{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T23:03:39Z","timestamp":1790291019271,"version":"4.1.0"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":153,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783032177742","type":"print"},{"value":"9783032177759","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-17775-9_5","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T12:13:24Z","timestamp":1771157604000},"page":"93-112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["DNA Methylation in Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Cervical Cancer: Triage and Management"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Mila S.","family":"Griffioen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavia","family":"Runello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renske D. M.","family":"Steenbergen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"5_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34050","volume":"151","author":"R Adcock","year":"2022","unstructured":"Adcock R et al (2022) DNA methylation testing with S5 for triage of high-risk HPV positive women. Int J Cancer 151(7):993\u20131004","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"5_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/cyt.13213","volume":"34","author":"M Al Roomy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Al Roomy M, Chehadeh W, Al Awadhi R (2023) Prediction of cervical cancer precursor lesions by quantitative methylation specific PCR: a retrospective study. Cytopathology 34(3):204\u2013210","journal-title":"Cytopathology"},{"key":"5_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k4823","volume":"363","author":"M Arbyn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arbyn M et al (2018a) Detecting cervical precancer and reaching underscreened women by using HPV testing on self samples: updated meta-analyses. BMJ 363:k4823","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"5_CR4","first-page":"CD009069","volume":"5","author":"M Arbyn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arbyn M et al (2018b) Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 5(5):CD009069","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"5_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33815","volume":"150","author":"C Banila","year":"2022","unstructured":"Banila C et al (2022) Clinical performance of methylation as a biomarker for cervical carcinoma in situ and cancer diagnosis: a worldwide study. Int J Cancer 150(2):290\u2013302","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"5_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-022-01116-9","volume":"14","author":"JE Barrett","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barrett JE et al (2022) The WID-CIN test identifies women with, and at risk of, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 and invasive cervical cancer. Genome Med 14(1):116","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"5_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28138","volume":"133","author":"M Bierkens","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bierkens M et al (2013) CADM1 and MAL promoter methylation levels in hrHPV-positive cervical scrapes increase proportional to degree and duration of underlying cervical disease. Int J Cancer 133(6):1293\u20131299","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"5_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-016-0196-3","volume":"8","author":"A Boers","year":"2016","unstructured":"Boers A et al (2016) Discovery of new methylation markers to improve screening for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2\/3. Clin Epigenetics 8:29","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"issue":"2","key":"5_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33320","volume":"148","author":"J Bonde","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bonde J et al (2021) Methylation markers FAM19A4 and miR124-2 as triage strategy for primary human papillomavirus screen positive women: a large European multicenter study. Int J Cancer 148(2):396\u2013405","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"5_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-4877-5","volume":"18","author":"Q Bu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bu Q et al (2018) The clinical significance of FAM19A4 methylation in high-risk HPV-positive cervical samples for the detection of cervical (pre)cancer in Chinese women. BMC Cancer 18(1):1182","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"5_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.1.1-17.2003","volume":"16","author":"EM Burd","year":"2003","unstructured":"Burd EM (2003) Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. Clin Microbiol Rev 16(1):1\u201317","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"5_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2024.102678","volume":"41","author":"FR Burdier","year":"2024","unstructured":"Burdier FR et al (2024) DNA methylation as a triage tool for cervical cancer screening\u2014a meeting report. Prev Med Rep 41:102678","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"5_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1209950","volume":"26","author":"WA Burgers","year":"2007","unstructured":"Burgers WA et al (2007) Viral oncoproteins target the DNA methyltransferases. Oncogene 26(11):1650\u20131655","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"issue":"2","key":"5_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-019-00773-0","volume":"42","author":"M Burley","year":"2020","unstructured":"Burley M, Roberts S, Parish JL (2020) Epigenetic regulation of human papillomavirus transcription in the productive virus life cycle. Semin Immunopathol 42(2):159\u2013171","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"issue":"21","key":"5_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2024.126177","volume":"42","author":"RL Cameron","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cameron RL et al (2024) Assessing real world vaccine effectiveness: a review of Scotland\u2019s approach to monitoring human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine impact on HPV infection and cervical disease. Vaccine 42(21):126177","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"9","key":"5_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15091802","volume":"15","author":"A Chaiwongkot","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chaiwongkot A et al (2023) Efficiency of CIN2+ detection by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) site-specific methylation. Viruses 15(9):1802","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"2","key":"5_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.17965","volume":"132","author":"KKL Chan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chan KKL et al (2025) PAX1\/SOX1 DNA methylation versus cytology and HPV16\/18 genotyping for the triage of high-risk HPV-positive women in cervical cancer screening: retrospective analysis of archival samples. BJOG 132(2):197\u2013204","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"2","key":"5_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2021.02.011","volume":"161","author":"CL Chang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chang CL et al (2021) DNA methylation marker for the triage of hrHPV positive women in cervical cancer screening: real-world evidence in Taiwan. Gynecol Oncol 161(2):429\u2013435","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"issue":"16","key":"5_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djp205","volume":"101","author":"AK