{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T23:51:51Z","timestamp":1774396311710,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783032206831","type":"print"},{"value":"9783032206848","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-20684-8_11","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T14:07:58Z","timestamp":1773670078000},"page":"182-200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Improving Trust in\u00a0Legal Automation: an\u00a0Intelligible Approach for\u00a0Consumer Complaints"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9855-7792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Parenti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3638-4096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Stutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3261-0180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomer","family":"Libal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"11_CR1","unstructured":"Regulation (EC) No 261\/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 February 2004. http:\/\/data.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2004\/261\/oj (2004). Accessed 24 Nov 2025"},{"key":"11_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arias, J., Moreno-Rebato, M., Rodriguez-Garc\u00eda, J.A., Ossowski, S.: Automated legal reasoning with discretion to act using s (law). Artif. Intell. Law 1\u201324 (2023)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-023-09376-5"},{"key":"11_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashley, K.D.: Artificial intelligence and legal analytics: new tools for law practice in the digital age. Cambridge University Press (2017)","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316761380"},{"key":"11_CR4","unstructured":"Bartolini, C., Lenzini, G., Santos, C.: An interdisciplinary methodology to validate formal representations of legal text applied to the GDPR. In: Twelfth International Workshop on Juris-informatics (JURISIN 2018) (2018)"},{"key":"11_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartolini, C., Lenzini, G., Santos, C.: An agile approach to validate a formal representation of the GDPR. In: New Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence: JSAI-isAI 2018 Workshops, JURISIN, AI-Biz, SKL, LENLS, IDAA, Yokohama, Japan, November 12\u201314, 2018, Revised Selected Papers, pp. 160\u2013176. Springer (2019)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-31605-1_13"},{"key":"11_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bench-Capon, T.J.: Deep models, normative reasoning and legal expert systems. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, pp. 37\u201345 (1989)","DOI":"10.1145\/74014.74020"},{"key":"11_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bryant, R.E.: Binary decision diagrams. Handbook of Model Checking, pp. 191\u2013217 (2018)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10575-8_7"},{"key":"11_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Contissa, G., Lasagni, G., Caianiello, M., Sartor, G.: Effective protection of the rights of the accused in the EU directives: a computable approach to criminal procedure law. Brill (2022)","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004513396"},{"key":"11_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper, A.F., Moss, E., Laufer, B., Nissenbaum, H.: Accountability in an algorithmic society: relationality, responsibility, and robustness in machine learning. In: Proceedings of the 2022 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, pp. 864\u2013876 (2022)","DOI":"10.1145\/3531146.3533150"},{"issue":"1","key":"11_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/20555636211072560","volume":"6","author":"J Cummins","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cummins, J., Clack, C.D.: Transforming commercial contracts through computable contracting. J. Strateg. Contract. Negot. 6(1), 3\u201325 (2022)","journal-title":"J. Strateg. Contract. Negot."},{"key":"11_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Genesereth, M.: Dynamic logic programming. In: Prolog: The Next 50 Years, pp. 197\u2013209. Springer (2023)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-35254-6_16"},{"issue":"1","key":"11_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s13218-024-00854-9","volume":"38","author":"G Governatori","year":"2024","unstructured":"Governatori, G.: An asp implementation of defeasible deontic logic. KI-K\u00fcnstliche Intelligenz 38(1), 79\u201388 (2024)","journal-title":"KI-K\u00fcnstliche Intelligenz"},{"key":"11_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Governatori, G., Rotolo, A.: Deontic ambiguities in legal reasoning. In: Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, pp. 91\u2013100 (2023)","DOI":"10.1145\/3594536.3595175"},{"key":"11_CR14","unstructured":"Governatori, G., et al.: Logic and the law: philosophical foundations, deontics, and defeasible reasoning. College Publications (2021)"},{"issue":"8","key":"11_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.2307\/786270","volume":"26","author":"WN Hohfeld","year":"1917","unstructured":"Hohfeld, W.N.: Fundamental legal conceptions as applied in judicial reasoning. Yale Law J. 26(8), 710\u2013770 (1917)","journal-title":"Yale Law J."