{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T23:50:29Z","timestamp":1780357829066,"version":"3.54.1"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783032177742","type":"print"},{"value":"9783032177759","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-17775-9_2","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T12:13:21Z","timestamp":1771157601000},"page":"39-58","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cofactors in Human Papillomavirus Carcinogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"del Pino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-19-0239","volume":"28","author":"R Adcock","year":"2019","unstructured":"Adcock R, Cuzick J, Hunt WC, McDonald RM, Wheeler CM (2019) Role of HPV genotype, multiple infections, and viral load on the risk of high-grade cervical neoplasia. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 28(11):1816\u20131824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-19-0239","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2_CR2","unstructured":"Alliance for Cervical Cancer Prevention (ACCP) (2004) Cervical Cancer Prevention FACT SHEET risk factors for cervical cancer: evidence to date. J Natl Cancer Inst (May):1\u20132"},{"key":"2_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.02.014","volume":"247","author":"S Asthana","year":"2020","unstructured":"Asthana S, Busa V, Labani S (2020) Oral contraceptives use and risk of cervical cancer\u2014a systematic review & meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 247:163\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.02.014","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26019","volume":"233","author":"A Bahrami","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bahrami A, Hasanzadeh M, Shahidsales S et al (2018) Genetic susceptibility in cervical cancer: from bench to bedside. J Cell Physiol 233(3):1929\u20131939. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcp.26019","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6631","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-021-06515-6","volume":"48","author":"APR Bortolli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bortolli APR, Vieira VK, Stefanski EE, Lazarotto AK, Lucio LC (2021) Relationship between GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms and HPV infection: a systematic review. Mol Biol Rep 48(9):6631\u20136636. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11033-021-06515-6","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-02965-w","volume":"21","author":"SJ Bowden","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bowden SJ, Doulgeraki T, Bouras E et al (2023) Risk factors for human papillomavirus infection, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer: an umbrella review and follow-up mendelian randomisation studies. BMC Med 21(1):1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-023-02965-w","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"2_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bridge F, Brotherton JML, Foong Y, Butzkueven H, Jokubaitis VG, Van der Walt A (2023) Risk of cervical pre-cancer and cancer in women with multiple sclerosis exposed to high efficacy disease modifying therapies. Front Neurol 14(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2023.1119660","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1119660"},{"key":"2_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.10.083","volume":"103","author":"MJ Brito","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brito MJ, Sequeira P, Silva I, Quintas A, Martins C, F\u00e9lix A (2021) CD4+ and CD8+ cell populations in HIV-positive women with cervical squamous intra-epithelial lesions and squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Infect Dis 103:370\u2013377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.10.083","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3 Suppl.2","key":"2_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2008.07.045","volume":"110","author":"X Castellsagu\u00e9","year":"2008","unstructured":"Castellsagu\u00e9 X (2008) Natural history and epidemiology of HPV infection and cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 110(3 Suppl.2):4\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ygyno.2008.07.045","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"2_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jncimonographs.a003477","volume":"2003","author":"X Castellsagu\u00e9","year":"2003","unstructured":"Castellsagu\u00e9 X, Mu\u00f1oz N (2003) Chapter 3: Cofactors in human papillomavirus carcinogenesis\u2014role of parity, oral contraceptives, and tobacco smoking. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2003:20\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jncimonographs.a003477","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr"},{"issue":"December","key":"2_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105929","volume":"175","author":"N Challagundla","year":"2023","unstructured":"Challagundla N, Chrisophe-Bourdon J, Agrawal-Rajput R (2023) Chlamydia trachomatis infection co-operatively enhances HPV E6-E7 oncogenes mediated tumorigenesis and immunosuppression. Microb Pathog 175(December):105929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105929","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"issue":"3","key":"2_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2013.757630","volume":"65","author":"HJ Chih","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chih HJ, Lee AH, Colville L, Binns CW, Xu D (2013) A review of dietary prevention of human papillomavirus-related infection of the cervix and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Nutr Cancer 65(3):317\u2013328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01635581.2013.757630","journal-title":"Nutr Cancer"},{"issue":"12","key":"2_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.75.3442","volume":"36","author":"MA Clarke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Clarke MA, Fetterman B, Cheung LC et al (2018) Epidemiologic evidence that excess body weight increases risk of cervical cancer by decreased detection of precancer. J Clin Oncol 36(12):1184\u20131191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2017.75.3442","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33185","volume":"148","author":"GM