Chaturvedi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chaturvedi AK et al (2009) Risk of human papillomavirus-associated cancers among persons with AIDS. J Natl Cancer Inst 101(16):1120\u20131130","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"1","key":"5_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28658","volume":"135","author":"YC Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen YC et al (2014) Methylomics analysis identifies epigenetically silenced genes and implies an activation of beta-catenin signaling in cervical cancer. Int J Cancer 135(1):117\u2013127","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"5_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-024-01731-w","volume":"16","author":"X Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen X et al (2024a) Triage performance of PAX1(m)\/JAM3(m) in opportunistic cervical cancer screening of non-16\/18 human papillomavirus-positive women: a multicenter prospective study in China. Clin Epigenetics 16(1):108","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"issue":"1","key":"5_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-024-13082-z","volume":"24","author":"X Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen X et al (2024b) Cervical cancer screening: efficacy of PAX1 and JAM3 methylation assay in the triage of atypical squamous cell of undetermined significance (ASC-US). BMC Cancer 24(1):1385","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"5_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25556","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-75047-3","volume":"14","author":"X Cheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cheng X et al (2024) A novel methylation-detection panel for HPV associated high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and cervical cancer screening. Sci Rep 14(1):25556","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"5_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3802\/jgo.2022.33.e4","volume":"33","author":"HW Cho","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cho HW et al (2022) Accuracy of human papillomavirus tests on self-collected urine versus clinician-collected samples for the detection of cervical precancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gynecol Oncol 33(1):e4","journal-title":"J Gynecol Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2021.1436","volume":"15","author":"MLR Da Silva","year":"2021","unstructured":"Da Silva MLR et al (2021) The role of HPV-induced epigenetic changes in cervical carcinogenesis (review). Biomed Rep 15(1):60","journal-title":"Biomed Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"5_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210289","volume":"14","author":"W Dankai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dankai W et al (2019) Role of genomic DNA methylation in detection of cytologic and histologic abnormalities in high risk HPV-infected women. PLoS One 14(1):e0210289","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"5_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.17831","volume":"131","author":"JC Davies","year":"2024","unstructured":"Davies JC et al (2024) Urine high-risk human papillomavirus testing as an alternative to routine cervical screening: a comparative diagnostic accuracy study of two urine collection devices using a randomised study design trial. BJOG 131(11):1456\u20131464","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"12","key":"5_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2014-202616","volume":"67","author":"LM De Strooper","year":"2014","unstructured":"De Strooper LM et al (2014a) CADM1, MAL and miR124-2 methylation analysis in cervical scrapes to detect cervical and endometrial cancer. J Clin Pathol 67(12):1067\u20131071","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"12","key":"5_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-14-0237","volume":"7","author":"LM De Strooper","year":"2014","unstructured":"De Strooper LM et al (2014b) Methylation analysis of the FAM19A4 gene in cervical scrapes is highly efficient in detecting cervical carcinomas and advanced CIN2\/3 lesions. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 7(12):1251\u20131257","journal-title":"Cancer Prev Res (Phila)"},{"issue":"9","key":"5_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-14-0347","volume":"23","author":"LM De Strooper","year":"2014","unstructured":"De Strooper LM et al (2014c) Combined CADM1\/MAL methylation and cytology testing for colposcopy triage of high-risk HPV-positive women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 23(9):1933\u20131937","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"issue":"2","key":"5_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2016.02.012","volume":"141","author":"LMA De Strooper","year":"2016","unstructured":"De Strooper LMA et al (2016) Validation of the FAM19A4\/mir124-2 DNA methylation test for both lavage- and brush-based self-samples to detect cervical (pre)cancer in HPV-positive women. Gynecol Oncol 141(2):341\u2013347","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"5_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31539","volume":"143","author":"LMA De Strooper","year":"2018","unstructured":"De Strooper LMA et al (2018) Cervical cancer risk in HPV-positive women after a negative FAM19A4\/mir124-2 methylation test: a post hoc analysis in the POBASCAM trial with 14 year follow-up. Int J Cancer 143(6):1541\u20131548","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"5_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000744","volume":"70","author":"H De Vuyst","year":"2015","unstructured":"De Vuyst H et al (2015) Methylation levels of CADM1, MAL, and MIR124-2 in cervical scrapes for triage of HIV-infected, high-risk HPV-positive women in Kenya. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 70(3):311\u2013318","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"8","key":"5_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2024.100528","volume":"37","author":"J de Waard","year":"2024","unstructured":"de Waard J et al (2024) Methylation analysis to detect CIN3+ in high-risk human papillomavirus-positive self-samples from the population-based cervical cancer screening program. Mod Pathol 37(8):100528","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"issue":"11","key":"5_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15893","volume":"126","author":"A Del Mistro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Del Mistro A et al (2019) Five-year risk of CIN3 after short-term HPV-DNA negativity in cytology-negative women: a population-based cohort study. BJOG 126(11):1365\u20131371","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"3","key":"5_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462413491735","volume":"25","author":"SA Denslow","year":"2014","unstructured":"Denslow SA et al (2014) Incidence and progression of cervical lesions in women with HIV: a systematic global review. Int J STD AIDS 25(3):163\u2013177","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"issue":"2","key":"5_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2019.06.002","volume":"154","author":"S Dick","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dick S et al (2019) Long-term CIN3+ risk of HPV positive women after triage with FAM19A4\/miR124-2 methylation analysis. Gynecol Oncol 154(2):368\u2013373","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"issue":"18","key":"5_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.2217\/epi-2019-0331","volume":"12","author":"S