{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T22:10:04Z","timestamp":1757628604681,"version":"3.44.0"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783032050359","type":"print"},{"value":"9783032050366","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757548800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>ONEAudit provides more efficient risk-limiting audits than other extant methods when the voting system cannot report\u00a0a cast-vote record linked to each cast card. It obviates the need\u00a0for re-scanning; it is simpler and more efficient than \u2018hybrid\u2019 audits; and it is far more efficient than batch-level comparison audits. There may be room to improve the efficiency of ONEAudit further\u00a0by tuning the statistical tests it uses and by using stratified sampling. We show that tuning the tests by optimizing for\u00a0the reported batch-level tallies or integrating over a distribution reduces expected workloads by 70\u201385% compared to the current ONEAudit implementation across a range of simulated elections.\u00a0The improved tests reduce the expected workload to audit the\u00a02024 Mayoral race in San Francisco, California, by half\u2014from about\u00a0200 cards to about 100 cards. In contrast, stratified sampling does\u00a0not help: it increases workloads by about 25% on average.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-05036-6_11","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T07:22:30Z","timestamp":1757488950000},"page":"175-190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dice, but\u00a0Don\u2019t Slice: Optimizing the\u00a0Efficiency of\u00a0ONEAudit"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0682-7677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob V","family":"Spertus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3229-7924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda","family":"Glazer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3771-9604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip B.","family":"Stark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"11_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Appel, A., DeMillo, R., Stark, P.: Ballot-marking devices cannot assure the will of the voters. Politics, and Policy, Election Law Journal, Rules (2020)","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3375755"},{"issue":"2","key":"11_CR2","first-page":"523","volume":"4","author":"A Appel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Appel, A., Stark, P.: Evidence-based elections: create a meaningful paper trail, then audit. Georgetown Law Technol. Rev. 4(2), 523\u2013541 (2020)","journal-title":"Georgetown Law Technol. Rev."},{"key":"11_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blom, M., Stark, P.B., Stuckey, P.J., Teague, V., Vukcevic, D.: Auditing Hamiltonian elections. In: Bernhard, M., et al. (eds.) FC 2021. LNCS, vol. 12676, pp. 235\u2013250. Springer, Heidelberg (2021)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-63958-0_21"},{"key":"11_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-00419-4_2","volume-title":"Electronic Voting","author":"M Blom","year":"2018","unstructured":"Blom, M., Stuckey, P., Teague, V.: Ballot-polling risk limiting audits for IRV elections. In: Krimmer, R., et al. (eds.) Electronic Voting, pp. 17\u201334. Springer, Cham (2018)"},{"key":"11_CR5","volume-title":"Sampling Techniques","author":"W Cochran","year":"1977","unstructured":"Cochran, W.: Sampling Techniques, 3rd edn. John Wiley & Sons Inc, New York (1977)","edition":"3"},{"issue":"2","key":"11_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1109\/18.485708","volume":"42","author":"TM Cover","year":"1996","unstructured":"Cover, T.M., Ordentlich, E.: Universal portfolios with side information. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 42(2), 348\u2013363 (1996)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"11_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9965.1991.tb00002.x","volume":"1","author":"T Cover","year":"1991","unstructured":"Cover, T.: Universal portfolios. Math. Financ. 1, 1\u201329 (1991)","journal-title":"Math. Financ."},{"key":"11_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-43756-4_3","volume-title":"Electronic Voting","author":"A Ek","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ek, A., Stark, P., Stuckey, P., Vukcevic, D.: Adaptively weighted audits of instant-runoff voting elections: AWAIRE. In: Volkamer, M., et al. (eds.) Electronic Voting, pp. 35\u201351. Springer Nature, Cham (2023)"},{"key":"11_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ek, A., Stark, P., Stuckey, P., Vukcevic, D.: Efficient Weighting Schemes for Auditing Instant-Runoff Voting Elections, pp. 18\u201332. Springer Nature (2024)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-69231-4_2"},{"key":"11_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuller, B., Harrison, A., Russell, A.: Adaptive risk-limiting comparison audits. In: 2023 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP), pp. 3314\u20133331 (2023)","DOI":"10.1109\/SP46215.2023.10179424"},{"key":"11_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3457907","volume":"2","author":"A Glazer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Glazer, A., Spertus, J., Stark, P.: More style, less work: card-style data decrease risk-limiting audit sample sizes. Digital Thre. Res. Pract. (DTRAP) 2, 1\u201315 (2021)","journal-title":"Digital Thre. Res. Pract. (DTRAP)"},{"key":"11_CR12","unstructured":"Glazer, A., Spertus, J., Stark, P.: Stylish risk-limiting audits in practice. In: Proceedings of E-Vote-ID (2023). Lecture Notes in Informatics (LNI), Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Informatik, Bonn (To appear)"},{"key":"11_CR13","unstructured":"Kalai, A., Vempala, S.: Efficient algorithms for universal portfolios. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 3(Nov), 423\u2013440 (2002)"},{"key":"11_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.1987.10475470","volume":"41","author":"H Kaplan","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kaplan, H.: A method of one-sided nonparametric inference for the mean of a nonnegative population. Am. Stat. 41, 157\u2013158 (1987)","journal-title":"Am. Stat."