Clifford","year":"2021","unstructured":"Clifford GM, Georges D, Shiels MS et al (2021) A meta-analysis of anal cancer incidence by risk group: toward a unified anal cancer risk scale. Int J Cancer 148(1):38\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijc.33185","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"11","key":"2_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1054\/bjoc.2000.1523","volume":"83","author":"JM Deacon","year":"2000","unstructured":"Deacon JM, Evans CD, Yule R et al (2000) Sexual behaviour and smoking as determinants of cervical HPV infection and of CIN3 among those infected: a case-control study nested within the Manchester cohort. Br J Cancer 83(11):1565\u20131572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1054\/bjoc.2000.1523","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100293","volume":"22","author":"M Demarco","year":"2020","unstructured":"Demarco M, Hyun N, Carter-Pokras O et al (2020a) A study of type-specific HPV natural history and implications for contemporary cervical cancer screening programs. EClinicalMedicine 22:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100293","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"2_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0000000000000530","volume":"24","author":"M Demarco","year":"2020","unstructured":"Demarco M, Egemen D, Raine-Bennett TR et al (2020b) A study of partial human papillomavirus genotyping in support of the 2019 ASCCP risk-based management consensus guidelines. J Low Genit Tract Dis 24(2):144\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/LGT.0000000000000530","journal-title":"J Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"issue":"September","key":"2_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvr.2024.200308","volume":"19","author":"S Dick","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dick S, Heideman DAM, Berkhof J, Steenbergen RDM, Bleeker MCG (2025) Clinical indications for host-cell DNA methylation markers in cervical screening and management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a review. Tumour Virus Res 19(September):200308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tvr.2024.200308","journal-title":"Tumour Virus Res"},{"key":"2_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2017.08.001","volume":"47","author":"J Doorbar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Doorbar J (2018) Host control of human papillomavirus infection and disease. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 47:27\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2017.08.001","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/tan.15597","volume":"104","author":"R Eisenbl\u00e4tter","year":"2024","unstructured":"Eisenbl\u00e4tter R, Seifert F, Sch\u00fcrmann P et al (2024) Validation and functional follow-up of cervical cancer risk variants at the HLA locus. HLA 104(2):1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tan.15597","journal-title":"HLA"},{"issue":"17","key":"2_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1592","volume":"306","author":"EA Engels","year":"2011","unstructured":"Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, Fraumeni JF et al (2011) Spectrum of cancer risk among US solid organ transplant recipients. JAMA 306(17):1891\u20131901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2011.1592","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"11","key":"2_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5995","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.14620","volume":"40","author":"A Gadducci","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gadducci A, Cosio S, Fruzzetti F (2020) Estro-progestin contraceptives and risk of cervical cancer: a debated issue. Anticancer Res 40(11):5995\u20136002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21873\/anticanres.14620","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"2_CR23","unstructured":"GenCat. Essencial; HE DADO POSITIVO EN LA PRUEBA DEL VIRUS DEL PAPILOMA HUMANO. \u22cd DEBO SEGUIR ALG\u00daN TRATAMIENTO ORAL O VAGINAL? Programa de detecci\u00f3n precoz del c\u00e1ncer de cuello uterino. GenCat. Institut Catal\u00e0 d\u2019Oncologia, el Pla Director d\u2019Oncologia, la Societat de Salut P\u00fablica de Catalunya i Balears y el Consell Consultiu de Pacients de Catalunya. https:\/\/scientiasalut.gencat.cat\/bitstream\/handle\/11351\/13140\/he-donat-positiu-prova-virus-papilloma-huma-heseguir-algun-tractament-oral-vaginal-2025-cas.pdf"},{"key":"2_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2016.12.007","volume":"87","author":"I Ghosh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ghosh I, Muwonge R, Mittal S et al (2017) Association between high risk human papillomavirus infection and co-infection with Candida spp. and trichomonas vaginalis in women with cervical premalignant and malignant lesions. J Clin Virol 87:43\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcv.2016.12.007","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-020-0790-1","volume":"122","author":"D Hashim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hashim D, Enges\u00e6ter B, Baadstrand Skare G et al (2020) Real-world data on cervical cancer risk stratification by cytology and HPV genotype to inform the management of HPV-positive women in routine cervical screening. Br J Cancer 122(11):1715\u20131723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41416-020-0790-1","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2_CR26","volume-title":"Cervical cancer screening IARC handbooks of cancer prevention","author":"IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Cancer Preventive Strategies","year":"2022","unstructured":"IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Cancer Preventive Strategies (2022) Cervical cancer screening IARC handbooks of cancer prevention, vol 18, IARC edn. IARC, Lyon","edition":"IARC"},{"issue":"9599","key":"2_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61684-5","volume":"370","author":"International Collaboration of Epidemiological Studies of Cervical Cancer","year":"2007","unstructured":"International Collaboration of Epidemiological Studies of Cervical Cancer (2007) Cervical cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data for 16 573 women with cervical cancer and 35 509 women without cervical cancer from 24 epidemiological studies. Lancet 370(9599):1609\u20131621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61684-5","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"2_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33585","volume":"149","author":"L Iversen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Iversen L, Fielding S, Lidegaard \u00d8, Hannaford PC (2021) Contemporary hormonal contraception and cervical cancer in women of reproductive age. Int J Cancer 149(4):769\u2013777. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijc.33585","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"11","key":"2_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079260","volume":"8","author":"U Jaisamrarn","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jaisamrarn U, Castellsagu\u00e9 X, Garland SM et al (2013) Natural history of progression of HPV infection to cervical lesion or clearance: analysis of the control arm of the large, randomised PATRICIA study. PLoS One 8(11):1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0079260","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"2_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(24)00189-X","volume":"25","author":"F Jin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jin F, Vajdic CM, Poynten IM, McGee-Avila JK, Castle PE, Grulich AE (2024) Cancer risk in people living with HIV and solid organ transplant recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol 25(7):933\u2013944. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(24)00189-X","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30149-2","volume":"5","author":"H Kelly","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kelly H, Weiss HA, Benavente Y et al (2018) Association of antiretroviral therapy with high-risk human papillomavirus, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, and invasive cervical cancer in women living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet HIV 5(1):e45\u2013e58. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30149-2","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"issue":"March","key":"2_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105587","volume":"168","author":"S Kumari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kumari S, Bhor VM (2022) A literature review on correlation between HPV coinfection with C. trachomatis and cervical neoplasia\u2014coinfection mediated cellular transformation. Microb Pathog 168(March):105587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105587","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"issue":"1","key":"2_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-021-01493-0","volume":"21","author":"Y Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu Y, Xu C, Pan J, Sun C, Zhou H, Meng Y (2021) Significance of the viral load of high-risk HPV in the diagnosis and prediction of cervical lesions: a retrospective study. BMC Womens Health 21(1):4\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-021-01493-0","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"2_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-024-00904-z","volume":"21","author":"T Malag\u00f3n","year":"2024","unstructured":"Malag\u00f3n T, Franco EL, Tejada R, Vaccarella S (2024) Epidemiology of HPV-associated cancers past, present and future: towards prevention and elimination. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 21(7):522\u2013538. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41571-024-00904-z","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/SAJHIVMED.V21I1.1123","volume":"21","author":"AM Mandiriri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mandiriri AM, Pascoe MJ, Shamu T, Lowe S (2020) Cervical human papillomavirus prevalence, risk factors and outcomes in a cohort of HIV-infected women in Harare, Zimbabwe. S Afr J HIV Med 21(1):1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/SAJHIVMED.V21I1.1123","journal-title":"S Afr J HIV Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00441-09","volume":"17","author":"MA Marks","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marks MA, Gravitt PE, Burk RD, Studentsov Y, Farzadegan H, Klein SL (2010) Progesterone and 17\u03b2-estradiol enhance regulatory responses to human papillomavirus type 16 virus-like particles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy women. Clin Vaccine Immunol 17(4):609\u2013617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CVI.00441-09","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177775","volume":"12","author":"J McKay","year":"2017","unstructured":"McKay J, Tenet V, Franceschi S et al (2017) Immuno-related polymorphisms and cervical cancer risk: the IARC multicentric case-control study. PLoS One 12(5):1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0177775","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"2_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e291","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(23)00257-4","volume":"5","author":"A Mitra","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mitra A, Gultekin M, Burney Ellis L et al (2024) Genital tract microbiota composition profiles and use of prebiotics and probiotics in gynaecological cancer prevention: review of the current evidence, the European Society of Gynaecological Oncology prevention committee statement. The Lancet Microbe 5(3):e291\u2013e300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2666-5247(23)00257-4","journal-title":"The Lancet Microbe"},{"issue":"2","key":"2_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.2174\/1871526520666191231142317","volume":"21","author":"M Moharreri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moharreri M, Sohrabi A (2021) Characteristics of HSV-2, M. genitalium and C. trachomatis in HPV genotypes associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and genital infections. Infect Disord Drug Targets 21(2):112\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1871526520666191231142317","journal-title":"Infect Disord Drug Targets"},{"key":"2_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08150-3","volume":"359","author":"Moreno Victor BXMNMC","year":"2002","unstructured":"Moreno