Dick","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dick S et al (2020) Evaluation of six methylation markers derived from genome-wide screens for detection of cervical precancer and cancer. Epigenomics 12(18):1569\u20131578","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"issue":"2","key":"5_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-021-01614-4","volume":"126","author":"S Dick","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dick S et al (2022) Risk-stratification of HPV-positive women with low-grade cytology by FAM19A4\/miR124-2 methylation and HPV genotyping. Br J Cancer 126(2):259\u2013264","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"12","key":"5_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34678","volume":"153","author":"S Dick","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dick S et al (2023) Methylation testing for the detection of recurrent cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Int J Cancer 153(12):2011\u20132018","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"5_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvr.2024.200308","volume":"19","author":"S Dick","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dick S et al (2024) Clinical indications for host-cell DNA methylation markers in cervical screening and management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a review. Tumour Virus Res 19:200308","journal-title":"Tumour Virus Res"},{"key":"5_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S494703","volume":"17","author":"H Ding","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ding H et al (2025) A predictive model using six genes DNA methylation markers to identify individuals with high risks of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and cervical cancer. Int J Women\u2019s Health 17:739\u2013749","journal-title":"Int J Women\u2019s Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"5_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-020-00963-w","volume":"12","author":"C Dippmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dippmann C et al (2020) Triage of hrHPV-positive women: comparison of two commercial methylation-specific PCR assays. Clin Epigenetics 12(1):171","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"issue":"22","key":"5_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.71.4543","volume":"35","author":"RMF Ebisch","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ebisch RMF et al (2017) Long-lasting increased risk of human papillomavirus-related carcinomas and premalignancies after cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3: a population-based cohort study. J Clin Oncol 35(22):2542\u20132550","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"5_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.26326","volume":"130","author":"JJ Eijsink","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eijsink JJ et al (2012) A four-gene methylation marker panel as triage test in high-risk human papillomavirus positive patients. Int J Cancer 130(8):1861\u20131869","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"5_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32880","volume":"147","author":"M El-Zein","year":"2020","unstructured":"El-Zein M et al (2020) Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling identifies two novel genes in cervical neoplasia. Int J Cancer 147(5):1264\u20131274","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"5_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29521","volume":"96","author":"C Fan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fan C et al (2024) Analysis of the diagnostic performance of PAX1\/SOX1 gene methylation in cervical precancerous lesions and its role in triage diagnosis. J Med Virol 96(5):e29521","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"11","key":"5_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.26346","volume":"8","author":"SA Farkas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Farkas SA et al (2013) Genome-wide DNA methylation assay reveals novel candidate biomarker genes in cervical cancer. Epigenetics 8(11):1213\u20131225","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"5_CR49","volume-title":"Global Cancer Observatory: cancer today","author":"J Ferlay","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M et al (2024) Global Cancer Observatory: cancer today. International Agency for Research on Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"5_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34913","volume":"155","author":"C Gilham","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gilham C et al (2024) Long-term prediction by DNA methylation of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: results of the ARTISTIC cohort. Int J Cancer 155(1):81\u201392","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"5_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkl002","volume":"34","author":"R Goyal","year":"2006","unstructured":"Goyal R, Reinhardt R, Jeltsch A (2006) Accuracy of DNA methylation pattern preservation by the Dnmt1 methyltransferase. Nucleic Acids Res 34(4):1182\u20131188","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"5_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-019-0159-6","volume":"20","author":"MVC Greenberg","year":"2019","unstructured":"Greenberg MVC, Bourc\u2019his D (2019) The diverse roles of DNA methylation in mammalian development and disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 20(10):590\u2013607","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"5_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34153","volume":"151","author":"M Hampl","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hampl M et al (2022) Evaluation of FAM19A4\/miR124-2 methylation performance in the management of CIN3 diagnosed pregnant women. Int J Cancer 151(9):1578\u20131585","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"5_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-21-1059","volume":"12","author":"D Hanahan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hanahan D (2022) Hallmarks of cancer: new dimensions. Cancer Discov 12(1):31\u201346","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"issue":"3","key":"5_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091905","volume":"9","author":"A Hansel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hansel A et al (2014) A promising DNA methylation signature for the triage of high-risk human papillomavirus DNA-positive women. PLoS One 9(3):e91905","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"5_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12041053","volume":"12","author":"D Hawkes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hawkes D et al (2020) Self-collection for cervical screening programs: from research to reality. Cancers (Basel) 12(4):1053","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"5_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-022-01353-0","volume":"14","author":"C Herzog","year":"2022","unstructured":"Herzog C et al (2022) DNA methylation-based detection and prediction of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 and invasive cervical cancer with the WID-qCIN test. Clin Epigenetics 14(1):150","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"issue":"8","key":"5_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-10-2548","volume":"17","author":"AT Hesselink","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hesselink AT et al (2011) Combined promoter methylation analysis of CADM1 and MAL: an objective triage tool for high-risk human papillomavirus DNA-positive