{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T21:21:29Z","timestamp":1768598489821,"version":"3.49.0"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783032145178","type":"print"},{"value":"9783032145185","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-14518-5_10","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T08:13:39Z","timestamp":1768551219000},"page":"117-131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cost of\u00a0Not Investing (CONI) in\u00a0Intelligent Processes Automation"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2021-6661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damian","family":"Kedziora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7921-986X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrey","family":"Saltan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5734-7975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur","family":"Modli\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"10_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Aalst, W.M., Bichler, M., Heinzl, A.: Robotic process automation. Bus. Inf. Syst. Eng. 60(4), 269\u2013272 (2018)","DOI":"10.1007\/s12599-018-0542-4"},{"issue":"1","key":"10_CR2","first-page":"99","volume":"17","author":"J Barney","year":"1991","unstructured":"Barney, J.: Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. J. Manag. 17(1), 99\u2013120 (1991)","journal-title":"J. Manag."},{"issue":"2","key":"10_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.2002.11045726","volume":"19","author":"M Benaroch","year":"2002","unstructured":"Benaroch, M.: Managing information technology investment risk: a real options perspective. J. Manag. Inf. Syst. 19(2), 43\u201384 (2002). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07421222.2002.11045726","journal-title":"J. Manag. Inf. Syst."},{"issue":"2","key":"10_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.2017.0714","volume":"29","author":"M Benaroch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Benaroch, M.: Real options models for proactive uncertainty-reducing mitigations and applications in cybersecurity investment decision making. Inf. Syst. Res. 29(2), 315\u2013340 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/isre.2017.0714","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Res."},{"key":"10_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buchanan, J.M.: Opportunity cost. In: Eatwell, J., Milgate, M., Newman, P. (eds.) The World of Economics, pp. 520\u2013525. Palgrave Macmillan (1991)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-21315-3_69"},{"key":"10_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheon, G., Choi, Y., Lee, D., Baek, J.: Generative ai agents in language learning: a randomized field experiment. In: Proceedings of the 58th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, pp. 4949\u20134958 (2025)","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2025.596"},{"key":"10_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De\u00a0Vreede, T., Cheng, X., Siemon, D.: Introduction to the ai and the future of work minitrack. In: Proceedings of the 58th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, pp. 101\u2013102 (2025)","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2025.013"},{"key":"10_CR8","unstructured":"DeVellis, R.F.: Scale Development: Theory and Applications. Sage Publications, 4th edn. (2016)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.1991.11517904","volume":"7","author":"BL Dos Santos","year":"1991","unstructured":"Dos Santos, B.L.: Justifying investments in new information technologies. J. Manag. Inf. Syst. 7(4), 71\u201390 (1991)","journal-title":"J. Manag. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"10_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felsberger, A., Qaiser, F.H., Choudhary, A., Reiner, G.: The impact of industry 4.0 on the reconciliation of dynamic capabilities: evidence from the European manufacturing industries. Prod. Plann. Control 33(2-3), 277\u2013300 (2022)","DOI":"10.1080\/09537287.2020.1810765"},{"issue":"1","key":"10_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s40685-019-00105-w","volume":"13","author":"B Freitag","year":"2019","unstructured":"Freitag, B., H\u00e4fner, L., Pfeuffer, V., \u00dcbelh\u00f6r, J.: Evaluating investments in flexible on-demand production capacity: a real options approach. Bus. Res. 13(1), 133\u2013161 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40685-019-00105-w","journal-title":"Bus. Res."},{"key":"10_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.technovation.2021.102414","volume":"113","author":"S Ghosh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ghosh, S., Hughes, M., Hodgkinson, I., Hughes, P.: Digital transformation of industrial businesses: a dynamic capability approach. Technovation 113, 102414 (2022)","journal-title":"Technovation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.2307\/25148742","volume":"30","author":"S Gregor","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gregor, S.: The nature of theory in information systems. MIS Q. 30(3), 611\u2013642 (2006)","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"issue":"1","key":"10_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-019-00365-8","volume":"30","author":"P Hofmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hofmann, P., Samp, C., Urbach, N.: Robotic process automation. Electron. Mark. 30(1), 99\u2013106 (2020)","journal-title":"Electron. Mark."