{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T04:38:20Z","timestamp":1758083900284,"version":"3.44.0"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":18,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9783032046260"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9783032046277"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757980800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-04627-7_16","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T02:07:29Z","timestamp":1757988449000},"page":"281-293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Automated Recognition and Scoring of Handwritten Short Answer: Insights from Japanese Elementary and Junior High Schools"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4751-1302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hung Tuan","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8635-8534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanh-Nghia","family":"Truong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0856-3196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nam Tuan","family":"Ly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7872-156X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masaki","family":"Nakagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshihiko","family":"Horie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"16_CR1","unstructured":"McShane, M.Q.: How do teachers spend their time? Reporting findings from a national survey of educators in district, charter, and private schools. EdChoice (2022)"},{"key":"16_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1187\/cbe.CBE-14-03-0054","volume":"13","author":"J Schinske","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schinske, J., Tanner, K.: Teaching more by grading less (or differently). CBE Life Sci. Educ. 13, 159\u2013166 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1187\/cbe.CBE-14-03-0054","journal-title":"CBE Life Sci. Educ."},{"key":"16_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nakagawa, M., et al.: Two Experiments for automatic scoring of handwritten descriptive answers. In: Proceedings of the 16th IAPR International Workshop. pp. 3\u201319. Springer-Verlag, Athens, Greece (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-70442-0_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-70442-0_1"},{"key":"16_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Burstein, J., et al.: Automated scoring using a hybrid feature identification technique. In: Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics. pp. 206\u2013210. Association for Computational Linguistics, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (1998). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3115\/980845.980879","DOI":"10.3115\/980845.980879"},{"key":"16_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025779619903","volume":"37","author":"C Leacock","year":"2003","unstructured":"Leacock, C., Chodorow, M.: C-rater: C-rater: automated scoring of short-answer questions. Comput. Humanit. 37, 389\u2013405 (2003). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1025779619903","journal-title":"Comput. Humanit."},{"key":"16_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2885398","volume":"7","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhu, Y., Xie, Z., Jin, L., Chen, X., Huang, Y., Zhang, M.: SCUT-EPT: new dataset and benchmark for offline Chinese text recognition in examination paper. IEEE Access. 7, 370\u2013382 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2885398","journal-title":"IEEE Access."},{"key":"16_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nguyen, H.T., Nguyen, C.T., Oka, H., Ishioka, T., Nakagawa, M.: Handwriting recognition and automatic scoring for descriptive answers in Japa-nese language tests. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition. pp. 274\u2013284. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, Hyderabad, India (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-21648-0_19","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-21648-0_19"},{"key":"16_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Truong, N.T., Nguyen, H.T., Ly, N.T., Horie, T., Nakagawa, M.: Content-based similarity for automatic scoring of handwritten descriptive an-swers. In: Barney Smith, E.H., Liwicki, M., and Peng, L. (eds.) Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition - ICDAR 2024. pp. 268\u2013281. Springer Nature Switzerland, Athens, Greece (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-70536-6_16","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-70536-6_16"},{"key":"16_CR9","unstructured":"Asakura, T., et al.: Digitalizing educational workbooks and collecting handwritten answers for automatic scoring. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Intelligent Textbooks co-located with the 24th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education 2023, pp. 78\u201387. CEUR-WS.org, Tokyo, Japan (2023)"},{"key":"16_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Koile, K., et al.: Supporting pen-based classroom interaction: new findings and functionality for classroom learning partner. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Pen-Based Learning Technologies, pp. 1\u20137. IEEE Computer Society, Catania, Italy (2007). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/PLT.2007.24","DOI":"10.1109\/PLT.2007.24"},{"key":"16_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lozano, N., Hirosawa, K., Nakagawa, M.: A scoring tool for electronic paper exams. In: Proceedings of the Seventh IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies. pp. 120\u2013121. IEEE Computer Society, Niigata, Japan (2007). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICALT.2007.34","DOI":"10.1109\/ICALT.2007.34"},{"key":"16_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Oka, H., Nguyen, H.T., Nguyen, C.T., Nakagawa, M., Ishioka, T.: Fully Automated short answer scoring of the trial tests for common entrance ex-aminations for\u00a0Japanese university. In: Rodrigo, M.M., Matsuda, N., Cristea, A.I., and Dimitrova, V. (eds.) Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education. pp. 180\u2013192. Springer International Publishing, Durham, UK (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-11644-5_15","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-11644-5_15"},{"key":"16_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nguyen, H.T., Nguyen, C.T., Nakagawa, M.: Online Japanese handwriting recognizers using recurrent neural networks. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition. pp. 435\u2013440. IEEE, Niagara Falls, NY, USA (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICFHR-2018.2018.00082","DOI":"10.1109\/ICFHR-2018.2018.00082"},{"key":"16_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ly, N.T., Nguyen, H.T., Nakagawa, M.: 2D Self-attention convolutional recurrent network for offline handwritten text recognition. In: Llad\u00f3s, J., Lopresti, D., and Uchida, S. (eds.) Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition. pp. 191\u2013204. Springer International Publishing, Lausanne, Switzerland (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-86549-8_13","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-86549-8_13"},{"key":"16_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nguyen, C.T., Nakagawa, M.: Finite state machine based decoding of handwritten text using recurrent neural networks. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition. pp. 246\u2013251. IEEE Computer Society, Shenzhen, China (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICFHR.2016.0055","DOI":"10.1109\/ICFHR.2016.0055"},{"key":"16_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ly, N.T., Ngo, T.T., Nakagawa, M.: A self-attention based model for offline handwritten text recognition. In: Proceedings of the 6th Asian Conference on Pattern Recognition. pp. 356\u2013369. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, Jeju Island, South Korea (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-02444-3_27","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-02444-3_27"},{"key":"16_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Llad\u00f3s, J., Lopresti, D., Uchida, S.: Global Context for improving recognition of online handwritten mathematical expressions. In: Llad\u00f3s, J., Lopresti, D., Uchida, S. (eds.) ICDAR 2021. LNCS, vol. 12822, pp. 617\u2013631. Springer, Cham (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-86331-9","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-86331-9"},{"key":"16_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2021.12.002","volume":"153","author":"T-N Truong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Truong, T.-N., Nguyen, C.T., Nakagawa, M.: Syntactic data generation for handwritten mathematical expression recognition. Pattern Recogn. Lett. 153, 83\u201391 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.patrec.2021.12.002","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn. Lett."}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Document Analysis and Recognition \u2013 ICDAR 2025"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-032-04627-7_16","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T02:07:33Z","timestamp":1757988453000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-032-04627-7_16"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"ISBN":["9783032046260","9783032046277"],"references-count":18,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-032-04627-7_16","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0302-9743"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1611-3349"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 September 2025","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests related to this work.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclosure of Interests"}},{"value":"ICDAR","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Wuhan","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"China","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2025","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"16 September 2025","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"21 September 2025","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"18","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"icdar2025","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/iapr.org\/icdar2025","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}