women. Clin Cancer Res 17(8):2459\u20132465","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"5_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-07-5913","volume":"68","author":"MO Hoque","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hoque MO et al (2008) Genome-wide promoter analysis uncovers portions of the cancer methylome. Cancer Res 68(8):2661\u20132670","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"15","key":"5_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3951","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15153951","volume":"15","author":"H Hoyer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hoyer H et al (2023) Evaluation of CIN2\/3 lesion regression in GynTect((R)) DNA methylation-marker-negative patients in a longitudinal study. Cancers (Basel) 15(15):3951","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"4","key":"5_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/IGC.0b013e3181c7fe6e","volume":"20","author":"TH Huang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Huang TH et al (2010) Quantitative analysis of methylation status of the PAX1 gene for detection of cervical cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 20(4):513\u2013519","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Cancer"},{"issue":"7","key":"5_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041060","volume":"7","author":"RL Huang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Huang RL et al (2012) Methylomic analysis identifies frequent DNA methylation of zinc finger protein 582 (ZNF582) in cervical neoplasms. PLoS One 7(7):e41060","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"5_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-024-12696-7","volume":"24","author":"M Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang M et al (2024) Evaluating PAX1 methylation for cervical cancer screening triage in non-16\/18 hrHPV-positive women. BMC Cancer 24(1):913","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"5_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.07.016","volume":"445","author":"E Johannsen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Johannsen E, Lambert PF (2013) Epigenetics of human papillomaviruses. Virology 445(1-2):205\u2013212","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"9","key":"5_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0274825","volume":"17","author":"M Kaliff","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kaliff M et al (2022) Full genotyping and FAM19A4\/miR124-2 methylation analysis in high-risk human papillomavirus-positive samples from women over 30 years participating in cervical cancer screening in Orebro, Sweden. PLoS One 17(9):e0274825","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"5_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-019-0593-4","volume":"121","author":"H Kelly","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kelly H et al (2019) Performance of DNA methylation assays for detection of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2+): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 121(11):954\u2013965","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"5_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(11)70078-X","volume":"12","author":"M Kocken","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kocken M et al (2011) Risk of recurrent high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia after successful treatment: a long-term multi-cohort study. Lancet Oncol 12(5):441\u2013450","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"5_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30534","volume":"140","author":"A Kocsis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kocsis A et al (2017) Performance of a new HPV and biomarker assay in the management of hrHPV positive women: subanalysis of the ongoing multicenter TRACE clinical trial (n > 6,000) to evaluate POU4F3 methylation as a potential biomarker of cervical precancer and cancer. Int J Cancer 140(5):1119\u20131133","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"5_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyae324","volume":"30","author":"L Kong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kong L et al (2025) Triage performance of DNA methylation for women with high-risk human papillomavirus infection. Oncologist 30(3):oyae324","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"issue":"8","key":"5_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25165","volume":"21","author":"WW Kremer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kremer WW et al (2018) Detection of hypermethylated genes as markers for cervical screening in women living with HIV. J Int AIDS Soc 21(8):e25165","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"13","key":"5_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002325","volume":"33","author":"WW Kremer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kremer WW et al (2019) The use of molecular markers for cervical screening of women living with HIV in South Africa. AIDS 33(13):2035\u20132042","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"26","key":"5_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3037","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.02433","volume":"40","author":"WW Kremer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kremer WW et al (2022) Clinical regression of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is associated with absence of FAM19A4\/miR124-2 DNA methylation (CONCERVE study). J Clin Oncol 40(26):3037\u20133046","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e165","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae455","volume":"231","author":"JMA Kusters","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kusters JMA et al (2025) Changes in genital HPV prevalence during 12 years girls-only bivalent HPV vaccination: results from a biennial repeated cross-sectional study. J Infect Dis 231(1):e165\u2013e176","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"5_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g6192","volume":"349","author":"M Kyrgiou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kyrgiou M et al (2014) Fertility and early pregnancy outcomes after treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 349:g6192","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"5_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i3633","volume":"354","author":"M Kyrgiou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kyrgiou M et al (2016) Adverse obstetric outcomes after local treatment for cervical preinvasive and early invasive disease according to cone depth: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 354:i3633","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"5_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23519","volume":"123","author":"HC Lai","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lai HC et al (2008) Identification of novel DNA methylation markers in cervical cancer. Int J Cancer 123(1):161\u2013167","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"5_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014788","volume":"7","author":"H Lamin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lamin H et al (2017) Randomised healthcare policy evaluation of organised primary human papillomavirus screening of women aged 56-60. BMJ Open 7(5):e014788","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"5_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31787","volume":"144","author":"A Leeman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leeman