{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T09:10:43Z","timestamp":1758359443954,"version":"3.44.0"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9783032049834"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9783032049841"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758326400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-04984-1_32","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T16:25:37Z","timestamp":1758299137000},"page":"331-341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["MOSCARD - Multimodal Opportunistic Screening for\u00a0Cardiovascular Adverse Events with\u00a0Causal Reasoning and\u00a0De-confounding"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Jialu","family":"Pi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Juan Maria","family":"Farina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rimita","family":"Lahiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jiwoong","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Archana","family":"Gurudu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hyung-Bok","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chieh-Ju","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chadi","family":"Ayoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Arsanjani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Imon","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"32_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01981-2","volume":"28","author":"JN Acosta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Acosta, J.N., Falcone, G.J., Rajpurkar, P., Topol, E.J.: Multimodal biomedical AI. Nat. Med. 28(9), 1773\u20131784 (2022)","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"32_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2023.06.025","volume":"20","author":"I Banerjee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Banerjee, I., et al.: \u201cShortcuts\u2019\u2019 causing bias in radiology artificial intelligence: causes, evaluation, and mitigation. J. Am. Coll. Radiol. 20(9), 842\u2013851 (2023)","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Radiol."},{"key":"32_CR3","unstructured":"Behar, J.A., Levy, J., Celi, L.A.: Generalization in medical AI: a perspective on developing scalable models (2023). https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2311.05418"},{"key":"32_CR4","unstructured":"Brindle, P.M., McConnachie, A., Upton, M.N., Hart, C.L., Smith, G.D., Watt, G.C.: The accuracy of the Framingham risk-score in different socioeconomic groups: a prospective study. Br. J. Gen. Pract. 55(520), 838\u2013845 (2005). https:\/\/bjgp.org\/content\/55\/520\/838"},{"issue":"1","key":"32_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4314","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39902-7","volume":"14","author":"A Brown","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brown, A., Tomasev, N., Freyberg, J., Liu, Y., Karthikesalingam, A., Schrouff, J.: Detecting shortcut learning for fair medical AI using shortcut testing. Nat. Commun. 14(1), 4314 (2023)","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"25","key":"32_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy217","volume":"39","author":"MJ Budoff","year":"2018","unstructured":"Budoff, M.J., et al.: Ten-year association of coronary artery calcium with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA). Eur. Heart J. 39(25), 2401\u20132408 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy217","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"32_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen, R.J., et al.: Multimodal co-attention transformer for survival prediction in gigapixel whole slide images. In: 2021 IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), pp. 3995\u20134005 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.00398","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.00398"},{"key":"32_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Correa, R., Pahwa, K., Patel, B., Vachon, C.M., Gichoya, J.W., Banerjee, I.: Efficient adversarial debiasing with concept activation vector medical image case-studies. J. Biomed. Inform. 149, 104548 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbi.2023.104548. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1532046423002691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2023.104548"},{"issue":"6","key":"32_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1007\/s40846-022-00754-z","volume":"42","author":"R Correa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Correa, R., et al.: A systematic review of \u2018fair\u2019 AI model development for image classification and prediction. J. Med. Biol. Eng. 42(6), 816\u2013827 (2022)","journal-title":"J. Med. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"32_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1340-7","volume":"17","author":"JA Damen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Damen, J.A., et al.: Performance of the Framingham risk models and pooled cohort equations for predicting 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 17, 1\u201316 (2019)","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"32_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"G.C. of\u00a0Death\u00a0Collaborators: Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980-2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. Lancet (London, England) 392(10159), 1736\u20131788 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32203-7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32203-7"},{"key":"32_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dinsdale, N.K., Jenkinson, M., Namburete, A.I.: Deep learning-based unlearning of dataset bias for MRI Harmonisation and confound removal. NeuroImage 228, 117689 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117689. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1053811920311745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117689"},{"key":"32_CR13","unstructured":"Johnson, A., Bulgarelli, L., Pollard, T., Horng, S., Celi, L.A., Mark, R.: MIMIC-IV. PhysioNet, pp. 49\u201355 (2020). https:\/\/physionet.org\/content\/mimiciv\/1.0\/. Accessed 23 Aug 2021"},{"key":"32_CR14","unstructured":"Lee, N., Bang, Y., Lovenia, H., Cahyawijaya, S., Dai, W., Fung, P.: Survey of social bias in vision-language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2309.14381 (2023)"},{"key":"32_CR15","unstructured":"Li, J., Selvaraju, R., Gotmare, A., Joty, S., Xiong, C., Hoi, S.C.H.: Align before fuse: vision and language representation learning with momentum distillation. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 34, pp. 9694\u20139705 (2021)"},{"key":"32_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lloyd-Jones, D.M., et al.: Framingham risk score and prediction of lifetime risk for coronary heart disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 94(1), 20\u201324 (2004). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjcard.2004.03.023. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0002914904004370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2004.03.023"},{"key":"32_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pearl, J.: Causality. Cambridge University Press (2009)","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511803161"},{"key":"32_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Preiss, D., Kristensen, S.L.: The new pooled cohort equations risk calculator. Can. J. Cardiol. 31(5), 613\u2013619 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cjca.2015.02.001. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0828282X15000860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2015.02.001"},{"key":"32_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.07.067","volume":"199","author":"YJ Suh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Suh, Y.J., et al.: Prognostic value of syntax score based on coronary computed tomography angiography. Int. J. Cardiol. 199, 460\u2013466 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.07.067","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"32_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Wu, Z., Agarwal, D., Sun, J.: Medclip: contrastive learning from unpaired medical images and text. arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.10163 (2022)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.emnlp-main.256"},{"issue":"3","key":"32_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.10.066","volume":"73","author":"MC Williams","year":"2019","unstructured":"Williams, M.C., et al.: Coronary artery plaque characteristics associated with adverse outcomes in the scot-heart study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 73(3), 291\u2013301 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.10.066","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention \u2013 MICCAI 2025"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-032-04984-1_32","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T16:25:39Z","timestamp":1758299139000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-032-04984-1_32"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]]},"ISBN":["9783032049834","9783032049841"],"references-count":21,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-032-04984-1_32","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0302-9743"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1611-3349"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 September 2025","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that\u00a0are relevant to the content of this article.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclosure of Interests"}},{"value":"MICCAI","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Daejeon","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Korea (Republic of)","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2025","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"23 September 2025","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"27 September 2025","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"28","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"miccai2025","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/conferences.miccai.org\/2025\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}