{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T16:18:52Z","timestamp":1783613932670,"version":"3.55.0"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783032056061","type":"print"},{"value":"9783032056078","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-05607-8_24","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T20:30:49Z","timestamp":1757277049000},"page":"253-264","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Towards More Reliable SQL Auto-grading: A Hybrid Approach Using LLMs, Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets, and\u00a0Traditional Methods"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6806-9501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitar","family":"Dimitrov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"24_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7908-1870-3","volume-title":"Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets","author":"K Atanassov","year":"1999","unstructured":"Atanassov, K.: Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets. Springer, Heidelberg (1999)"},{"key":"24_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1145\/1026487.1008008","volume":"36","author":"J Prior","year":"2004","unstructured":"Prior, J., Lister, R.: The backwash effect on SQL skills grading. ACM Sigcse Bull. 36, 32\u201336 (2004). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1026487.1008008","journal-title":"ACM Sigcse Bull."},{"key":"24_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chu, S., Murphy, B., Roesch, J., Cheung, A., Suciu, D.: Axiomatic foundations and algorithms for deciding semantic equivalences of SQL queries. Proc. VLDB Endow. 11, 11, 1482\u20141495 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14778\/3236187.3236200","DOI":"10.14778\/3236187.3236200"},{"issue":"4","key":"24_CR4","first-page":"179","volume":"5","author":"J Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, J., Zhao, Y., Tang, Z., Xing, Z.: Combining dynamic and static analysis for automated grading SQL statements. J. Netw. Intell. 5(4), 179\u2013190 (2020)","journal-title":"J. Netw. Intell."},{"key":"24_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chandra, B., Chawda, B., Kar, B., Reddy, K.V.M., Shah, S., Sudarshan, S.: Data generation for testing and grading SQL queries. VLDB J. 24(6), 731\u2013755 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00778-015-0395-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s00778-015-0395-0"},{"key":"24_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bhangdiya, A., Chandra, B., Kar, B., Radhakrishnan, B., Reddy, K.V.M, Shah, S.: The XDa-TA system for automated grading of SQL query assignments. In: 2015 IEEE 31st International Conference on Data Engineering, Seoul, Korea (South), pp. 1468\u20131471 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICDE.2015.7113403","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDE.2015.7113403"},{"key":"24_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chandra, B., Banerjee, A., Hazra, U., Joseph, M., Sudarshan, S.: Automated grading of SQL queries. In: 2019 IEEE 35th International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE), Macao, China, pp. 1630\u20131633 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICDE.2019.00159","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDE.2019.00159"},{"key":"24_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chandra, B., Banerjee, A., Hazra, U., Joseph, M., Sudarshan, S.: Edit based grading of SQL queries. In: CODS-COMAD \u201921: Proceedings of the 3rd ACM India Joint International Conference on Data Science & Management of Data (8th ACM IKDD CODS & 26th COMAD), pp. 56\u201364 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3430984.3431012","DOI":"10.1145\/3430984.3431012"},{"key":"24_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wanjiru, B., Van Bommel, P., Hiemstra, D.: Dynamic and partial grading of SQL queries. J. Eng. Res. Sci. 3(8), 1\u201314 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55708\/js0308001","DOI":"10.55708\/js0308001"},{"key":"24_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schwartz, D. R., Rivas, P.: An Automated SQL Query Grading System Using An Attention-Based Convolutional Neural Network. Preprint (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arxiv.2406.15936","DOI":"10.48550\/arxiv.2406.15936"},{"key":"24_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1109\/CSCE60160.2023.00019","volume-title":"BERT Goes to SQL School: Improving Automatic Grading of SQL Statements, 2023 Congress in Computer Science, Computer Engineering, & Applied Computing (CSCE), Las Vegas","author":"P Rivas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rivas, P., Schwartz, D.R., Quevedo, E.: BERT Goes to SQL School: Improving Automatic Grading of SQL Statements, 2023 Congress in Computer Science, Computer Engineering, & Applied Computing (CSCE), Las Vegas, pp. 83\u201390. NV, USA (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CSCE60160.2023.00019"},{"key":"24_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.is.2024.102473","volume":"128","author":"K Mohamed","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mohamed, K., Yousef, M., Medhat, W., Hussein Mohamed, E., Khoriba, G., Arafa, T.: Hands-on analysis of using large language models for the auto evaluation of programming assignments. Inf. Syst. 128, 102473 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.is.2024.102473","journal-title":"Inf. Syst."},{"key":"24_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Geigle, C., Zhai, C., Ferguson, D.C.: An exploration of automated grading of complex assignments. In: Proceedings of 3rd ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale (L@S \u201916), ACM, New York, pp. 351\u2013360 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2876034.2876049","DOI":"10.1145\/2876034.2876049"},{"key":"24_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sotirova, E., Shannon, A., Kim, T., Krawczak, M., Melo-Pinto, P., Rie\u010dan, B.: Intuitionistic fuzzy evaluations for the analysis of a student\u2019s knowledge in university e-learning courses. In: Hadjiski, M., Atanassov, K. (eds.) Intuitionistic Fuzziness and Other Intelligent Theories and Their Applications. Stud. Comput. Intell. 757. Springer, Cham (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-78931-6_6","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-78931-6_6"},{"key":"24_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim, T., Sotirova, E., Shannon, A., Atanassova, V., Atanassov, K., Jang L.-C.: Interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy evaluations for analysis of a student\u2019s knowledge in university e-learning courses. Int. J. Fuzzy Logic Intell. Syst. 18(3), 190\u2013195 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5391\/IJFIS.2018.18.3.190","DOI":"10.5391\/IJFIS.2018.18.3.190"},{"key":"24_CR16","first-page":"131","volume":"10","author":"M Citil","year":"2019","unstructured":"Citil, M.: Application of the intuitionistic fuzzy logic in education. Commun. Math. Appl. 10, 131\u2013143 (2019)","journal-title":"Commun. Math. Appl."},{"key":"24_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2012.12.031","volume":"235","author":"S-M Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen, S.-M., Li, T.-S.: Evaluating students\u2019 answer scripts based on interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets. Inf. Sci. 235, 308\u2013322 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ins.2012.12.031","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"24_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shannon, A., Sotirova, E., Atanassov, K., Krawczak., M., Melo-Pinto, P., Kim, T.: Generalized net model of lecturers\u2019 evaluation of student work with intuitionistic fuzzy estimations. Notes on IFS. 12(4) (2006)","DOI":"10.5391\/IJFIS.2006.6.1.006"},{"key":"24_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kul, G., Luong, D.T.A., Xie, T., Chandola, V., Kennedy, O., Upadhyaya, S.: Similarity metrics for SQL query clustering. In: IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, vol. 30, no. 12, 2408\u20132420 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TKDE.2018.2831214","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2018.2831214"},{"key":"24_CR20","unstructured":"Brown, T.B., et al.: Language models are few-shot learners. In: Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, NIPS \u201920, Curran Associates Inc., Red Hook, NY, USA, pp. 1877\u20131901 (2020)"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Flexible Query Answering Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-032-05607-8_24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T05:43:24Z","timestamp":1781675004000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-032-05607-8_24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"ISBN":["9783032056061","9783032056078"],"references-count":20,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-032-05607-8_24","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 September 2025","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclosure of Interests"}},{"value":"FQAS","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Flexible Query Answering Systems","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Burgas","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Bulgaria","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2025","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"11 September 2025","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"13 September 2025","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"16","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"fqas2025","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/fqas2025.uniburgas.bg\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}