A et al (2019) Reliable identification of women with CIN3+ using hrHPV genotyping and methylation markers in a cytology-screened referral population. Int J Cancer 144(1):160\u2013168","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"5_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.05.006","volume":"81","author":"C Lefeuvre","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lefeuvre C et al (2020) Urinary HPV DNA testing as a tool for cervical cancer screening in women who are reluctant to have a Pap smear in France. J Infect 81(2):248\u2013254","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"12","key":"5_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-050669","volume":"11","author":"M Lehtinen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lehtinen M et al (2021) Human papillomavirus vaccine efficacy against invasive, HPV-positive cancers: population-based follow-up of a cluster-randomised trial. BMJ Open 11(12):e050669","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"5_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000014297","volume":"98","author":"N Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li N et al (2019) ZNF582 methylation as a potential biomarker to predict cervical intraepithelial neoplasia type III\/worse: a meta-analysis of related studies in Chinese population. Medicine (Baltimore) 98(6):e14297","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"8","key":"5_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2720","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.14869","volume":"47","author":"B Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li B et al (2021a) The application of PAX1 methylation detection and HPV E6\/E7 mRNA detection in cervical cancer screening. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 47(8):2720\u20132728","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"5_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33430","volume":"148","author":"N Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li N et al (2021b) DNA methylation markers as triage test for the early identification of cervical lesions in a Chinese population. Int J Cancer 148(7):1768\u20131777","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"5_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-020-02416-5","volume":"23","author":"H Liang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liang H et al (2021) The application value of PAX1 and ZNF582 gene methylation in high grade intraepithelial lesion and cervical cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 23(2):283\u2013288","journal-title":"Clin Transl Oncol"},{"key":"5_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-016-0232-3","volume":"8","author":"YL Liou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liou YL et al (2016) Combined clinical and genetic testing algorithm for cervical cancer diagnosis. Clin Epigenetics 8:66","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"issue":"12","key":"5_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2582","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz677","volume":"70","author":"K Louvanto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Louvanto K et al (2020) Methylation in predicting progression of untreated high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Clin Infect Dis 70(12):2582\u20132590","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"5_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.35044","volume":"155","author":"K Louvanto","year":"2024","unstructured":"Louvanto K et al (2024) Low methylation marker levels among human papillomavirus-vaccinated women with cervical high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. Int J Cancer 155(9):1549\u20131557","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"5_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2016.200","volume":"115","author":"R Luttmer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Luttmer R et al (2016) FAM19A4 methylation analysis in self-samples compared with cervical scrapes for detecting cervical (pre)cancer in HPV-positive women. Br J Cancer 115(5):579\u2013587","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"5_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.50223","volume":"211","author":"DA Machalek","year":"2019","unstructured":"Machalek DA et al (2019) Routine cervical screening by primary HPV testing: early findings in the renewed National Cervical Screening Program. Med J Aust 211(3):113\u2013119","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"5_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00489","volume":"9","author":"N Mahmood","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mahmood N, Rabbani SA (2019) DNA methylation readers and cancer: mechanistic and therapeutic applications. Front Oncol 9:489","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"9","key":"5_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.3390\/v15091889","volume":"15","author":"M Martinelli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Martinelli M et al (2023) Accuracy of human papillomavirus (HPV) testing on urine and vaginal self-samples compared to clinician-collected cervical sample in women referred to colposcopy. Viruses 15(9):1889","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"5","key":"5_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.09.006","volume":"26","author":"PJ Maver","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maver PJ, Poljak M (2020) Primary HPV-based cervical cancer screening in Europe: implementation status, challenges, and future plans. Clin Microbiol Infect 26(5):579\u2013583","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"5","key":"5_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(08)70103-7","volume":"9","author":"MR McCredie","year":"2008","unstructured":"McCredie MR et al (2008) Natural history of cervical neoplasia and risk of invasive cancer in women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Oncol 9(5):425\u2013434","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"5_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Middeldorp M et al (2025) The effect of bivalent HPV vaccination against invasive cervical cancer and CIN3+ in The Netherlands: a national linkage study. medRxiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.02.27.25322519","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.02.27.25322519"},{"issue":"1","key":"5_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.112","volume":"38","author":"LD Moore","year":"2013","unstructured":"Moore LD, Le T, Fan G (2013) DNA methylation and its basic function. Neuropsychopharmacology 38(1):23\u201338","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"5_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(00)00248-4","volume":"11","author":"J Newell-Price","year":"2000","unstructured":"Newell-Price J, Clark AJ, King P (2000) DNA methylation and silencing of gene expression. Trends Endocrinol Metab 11(4):142\u2013148","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"5_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1097\/00004347-199304000-00018","volume":"12","author":"AG Ostor","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ostor AG (1993) Natural history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a critical review. Int J Gynecol Pathol 12(2):186\u2013192","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2367","volume":"215","author":"RM Overmeer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Overmeer RM et al (2008) Association between dense CADM1 promoter methylation and reduced