},{"key":"10_CR15","unstructured":"Isaza, L., Cepa, K.: Automation and augmentation: a process study of how robotization shapes tasks of operational employees. Eur. Manage. J. (2021)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0771(199809)11:3<211::AID-BDM298>3.0.CO;2-O","volume":"11","author":"SK Jones","year":"1998","unstructured":"Jones, S.K., Frisch, D., Yurak, T.J., Kim, E.: Choices and opportunities: another effect of framing on decisions. J. Behav. Decis. Mak. 11(3), 211\u2013226 (1998)","journal-title":"J. Behav. Decis. Mak."},{"key":"10_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kedziora, D., Leivonen, A., Piotrowicz, W., \u00d6\u00f6rni, A.: Robotic process automation (RPA) implementation drivers: Evidence of selected Nordic companies. Issues Inf. Syst. 22(2), 21\u201340 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48009\/2_iis_2021_21-40","DOI":"10.48009\/2_iis_2021_21-40"},{"key":"10_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kedziora, D., Hyrynsalmi, S.: Turning robotic process automation onto intelligent automation with machine learning. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Communities and Technologies, pp.\u00a01\u20135. ACM (2023)","DOI":"10.1145\/3593743.3593746"},{"issue":"2","key":"10_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.26493\/1854-4231.13.161-174","volume":"13","author":"D Kedziora","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kedziora, D., Kiviranta, H.M.: Digital business value creation with robotic process automation (rpa) in northern and central europe. Management 13(2), 161\u2013174 (2018)","journal-title":"Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"10_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1177\/2043886920937022","volume":"11","author":"D Kedziora","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kedziora, D., Penttinen, E.: Governance models for robotic process automation: The case of nordea bank. J. Inf. Technol. Teach. Cases 11(1), 20\u201329 (2020)","journal-title":"J. Inf. Technol. Teach. Cases"},{"issue":"6","key":"10_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2012.167","volume":"29","author":"P Kruchten","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kruchten, P., Nord, R.L., Ozkaya, I.: Technical debt: from metaphor to theory and practice. IEEE Softw. 29(6), 18\u201321 (2012)","journal-title":"IEEE Softw."},{"key":"10_CR22","unstructured":"Lacity, M., Willcocks, L.: Robotic Process and Cognitive Automation: The Next Phase. SB Publishing (2018)"},{"key":"10_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latinovic, M., Pammer-Schindler, V.: Automation and artificial intelligence in software engineering: experiences, challenges, and opportunities. In: Proceedings of the 54th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, pp. 146\u2013155 (2021)","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2021.017"},{"issue":"S1","key":"10_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.4250090706","volume":"9","author":"MB Lieberman","year":"1988","unstructured":"Lieberman, M.B., Montgomery, D.B.: First-mover advantages. Strateg. Manag. J. 9(S1), 41\u201358 (1988)","journal-title":"Strateg. Manag. J."},{"key":"10_CR25","unstructured":"Manyika, J., Miremadi, M.: Where machines could replace humans\u2014and where they can\u2019t (yet). McKinsey Quarterly (2020)"},{"key":"10_CR26","unstructured":"Manyika, J., Miremadi, M.: Where machines could replace humans\u2014and where they can\u2019t (yet). Technical Report, McKinsey & Company (2020)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10_CR27","first-page":"19","volume":"43","author":"J Mendling","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mendling, J., Decker, G., Hull, R., Reijers, H.A., Weber, I.: How do machine learning, robotic process automation, and blockchains affect the human factor in business process management? Commun. Assoc. Inf. Syst. 43(1), 19 (2020)","journal-title":"Commun. Assoc. Inf. Syst."},{"issue":"1","key":"10_CR28","first-page":"101","volume":"42","author":"D Neis","year":"2025","unstructured":"Neis, D., Pereira, G.V., Maccari, E.A.: Digital transformation in organizations: a systematic literature review and research agenda. Gov. Inf. Q. 42(1), 101\u2013115 (2025)","journal-title":"Gov. Inf. Q."},{"key":"10_CR29","unstructured":"Osmundsen, K., Iden, J., Bygstad, B.: Digital transformation: drivers, success factors, and implications. In: Proceedings of the 12th Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems, pp. 1\u201315 (2019)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10_CR30","first-page":"401","volume":"52","author":"G Pan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pan, G., Pan, S.L., Lim, C.Y.: Examining how firms leverage it to achieve firm productivity: Rbv and dynamic capabilities perspectives. Inf. Manage. 52(4), 401\u2013412 (2015)","journal-title":"Inf. Manage."