenschaften ed., Heidelberg, Germany: dpunkt.verlag (2009)"},{"key":"2_CR44","unstructured":"IFPUG Counting Practices Committee, \u201cFunction Point Counting Practices Manual - Version 4.3.1,\u201d International Function Point User Group (IFPUG), Princeton Junction, NJ (2010)"},{"key":"2_CR45","unstructured":"COSMIC Measurement Practices Committee, \u201cCOSMIC Measurement Manual for ISO 19761 \u2013 Version 5.0 \u2013 Part 1\u20133,\u201d COSMIC Measurement Practices Committee, Montr\u00e9al (2020)"},{"key":"2_CR46","unstructured":"Hamon, P.: Ma\u00eetriser les co\u00fbts des projets logiciels. Estimancy (2025). https:\/\/www.estimancy.com\/. Accessed 10 Mar 2025"},{"volume-title":"Practical Software Project Estimation, 3rd edn., New York","year":"2010","key":"2_CR47","unstructured":"Hill, P. (ed.): Practical Software Project Estimation, 3rd edn., New York. McGraw-Hill, NY (2010)"},{"key":"2_CR48","unstructured":"Gunn, S.: Support Vector Machines for Classification and Regression. ISIS Technical Report, University of Southampton, Southampton (1998)"},{"key":"2_CR49","unstructured":"Fehlmann, T.M., Kranich, E.: Managing software projects by the buglione-trudel matrix. In: 11th European Conference on Information Systems Management - ECISM 2017, Genova, Italy (2017)"},{"key":"2_CR50","volume-title":"Combinatory Logic, Vol","author":"H Curry","year":"1972","unstructured":"Curry, H., Hindley, J., Seldin, J.: Combinatory Logic, Vol. North-Holland, II, Amsterdam (1972)"},{"key":"2_CR51","unstructured":"Zachos, E.: Kombinatorische Logik und S-Terme. ETH Dissertation 6214, Zurich (1978)"},{"key":"2_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fehlmann, T.M., Kranich, E.: A Framework for Automated Testing. In: Yilmaz, M., Clarke, N.J.P., Messnarz, R. (eds.) Systems, Software and Services Process Improvement, D\u00fcsseldorf, DE, Springer - Communications in Computer and Information Science, pp. 275\u2013288, September 2020","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-56441-4_20"},{"key":"2_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fehlmann, T.M., Kranich, E.: Requirements Engineering for Cyber-Physical Products, Systems, Software and Services Process Improvement. EuroSPI 2023 ed., Vols. Systems, Software and Services Process Improvement. EuroSPI 2023, M. Yilmaz, C. P. A. Riel and R. Messnarz, Eds., Grenoble: Communications in Computer and Information Science, Springer, Cham (2023)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-42307-9_23"},{"key":"2_CR54","unstructured":"ISO\/IEC 19761: Software engineering - COSMIC: a functional size measurement method, ISO\/IEC JTC 1\/SC 7, Geneva, Switzerland (2019)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.30958\/ajs.7-3-2","volume":"7","author":"TM Fehlmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fehlmann, T.M., Kranich, E.: Intuitionism and computer science \u2013 why computer scientists do not like the axiom of choice. Athens J. Sci. 7(3), 143\u2013158 (2020)","journal-title":"Athens J. Sci."},{"key":"2_CR56","volume-title":"Combinatory Logic","author":"H Curry","year":"1958","unstructured":"Curry, H., Feys, R.: Combinatory Logic, vol. I. North-Holland, Amsterdam (1958)"},{"key":"2_CR57","unstructured":"Barendregt, H.P.: The Lambda Calculus \u2013 Its Syntax and Semantics, Studies in logic and the foundations of mathematics ed., vol. 103, Amsterdam: North-Holland (1984)"},{"key":"2_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barendregt, H.P.: The Type-Free Lambda-Calculus. In: Handbook of Math. Logic, vol. 90, J. Barwise, Ed., Amsterdam, North Holland, pp. 1091\u20131132 (1977)","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-237X(08)71129-7"},{"key":"2_CR59","volume-title":"Managing Complexity - Uncover the Mysteries with Six Sigma Transfer Functions, Berlin","author":"TM Fehlmann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fehlmann, T.M.: Managing Complexity - Uncover the Mysteries with Six Sigma Transfer Functions, Berlin. Logos Press, Germany (2016)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.30958\/ajs.9-1-3","volume":"9","author":"TM Fehlmann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fehlmann, T.M., Kranich, E.: The fixpoint combinator in combinatory logic - a step towards autonomous real-time testing of software. Athens J. Sci. 9(1), 47\u201364 (2022)","journal-title":"Athens J. Sci."},{"key":"2_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turing, A.: On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem. Proc. London Math. Soc. 42(2), 30\u2013265 (1937)","DOI":"10.1112\/plms\/s2-42.1.230"}],"container-title":["Communications in Computer and Information Science","Systems, Software and Services Process Improvement"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-032-04288-0_2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T18:15:21Z","timestamp":1757441721000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-032-04288-0_2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"ISBN":["9783032042873","9783032042880"],"references-count":61,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-032-04288-0_2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1865-0929","1865-0937"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1865-0929"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1865-0937"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 August 2025","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"EuroSPI","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"European Conference on Software Process Improvement","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Riga","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Latvia","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2025","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"17 September 2025","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"19 September 2025","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"32","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"eurospi2025","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/conference.eurospi.net","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}