protein expression in high-grade CIN and cervical SCC. J Pathol 215(4):388\u2013397","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2598","volume":"219","author":"RM Overmeer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Overmeer RM et al (2009) Repression of MAL tumour suppressor activity by promoter methylation during cervical carcinogenesis. J Pathol 219(3):327\u2013336","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"issue":"9","key":"5_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25890","volume":"129","author":"RM Overmeer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Overmeer RM et al (2011) Combined CADM1 and MAL promoter methylation analysis to detect (pre-)malignant cervical lesions in high-risk HPV-positive women. Int J Cancer 129(9):2218\u20132225","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"5_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.12.021","volume":"119","author":"NJ Polman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Polman NJ et al (2019a) HPV-based cervical screening: rationale, expectations and future perspectives of the new Dutch screening programme. Prev Med 119:108\u2013117","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"5_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30763-0","volume":"20","author":"NJ Polman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Polman NJ et al (2019b) Performance of human papillomavirus testing on self-collected versus clinician-collected samples for the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 or worse: a randomised, paired screen-positive, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol 20(2):229\u2013238","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"5_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l240","volume":"364","author":"M Rebolj","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rebolj M et al (2019) Primary cervical screening with high risk human papillomavirus testing: observational study. BMJ 364:l240","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"5_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.26056","volume":"130","author":"DC Rijkaart","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rijkaart DC et al (2012) Evaluation of 14 triage strategies for HPV DNA-positive women in population-based cervical screening. Int J Cancer 130(3):602\u2013610","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"9916","key":"5_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62218-7","volume":"383","author":"G Ronco","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ronco G et al (2014) Efficacy of HPV-based screening for prevention of invasive cervical cancer: follow-up of four European randomised controlled trials. Lancet 383(9916):524\u2013532","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"5_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.35143","volume":"156","author":"M Schaafsma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Schaafsma M et al (2025) Recurrent cervical cancer detection using DNA methylation markers in self-collected samples from home. Int J Cancer 156(3):659\u2013667","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"5_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-017-0419-2","volume":"9","author":"M Schmitz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schmitz M et al (2017) Performance of a methylation specific real-time PCR assay as a triage test for HPV-positive women. Clin Epigenetics 9:118","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"issue":"1","key":"5_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-5125-8","volume":"18","author":"M Schmitz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schmitz M et al (2018) Performance of a DNA methylation marker panel using liquid-based cervical scrapes to detect cervical cancer and its precancerous stages. BMC Cancer 18(1):1197","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"8","key":"5_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03014-6","volume":"30","author":"L Schreiberhuber","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schreiberhuber L et al (2024) Cervical cancer screening using DNA methylation triage in a real-world population. Nat Med 30(8):2251\u20132257","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-023-10628-5","volume":"23","author":"L Shi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shi L et al (2023) Promoter hypermethylation analysis of host genes in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancers on histological cervical specimens. BMC Cancer 23(1):168","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"8","key":"5_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21604","volume":"118","author":"WP Soutter","year":"2006","unstructured":"Soutter WP, Sasieni P, Panoskaltsis T (2006) Long-term risk of invasive cervical cancer after treatment of squamous cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Int J Cancer 118(8):2048\u20132055","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"5_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djh031","volume":"96","author":"RD Steenbergen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Steenbergen RD et al (2004) TSLC1 gene silencing in cervical cancer cell lines and cervical neoplasia. J Natl Cancer Inst 96(4):294\u2013305","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"1","key":"5_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4210","volume":"231","author":"RD Steenbergen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Steenbergen RD et al (2013) Methylation-specific digital karyotyping of HPV16E6E7-expressing human keratinocytes identifies novel methylation events in cervical carcinogenesis. J Pathol 231(1):53\u201362","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"issue":"7629","key":"5_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39363.471806.BE","volume":"335","author":"B Strander","year":"2007","unstructured":"Strander B et al (2007) Long term risk of invasive cancer after treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3: population based cohort study. BMJ 335(7629):1077","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"23","key":"5_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.2217\/fon-2021-1625","volume":"18","author":"Y Su","year":"2022","unstructured":"Su Y et al (2022) Methylated ZNF582 as a triage marker for occult cervical cancer and advanced cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Future Oncol 18(23):2583\u20132592","journal-title":"Future Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-024-00623-1","volume":"19","author":"EG Sumiec","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sumiec EG et al (2024) The current state of DNA methylation biomarkers in self-collected liquid biopsies for the early detection of cervical cancer: a literature review. Infect Agent Cancer 19(1):62","journal-title":"Infect Agent Cancer"},{"issue":"19","key":"5_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199711063371903","volume":"337","author":"XW Sun","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sun XW et al (1997) Human papillomavirus infection in women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med 337(19):1343\u20131349","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"5_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2009.02.011","volume":"19","author":"A Szalmas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Szalmas A, Konya J (2009) Epigenetic alterations in cervical carcinogenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 19(3):144\u2013152","journal-title":"Semin Cancer