},{"key":"11_CR15","unstructured":"Lindeman, M., Stark, P., Yates, V.: BRAVO: ballot-polling risk-limiting audits to verify outcomes. In: Proceedings of the 2011 Electronic Voting Technology Workshop \/ Workshop on Trustworthy Elections (EVT\/WOTE \u201911). USENIX (2012)"},{"key":"11_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ottoboni, K., Stark, P., Lindeman, M., McBurnett, N.: Risk-limiting audits by stratified union-intersection tests of elections (SUITE). In: Electronic Voting. E-Vote-ID 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer (2018)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-00419-4_12"},{"issue":"3","key":"11_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176342704","volume":"2","author":"H Robbins","year":"1974","unstructured":"Robbins, H., Siegmund, D.: The expected sample size of some tests of power one. Ann. Stat. 2(3), 415\u2013436 (1974)","journal-title":"Ann. Stat."},{"key":"11_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spertus, J.: COBRA: comparison-optimal betting for risk-limiting audits. In: International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security, pp. 95\u2013109. Springer, Cham (2023)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-48806-1_7"},{"key":"11_CR19","unstructured":"Spertus, J., Sridhar, M., Stark, P.: Sequential stratified inference for the mean. arXiv preprint arXiv:2409.06680 (2024)"},{"key":"11_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-15911-4_7","volume-title":"Electronic Voting","author":"J Spertus","year":"2022","unstructured":"Spertus, J., Stark, P.: Sweeter than SUITE: supermartingale stratified union-intersection tests of elections. In: Krimmer, R., et al. (eds.) Electronic Voting, pp. 106\u2013121. Springer, Cham (2022)"},{"key":"11_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2009.2034190","volume":"4","author":"P Stark","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stark, P.: Risk-limiting post-election audits: $$P$$-values from common probability inequalities. IEEE Trans. Inf. Foren. Secur. 4, 1005\u20131014 (2009)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Foren. Secur."},{"key":"11_CR22","unstructured":"Stark, P.: Super-simple simultaneous single-ballot risk-limiting audits. In: Proceedings of the 2010 Electronic Voting Technology Workshop \/ Workshop on Trustworthy Elections (EVT\/WOTE \u201910). USENIX (2010)"},{"key":"11_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stark, P.: Sets of half-average nulls generate risk-limiting audits: SHANGRLA. Finan. Crypt. Data Secur. Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. 12063 (2020)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-54455-3_23"},{"issue":"1","key":"11_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1214\/22-AOAS1646","volume":"17","author":"P Stark","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stark, P.: ALPHA: audit that learns from previously hand-audited ballots. Ann. Appl. Stat. 17(1), 641\u2013679 (2023)","journal-title":"Ann. Appl. Stat."},{"key":"11_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2012.62","volume":"10","author":"P Stark","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stark, P., Wagner, D.: Evidence-based elections. IEEE Secur. Priv. 10, 33\u201341 (2012)","journal-title":"IEEE Secur. Priv."},{"key":"11_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stark, P.: Non(c)esuch ballot-level comparison risk-limiting audits. In: K., Sokratis et\u00a0al. (ed.) Computer Security. ESORICS 2022 International Workshops, pp. 541\u2013554. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2023)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-25460-4_31"},{"key":"11_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stark, P.: Overstatement-net-equivalent risk-limiting audit: ONEAudit. In: International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security, pp. 63\u201378. Springer (2023)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-48806-1_5"},{"key":"11_CR28","volume-title":"\u00c9tude critique de la notion de collectif","author":"J Ville","year":"1939","unstructured":"Ville, J.: \u00c9tude critique de la notion de collectif. Gauthier-Villars, Paris (1939)"},{"key":"11_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177731118","volume":"16","author":"A Wald","year":"1945","unstructured":"Wald, A.: Sequential tests of statistical hypotheses. Ann. Math. Stat. 16, 117\u2013186 (1945)","journal-title":"Ann. Math. Stat."},{"key":"11_CR30","volume-title":"Sequential Analysis","author":"A Wald","year":"1947","unstructured":"Wald, A.: Sequential Analysis. Dover Publications, New York (1947)"},{"key":"11_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waudby-Smith, I., Ramdas, A.: Estimating means of bounded random variables by betting. J. Royal Statist. Soc. Ser. B Statist. Methodol. 86 (2024)","DOI":"10.1093\/jrsssb\/qkad009"},{"key":"11_CR32","unstructured":"Waudby-Smith, I., Sandoval, R., Jordan, M.: Universal log-optimality for general classes of e-processes and sequential hypothesis tests. arXiv:2504.02818 (2025)"},{"key":"11_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waudby-Smith, I., Stark, P.B., Ramdas, A.: RiLACS: risk limiting audits via confidence sequences. In: Krimmer, R., Volkamer, M., Duenas-Cid, D., Kulyk, O., R\u00f8nne, P., Solvak, M., Germann, M. (eds.) E-Vote-ID 2021. LNCS, vol. 12900, pp. 124\u2013139. Springer, Cham (2021)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-86942-7_9"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Electronic Voting"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-032-05036-6_11","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T08:02:45Z","timestamp":1757491365000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-032-05036-6_11"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"ISBN":["9783032050359","9783032050366"],"references-count":33,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-032-05036-6_11","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 September 2025","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"E-Vote-ID","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Joint Conference on Electronic Voting","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Nancy","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"France","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2025","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"1 October 2025","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"3 October 2025","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"10","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"evoteid2025","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/e-vote-id-2025.inria.fr\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}