},{"key":"11_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huttner, L., Merigoux, D.: Catala: moving towards the future of legal expert systems. Artif. Intell. Law 1\u201324 (2022)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-022-09328-5"},{"key":"11_CR17","unstructured":"Idelberger, F.: The uncanny valley of computable contracts: analysis of computable contract formalisms with a focus towards controlled natural languages. Ph.D. thesis, European University Institute (2022)"},{"key":"11_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00118478","volume":"1","author":"AJ Jones","year":"1992","unstructured":"Jones, A.J., Sergot, M.: Deontic logic in the representation of law: towards a methodology. Artif. Intell. Law 1, 45\u201364 (1992)","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Law"},{"issue":"2","key":"11_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-021-09295-3","volume":"30","author":"R Kowalski","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kowalski, R., Datoo, A.: Logical English meets legal English for swaps and derivatives. Artif. Intell. Law 30(2), 163\u2013197 (2022)","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Law"},{"key":"11_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lauritsen, M., Steenhuis, Q.: Substantive legal software quality: a gathering storm? In: Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, pp. 52\u201362 (2019)","DOI":"10.1145\/3322640.3326706"},{"issue":"4","key":"11_CR21","first-page":"47","volume":"4","author":"A Layeb","year":"2010","unstructured":"Layeb, A., Saidouni, D.E.: A new quantum evolutionary algorithm with sifting strategy for binary decision diagram ordering problem. Int. J. Cogn. Inform. Natural Intell. (IJCINI) 4(4), 47\u201361 (2010)","journal-title":"Int. J. Cogn. Inform. Natural Intell. (IJCINI)"},{"key":"11_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136263","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2023.1136263","volume":"6","author":"T Libal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Libal, T.: Legal linguistic templates and the tension between legal knowledge representation and reasoning. Front. Artif. Intell. 6, 1136263 (2023)","journal-title":"Front. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"11_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Libal, T., Pascucci, M.: Automated reasoning in normative detachment structures with ideal conditions. In: Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, ICAIL 2019, Montreal, QC, Canada, June 17\u201321, 2019, pp. 63\u201372. ACM (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3322640.3326707","DOI":"10.1145\/3322640.3326707"},{"key":"11_CR24","unstructured":"Listenmaa, I., Morris, J., Ang, A., Hanafiah, M., Cheong, R.: An nlg pipeline for a legal expert system: a work in progress. arXiv preprint arXiv:2107.02421 (2021)"},{"key":"11_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merigoux, D., Chataing, N., Protzenko, J.: Catala: a programming language for the law. In: Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages, vol. 5(ICFP), 1\u201329 (2021)","DOI":"10.1145\/3473582"},{"key":"11_CR26","unstructured":"OpenFisca: Openfisca: The most widely adopted free and open-source engine to write rules as code. https:\/\/github.com\/openfisca. Accessed 24 Jan 2025"},{"key":"11_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palmirani, M., Governatori, G., Rotolo, A., Tabet, S., Boley, H., Paschke, A.: Legalruleml: Xml-based rules and norms. In: Rule-Based Modeling and Computing on the Semantic Web: 5th International Symposium, RuleML 2011-America, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, Florida, USA, November 3\u20135, 2011. Proceedings, pp. 298\u2013312. Springer (2011)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-24908-2_30"},{"key":"11_CR28","unstructured":"Palmirani, M., Martoni, M., Rossi, A., Bartolini, C., Robaldo, L.: Legal ontology for modelling GDPR concepts and norms. In: Legal Knowledge and Information Systems, pp. 91\u2013100. IOS Press (2018)"},{"issue":"3","key":"11_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1080\/08839514.2016.1156952","volume":"30","author":"S Ramakrishna","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ramakrishna, S., G\u00f3rski, \u0141, Paschke, A.: A dialogue between a lawyer and computer scientist: the evaluation of knowledge transformation from legal text to computer-readable format. Appl. Artif. Intell. 30(3), 216\u2013232 (2016)","journal-title":"Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"issue":"1","key":"11_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(07)80008-3","volume":"35","author":"T Routen","year":"1991","unstructured":"Routen, T., Bench-Capon, T.: Hierarchical formalizations. Int. J. Man Mach. Stud. 35(1), 69\u201393 (1991)","journal-title":"Int. J. Man Mach. Stud."},{"key":"11_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-006-9009-x","volume":"14","author":"G Sartor","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sartor, G.: Fundamental legal concepts: a formal and teleological characterisation. Artif. Intell. Law 14, 101\u2013142 (2006)","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Law"},{"key":"11_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satoh, K., et al.: Proleg: an implementation of the presupposed ultimate fact theory of japanese civil code by prolog technology. In: JSAI international symposium on artificial intelligence, pp. 153\u2013164. Springer (2010)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-25655-4_14"},{"issue":"5","key":"11_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1145\/5689.5920","volume":"29","author":"MJ Sergot","year":"1986","unstructured":"Sergot, M.J., Sadri, F., Kowalski, R.A., Kriwaczek, F., Hammond, P., Cory, H.T.: The British nationality act as a logic program. Commun. ACM 29(5), 370\u2013386 (1986)","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"issue":"12","key":"11_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1109\/EE.1938.6431064","volume":"57","author":"CE Shannon","year":"1938","unstructured":"Shannon, C.E.: A symbolic analysis of relay and switching circuits. Electr. Eng. 57(12), 713\u2013723 (1938)","journal-title":"Electr. Eng."},{"issue":"237","key":"11_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/LX.237.1","volume":"60","author":"GH Von Wright","year":"1951","unstructured":"Von Wright, G.H.: Deontic logic. Mind 60(237), 1\u201315 (1951)","journal-title":"Mind"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Juggling Formal Methods and Security"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-032-20684-8_11","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T23:02:34Z","timestamp":1774393354000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-032-20684-8_11"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"ISBN":["9783032206831","9783032206848"],"references-count":35,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-032-20684-8_11","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 March 2026","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclosure of Interests"}}]}}