Biol"},{"key":"5_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k499","volume":"360","author":"K Tainio","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tainio K et al (2018) Clinical course of untreated cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 under active surveillance: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 360:k499","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"5_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-024-13126-4","volume":"24","author":"H Tao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tao H et al (2024) Comparing the performance of DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC acid methylation analysis and cytology for detecting cervical (pre)cancer in women with high-risk human papillomavirus-positive status in a gynecologic outpatient population. BMC Cancer 24(1):1352","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"5_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.560296","volume":"11","author":"L Tawe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tawe L et al (2021) Promoter hypermethylation analysis of host genes in cervical cancer patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus in Botswana. Front Oncol 11:560296","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"5_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S243546","volume":"12","author":"LT Thomsen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thomsen LT et al (2020) Clinical performance of human papillomavirus (HPV) testing versus cytology for cervical cancer screening: results of a large Danish implementation study. Clin Epidemiol 12:203\u2013213","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"37","key":"5_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62274","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.19459","volume":"8","author":"Y Tian","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tian Y et al (2017) Utility of gene methylation analysis, cytological examination, and HPV-16\/18 genotyping in triage of high-risk human papilloma virus-positive women. Oncotarget 8(37):62274\u201362285","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"1","key":"5_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2016.07.089","volume":"143","author":"MH Uijterwaal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Uijterwaal MH et al (2016) Performance of CADM1\/MAL-methylation analysis for monitoring of women treated for high-grade CIN. Gynecol Oncol 143(1):135\u2013142","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29706","volume":"138","author":"R van Baars","year":"2016","unstructured":"van Baars R et al (2016) CADM1 and MAL methylation status in cervical scrapes is representative of the most severe underlying lesion in women with multiple cervical biopsies. Int J Cancer 138(2):463\u2013471","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"10","key":"5_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-3710","volume":"28","author":"R van den Helder","year":"2022","unstructured":"van den Helder R et al (2022) HPV and DNA methylation testing in urine for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer detection. Clin Cancer Res 28(10):2061\u20132068","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"5_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31897","volume":"144","author":"RW van Leeuwen","year":"2019","unstructured":"van Leeuwen RW et al (2019) DNA methylation markers as a triage test for identification of cervical lesions in a high risk human papillomavirus positive screening cohort. Int J Cancer 144(4):746\u2013754","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"14","key":"5_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001583","volume":"31","author":"M Van Zummeren","year":"2017","unstructured":"Van Zummeren M et al (2017) Selection of women at risk for cervical cancer in an HIV-infected south African population. AIDS 31(14):1945\u20131953","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"2","key":"5_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/cyt.12652","volume":"30","author":"O Veijalainen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Veijalainen O et al (2019) Implementation of HPV-based cervical cancer screening in an organised regional screening programme: 3 years of experience. Cytopathology 30(2):150\u2013156","journal-title":"Cytopathology"},{"issue":"3","key":"5_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)70019-1","volume":"15","author":"VM Verhoef","year":"2014","unstructured":"Verhoef VM et al (2014) Triage by methylation-marker testing versus cytology in women who test HPV-positive on self-collected cervicovaginal specimens (PROHTECT-3): a randomised controlled non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol 15(3):315\u2013322","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2015.01.550","volume":"137","author":"VM Verhoef","year":"2015","unstructured":"Verhoef VM et al (2015) Follow-up of high-risk HPV positive women by combined cytology and bi-marker CADM1\/MAL methylation analysis on cervical scrapes. Gynecol Oncol 137(1):55\u201359","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33820","volume":"150","author":"L Verhoef","year":"2022","unstructured":"Verhoef L et al (2022) Performance of DNA methylation analysis of ASCL1, LHX8, ST6GALNAC5, GHSR, ZIC1 and SST for the triage of HPV-positive women: results from a Dutch primary HPV-based screening cohort. Int J Cancer 150(3):440\u2013449","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"5_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-023-02277-z","volume":"129","author":"L Verhoef","year":"2023","unstructured":"Verhoef L et al (2023) Evaluation of DNA methylation biomarkers ASCL1 and LHX8 on HPV-positive self-collected samples from primary HPV-based screening. Br J Cancer 129(1):104\u2013111","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"5_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.35289","volume":"156","author":"L Verhoef","year":"2025","unstructured":"Verhoef L et al (2025) Colposcopy referrals and CIN3 detection after triage by host cell DNA methylation and\/or HPV genotyping in HPV positive women with low-grade cytology from a population-based Dutch primary HPV screening trial. Int J Cancer 156(5):1065\u20131073","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"14","key":"5_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3813","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-2641","volume":"23","author":"W Verlaat","year":"2017","unstructured":"Verlaat W et al (2017) Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling reveals methylation markers associated with 3q gain for detection of cervical precancer and cancer. Clin Cancer Res 23(14):3813\u20133822","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"5_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2018.1507197","volume":"13","author":"W Verlaat","year":"2018","unstructured":"Verlaat W et al (2018a) Host-cell DNA methylation patterns during high-risk HPV-induced carcinogenesis reveal a heterogeneous nature of cervical pre-cancer. Epigenetics 13(7):769\u2013778","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"issue":"14","key":"5_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3456","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-3615","volume":"24","author":"W Verlaat","year":"2018","unstructured":"Verlaat W et al (2018b) Identification and validation of a 3-gene methylation classifier for HPV-based cervical screening on self-samples. Clin Cancer Res 