},{"issue":"5","key":"10_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","volume":"88","author":"PM Podsakoff","year":"2003","unstructured":"Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B., Lee, J.Y., Podsakoff, N.P.: Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. J. Appl. Psychol. 88(5), 879\u2013903 (2003)","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2014.07.003","volume":"5","author":"MO Qureshi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Qureshi, M.O., Syed, R.S.: The impact of robotics on employment and motivation of employees in the service sector, with special reference to health care. Saf. Health Work 5(4), 198\u2013202 (2014)","journal-title":"Saf. Health Work"},{"issue":"4","key":"10_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.2354","volume":"37","author":"H Rahmandad","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rahmandad, H., Repenning, N.: Capability erosion dynamics. Strateg. Manag. J. 37(4), 649\u2013672 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smj.2354","journal-title":"Strateg. Manag. J."},{"issue":"13","key":"10_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.2665","volume":"38","author":"HTJ Smit","year":"2017","unstructured":"Smit, H.T.J., Trigeorgis, L.: Strategic NPV: real options and strategic games under different information structures. Strateg. Manag. J. 38(13), 2555\u20132578 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smj.2665","journal-title":"Strateg. Manag. J."},{"key":"10_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2019.103162","volume":"115","author":"R Syed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Syed, R., Suriadi, S., Adams, M., Bandara, W., Leemans, S.J., Ouyang, C., Ter Hofstede, A.H., Van De Weerd, I., Wynn, M.T., Reijers, H.A.: Robotic process automation: contemporary themes and challenges. Comput. Ind. 115, 103162 (2020)","journal-title":"Comput. Ind."},{"key":"10_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teece, D.J., Pisano, G., Shuen, A.: Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strateg. Manag. J. 18(7), 509\u2013533 (1997). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0266(199708)18:7$$<$$509::AID-SMJ882$$>$$3.0.CO;2-Z","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0266(199708)18:7<509::AID-SMJ882>3.0.CO;2-Z"},{"issue":"1","key":"10_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.2593","volume":"38","author":"L Trigeorgis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Trigeorgis, L., Reuer, J.J.: Real options theory in strategic management. Strateg. Manag. J. 38(1), 42\u201363 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smj.2593","journal-title":"Strateg. Manag. J."},{"key":"10_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vilkas, M., Stefanini, A., Ghobakhloo, M., Grybauskas, A.: Digital technology-enabled capability development pathways. Comput. Ind. Eng. 196, 110473 (2024)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2024.110473"},{"issue":"8","key":"10_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1108\/BPMJ-08-2022-0418","volume":"29","author":"A Yl\u00e4-Kujala","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yl\u00e4-Kujala, A., Kedziora, D., Metso, L., K\u00e4rri, T., Happonen, A., Piotrowicz, W.: Robotic process automation deployments: a step-by-step method to investment appraisal. Bus. Process. Manag. J. 29(8), 163\u2013187 (2023)","journal-title":"Bus. Process. Manag. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5414.2003.02460.x","volume":"34","author":"K Zhu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zhu, K., Weyant, J.P.: Strategic decisions of new technology adoption under asymmetric information: a game-theoretic model*. Decis. Sci. 34(4), 643\u2013675 (2003). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-5414.2003.02460.x","journal-title":"Decis. Sci."}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing","Software Business"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-032-14518-5_10","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T08:13:51Z","timestamp":1768551231000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-032-14518-5_10"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"ISBN":["9783032145178","9783032145185"],"references-count":40,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-032-14518-5_10","relation":{},"ISSN":["1865-1348","1865-1356"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1865-1348","type":"print"},{"value":"1865-1356","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 January 2026","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"ICSOB","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Software Business","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Stuttgart","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Germany","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2025","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"24 November 2025","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"26 November 2025","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"16","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"icsob2025","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/icsob2025.github.io\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}