Victor BXMNMC (2002) Effect of oral contraceptives on risk of cervical cancer in women. Lancet 359:1085\u20131092","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"2_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0000000000000468","volume":"23","author":"AB Moscicki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moscicki AB, Flowers L, Huchko MJ et al (2019) Guidelines for cervical cancer screening in immunosuppressed women without HIV infection. J Low Genit Tract Dis 23(2):87\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/LGT.0000000000000468","journal-title":"J Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"issue":"9312","key":"2_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08151-5","volume":"359","author":"N Munoz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Munoz N, Franceschi S, Bosetti C et al (2002) Role of parity and human papillomavirus in cervical cancer: the IARC multicentric case-control study. Lancet 359(9312):1093\u20131101. http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0140673602081515","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Murall CL, Rahmoun M, Selinger C et al (2019) Natural history, dynamics, and ecology of human papillomaviruses in genital infections of young women: protocol of the PAPCLEAR cohort study. BMJ Open 9(6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-025129","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-025129"},{"key":"2_CR44","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Cancer in Central and South America","author":"R Murillo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Murillo R, Herrero R, Sierra M, Forman D (2016) Etiology of cervical cancer (C53) in Central and South America. In: Cancer in Central and South America. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, pp 1\u201311. http:\/\/www-dep.iarc.fr\/CSU_resources.htm"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"2_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2020.1841251","volume":"73","author":"A Naresh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Naresh A, Hagensee M, Myers L, Cameron J (2021) Association of Diet Quality and Dietary Components with clinical resolution of HPV. Nutr Cancer 73(11\u201312):2579\u20132588. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01635581.2020.1841251","journal-title":"Nutr Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"2_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-023-00517-8","volume":"18","author":"E Nazari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nazari E, Hasanzadeh M, Rezvani R et al (2023) Association of dietary intake and cervical cancer: a prevention strategy. Infect Agent Cancer 18(1):1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13027-023-00517-8","journal-title":"Infect Agent Cancer"},{"key":"2_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2023.04.009","volume":"659","author":"M Ogawa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ogawa M, Hashimoto K, Kitano S et al (2023) Estrogen induces genomic instability in high-risk HPV-infected cervix and promotes the carcinogenesis of cervical adenocarcinoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 659:80\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrc.2023.04.009","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"2_CR48","first-page":"73","volume":"32","author":"L Ottria","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ottria L, Candotto V, Cura F et al (2018) HPV acting on E-cadherin, P53 and P16: literature review. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 32(2):73\u201379","journal-title":"J Biol Regul Homeost Agents"},{"issue":"5","key":"2_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-22-0826","volume":"32","author":"JY Ou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ou JY, Bennion N, Parker K et al (2023) Risk factors and trends for HPV-associated subsequent malignant neoplasms among adolescent and young adult cancer survivors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 32(5):625\u2013633. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-22-0826","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Palefsky JM (2017) HPV-associated anal and cervical cancers in HIV-infected individuals: incidence and prevention in the antiretroviral therapy era. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 12(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/COH.0000000000000336","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000336"},{"issue":"9","key":"2_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1023\/B:CACO.0000003811.98261.3e","volume":"14","author":"M Plummer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Plummer M, Herrero R, Franceschi S et al (2003) Smoking and cervical cancer: pooled analysis of the IARC multi-centric case-control study. Cancer Causes Control 14(9):805\u2013814. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/B:CACO.0000003811.98261.3e","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"2_CR52","first-page":"1","volume-title":"AEPCC-Gu\u00eda: M\u00e9todos Anticonceptivos y VPH","author":"J Qu\u00edlez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Qu\u00edlez J, Bosch JM, Serrano JR, Gonz\u00e1lez JV, Lobo P, L\u00f3pez-Arregui E, Quesada M, Ram\u00f3n y Cajal JM, Vanrell C, And\u00eda D, del Pino M, Torn\u00e9 A (2018) AEPCC-Gu\u00eda: M\u00e9todos Anticonceptivos y VPH. AEPCC, Valencia, pp 1\u201347"},{"issue":"5","key":"2_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21953","volume":"119","author":"T Rajkumar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rajkumar T, Cuzick J, Appleby P et al (2006) Cervical carcinoma and reproductive factors: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 16,563 women with cervical carcinoma and 33,542 women without cervical carcinoma from 25 epidemiological studies. Int J Cancer 119(5):1108\u20131124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijc.21953","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"2_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3233\/CBM-220470","volume":"38","author":"S Ratnam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ratnam S, Jang D, Alaghehbandan R et al (2023) HPV genotype-specific distribution and attributable risk in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in a referral population with a history of LSIL. Cancer Biomark 38(4):433\u2013442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/CBM-220470","journal-title":"Cancer Biomark"},{"issue":"9","key":"2_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31202","volume":"142","author":"FL Sand","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sand FL, Frederiksen K, Munk C, Jensen SM, Kj\u00e6r SK (2018) Long-term risk of cervical cancer following conization of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3\u2014a Danish nationwide cohort study. Int J Cancer 142(9):1759\u20131766. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijc.31202","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"2_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ard.2025.01.026","volume":"84","author":"KZ Siddiqi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Siddiqi KZ, Baandrup L, Diederichsen L, Hertzum-Larsen R, Leffers HCB, Jacobsen S, Kj\u00e6r S (2025) Risk of HPV-associated precancer and cancer in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 84(5):760\u2013766. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ard.2025.01.026","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"21","key":"2_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/94.21.1604","volume":"94","author":"JS Smith","year":"2002","unstructured":"Smith JS, Herrero R, Bosetti C et al (2002) Herpes simplex virus-2 as a human papillomavirus cofactor in the etiology of invasive cervical cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 94(21):1604\u20131613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnci\/94.21.1604","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"2","key":"2_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e161","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30459-9","volume":"9","author":"D Stelzle","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stelzle D, Tanaka LF, Lee KK et al (2021) Estimates of the global burden of cervical cancer associated with HIV. Lancet Glob Health 9(2):e161\u2013e169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30459-9","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2_CR59","first-page":"229","volume":"3","author":"ACJ Szarewski","year":"1998","unstructured":"Szarewski ACJ (1998) Smoking and cervical neoplasia: a review of the evidence. J Epidemiol Biostat 3:229\u2013256","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Biostat"},{"issue":"1","key":"2_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2020.1737151","volume":"73","author":"LY Tomita","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tomita LY, Horta BL, da Silva LLS, Malta MB, Franco EL, Cardoso MA (2021) Fruits and vegetables and cervical cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Cancer 73(1):62\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01635581.2020.1737151","journal-title":"Nutr Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"2_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e293","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(25)00011-6","volume":"12","author":"A Uusk\u00fcla","year":"2025","unstructured":"Uusk\u00fcla A, Tisler A, DeHovitz J, Murenzi G, Castle PE, Clifford G (2025) Prevention and control of HPV-related cancers in people living with HIV. Lancet HIV 12(4):e293\u2013e302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2352-3018(25)00011-6","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"issue":"1","key":"2_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-08-0591","volume":"18","author":"SS Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang SS, Zuna RE, Wentzensen N et al (2009) Human papillomavirus cofactors by disease progression and human papillomavirus types in the study to understand cervical cancer early endpoints and determinants. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 18(1):113\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-08-0591","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"issue":"May","key":"2_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1556728","volume":"16","author":"X Wei","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wei X, Hong L, Liang H et al (2025) Estrogen and viral infection. Front Immunol 16(May):1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1556728","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqab181","volume":"157","author":"Z Zeng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zeng Z, Austin RM, Wang L et al (2022) Nationwide prevalence and genotype distribution of high-risk human papillomavirus infection in China: analysis of 2,458,227 test results from 29 Chinese provinces. Am J Clin Pathol 157(5):718\u2013723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcp\/aqab181","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"13","key":"2_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003077","volume":"95","author":"H Zhu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhu H, Shen Z, Luo H, Zhang W, Zhu X (2016) Chlamydia trachomatis infection-associated risk of cervical cancer: a meta-analysis. Med (United States) 95(13):e3077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000003077","journal-title":"Med (United States)"}],"container-title":["Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology","Human Papillomavirus Epidemiology, Immunology and Cervical Cancer Screening"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-032-17775-9_2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T08:06:10Z","timestamp":1778573170000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-032-17775-9_2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"ISBN":["9783032177742","9783032177759"],"references-count":65,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-032-17775-9_2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0070-217X","2196-9965"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0070-217X","type":"print"},{"value":"2196-9965","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 February 2026","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"MdP declares no conflicts of interest related to this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This chapter does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}]}}