24(14):3456\u20133464","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"5_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0000000000000830","volume":"28","author":"P Vieira-Baptista","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vieira-Baptista P et al (2024) Evaluation of host gene methylation as a triage test for HPV-positive women\u2014a cohort study. J Low Genit Tract Dis 28(4):326\u2013331","journal-title":"J Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"5_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32614","volume":"147","author":"FJ Vink","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vink FJ et al (2020) FAM19A4\/miR124-2 methylation in invasive cervical cancer: a retrospective cross-sectional worldwide study. Int J Cancer 147(4):1215\u20131221","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"5_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125 e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.03.018","volume":"27","author":"FJ Vink","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vink FJ et al (2021) FAM19A4\/miR124-2 methylation analysis as a triage test for HPV-positive women: cross-sectional and longitudinal data from a Dutch screening cohort. Clin Microbiol Infect 27(1):125 e1\u2013125 e6","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"5_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac801","volume":"76","author":"FJ Vink","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vink FJ et al (2023) Validation of ASCL1 and LHX8 methylation analysis as primary cervical cancer screening strategy in south African women with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 76(3):416\u2013423","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"5_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pvr.2019.03.005","volume":"7","author":"M von Knebel Doeberitz","year":"2019","unstructured":"von Knebel Doeberitz M, Prigge ES (2019) Role of DNA methylation in HPV associated lesions. Papillomavirus Res 7:180\u2013183","journal-title":"Papillomavirus Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"5_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9896(199909)189:1<12::AID-PATH431>3.0.CO;2-F","volume":"189","author":"JM Walboomers","year":"1999","unstructured":"Walboomers JM et al (1999) Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide. J Pathol 189(1):12\u201319","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"5_CR144","volume-title":"Prevention of cervical cancer through screening using visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and treatment with cryotherapy. A demonstration project in six African countries","author":"WHO","year":"2012","unstructured":"WHO (2012) Prevention of cervical cancer through screening using visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and treatment with cryotherapy. A demonstration project in six African countries. WHO, Geneva"},{"key":"5_CR145","volume-title":"Guidelines on cervical cancer screening and treatment strategies","author":"WHO","year":"2023","unstructured":"WHO (2023) Guidelines on cervical cancer screening and treatment strategies. WHO, Geneva"},{"issue":"10","key":"5_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1002\/gcc.20590","volume":"47","author":"SM Wilting","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wilting SM et al (2008) Integrated genomic and transcriptional profiling identifies chromosomal loci with altered gene expression in cervical cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 47(10):890\u2013905","journal-title":"Genes Chromosomes Cancer"},{"key":"5_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-9-167","volume":"9","author":"SM Wilting","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wilting SM et al (2010) Methylation-mediated silencing and tumour suppressive function of hsa-miR-124 in cervical cancer. Mol Cancer 9:167","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"5_CR148","first-page":"1674","volume":"8","author":"J Xu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xu J et al (2015) Assessing methylation status of PAX1 in cervical scrapings, as a novel diagnostic and predictive biomarker, was closely related to screen cervical cancer. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 8(2):1674\u20131681","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol"},{"issue":"28","key":"5_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.2217\/fon-2023-0226","volume":"19","author":"L Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang L et al (2023) Utilization of PAX1 methylation test for cervical cancer screening of non-HPV16\/18 high-risk HPV infection in women. Future Oncol 19(28):1917\u20131927","journal-title":"Future Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"5_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3346","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-025-03864-7","volume":"27","author":"J Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang J et al (2025) Identification of a novel hypermethylation marker, ZSCAN18, and construction of a diagnostic model in cervical cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 27(8):3346\u20133363","journal-title":"Clin Transl Oncol"},{"key":"5_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.02.038","volume":"308","author":"X Yue","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yue X et al (2025) Diagnostic accuracy of available methylation assays in advanced cervical intraepithelial neoplasia from high-risk HPV-positive women: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 308:54\u201365","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"7","key":"5_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.35502","volume":"157","author":"Y Zheng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zheng Y et al (2025) DNA methylation biomarkers for cervical cancer risk prediction in HIV-positive Nigerian women. Int J Cancer 157(7):1363\u20131375","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"8","key":"5_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2023.101143","volume":"4","author":"P Zhu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhu P et al (2023) ZNF671 methylation test in cervical scrapings for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 and cervical cancer detection. Cell Rep Med 4(8):101143","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"}],"container-title":["Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology","Human Papillomavirus Epidemiology, Immunology and Cervical Cancer Screening"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-032-17775-9_5","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T15:03:06Z","timestamp":1778598186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-032-17775-9_5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"ISBN":["9783032177742","9783032177759"],"references-count":153,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-032-17775-9_5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0070-217X","2196-9965"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0070-217X","type":"print"},{"value":"2196-9965","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 February 2026","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"R.D.M. Steenbergen is a minority shareholder of Self-screen B.V. and declares institutional consultancy fees from AstraZeneca\u00a0paid to her institution. All the other authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declaration of Interests"}},{"value":"No new studies were conducted by the authors. Ethical approval details are available in the original studies cited.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}]}}