{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T02:12:48Z","timestamp":1774318368855,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783032212887","type":"print"},{"value":"9783032212894","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-21289-4_25","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T01:03:58Z","timestamp":1774314238000},"page":"386-402","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Open Web Indexes for\u00a0Remote Querying"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0945-3148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gijs","family":"Hendriksen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4967-2900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Djoerd","family":"Hiemstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2888-4202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arjen P.","family":"de Vries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"25_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anh, V.N., de Kretser, O., Moffat, A.: Vector-space ranking with effective early termination. In: Proceedings of the 24th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, pp. 35\u201342. SIGIR \u201901, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2001). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/383952.383957","DOI":"10.1145\/383952.383957"},{"key":"25_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clarke, C.L.A., Craswell, N., Soboroff, I.: Overview of the TREC 2009 web track. In: Voorhees, E.M., Buckland, L.P. (eds.) Proceedings of the Eighteenth Text REtrieval Conference, TREC 2009, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA, 17\u201320 November 2009. NIST Special Publication, vol. 500\u2013278. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) (2009)","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.500-278.web-overview"},{"key":"25_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clarke, C.L.A., Craswell, N., Soboroff, I., Cormack, G.V.: Overview of the TREC 2010 web track. In: Voorhees, E.M., Buckland, L.P. (eds.) Proceedings of the Nineteenth Text REtrieval Conference, TREC 2010, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA, 16\u201319 November 2010. NIST Special Publication, vol. 500\u2013294. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) (2010)","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.500-294.web-overview"},{"key":"25_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clarke, C.L.A., Craswell, N., Soboroff, I., Voorhees, E.M.: Overview of the TREC 2011 web track. In: Voorhees, E.M., Buckland, L.P. (eds.) Proceedings of the Twentieth Text REtrieval Conference, TREC 2011, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA, 15\u201318 November 2011. NIST Special Publication, vol. 500\u2013296. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) (2011)","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.500-296.web-overview"},{"key":"25_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clarke, C.L.A., Craswell, N., Voorhees, E.M.: Overview of the TREC 2012 web track. In: Voorhees, E.M., Buckland, L.P. (eds.) Proceedings of the Twenty-First Text REtrieval Conference, TREC 2012, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA, 6\u20139 November 2012. NIST Special Publication, vol. 500\u2013298. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) (2012)","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.500-298.web-overview"},{"key":"25_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collins-Thompson, K., Bennett, P.N., Diaz, F., Clarke, C.L.A., Voorhees, E.M.: TREC 2013 web track overview. In: Voorhees, E.M. (ed.) Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Text Retrieval Conference, TREC 2013, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA, 19\u201322 November 2013. NIST Special Publication, vol. 500\u2013302. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) (2013)","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.500-302.web-overview"},{"key":"25_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collins-Thompson, K., Macdonald, C., Bennett, P.N., Diaz, F., Voorhees, E.M.: TREC 2014 web track overview. In: Voorhees, E.M., Ellis, A. (eds.) Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Text Retrieval Conference, TREC 2014, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA, 19\u201321 November 2014. NIST Special Publication, vol. 500\u2013308. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) (2014)","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.500-308.web-overview"},{"key":"25_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Crane, M., Trotman, A., O\u2019Keefe, R.: Maintaining discriminatory power in quantized indexes. In: Proceedings of the 22nd ACM International Conference on Information & Knowledge Management, pp. 1221\u20131224. CIKM \u201913, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2505515.2507860","DOI":"10.1145\/2505515.2507860"},{"key":"25_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Formal, T., Piwowarski, B., Clinchant, S.: SPLADE: sparse lexical and expansion model for first stage ranking. In: Proceedings of the 44th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, pp. 2288\u20132292. SIGIR \u201921, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3404835.3463098","DOI":"10.1145\/3404835.3463098"},{"key":"25_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ge, Y., Chen, Z., Lin, J.: QuackIR: retrieval in duckdb and other relational database management systems. In: Potdar, S., Rojas-Barahona, L., Montella, S. (eds.) Proceedings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Industry Track, pp. 492\u2013500. Association for Computational Linguistics, Suzhou (China) (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2025.emnlp-industry.33","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.emnlp-industry.33"},{"key":"25_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Granitzer, M., et al.: Impact and development of an Open Web Index for open web search. J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol. n\/a(n\/a) (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/asi.24818","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.24818"},{"key":"25_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hendriksen, G., et al.: The open web index: crawling and indexing the web for public use. In: Goharian, N., et al. (eds.) Advances in Information Retrieval. ECIR 2024. LNCS, vol. 14612, pp. 130\u2013143. Springer, Cham (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-56069-9_10","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-56069-9_10"},{"key":"25_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hiemstra, D., Hendriksen, G.A.W., Kamphuis, C.F.H., de\u00a0Vries, A.P.: Challenges of index exchange for search engine interoperability. In: Proceedings of 5th International Open Search Symposium #ossym2023, CERN, Geneva Switzerland, 4-6 October 2023, M. Granitzer, C. G\u00fctl, C. Plote, S. Voigt, A. Wagner (Eds). S.l. : Open Search Foundation (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.10529619","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.10529619"},{"key":"25_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hiemstra, D.: Score-fitted indexes and constant length indexes for information retrieval. In: Proceedings of the 48th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, pp. 2617\u20132621. SIGIR \u201925, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3726302.3730248","DOI":"10.1145\/3726302.3730248"},{"key":"25_CR15","unstructured":"Kamphuis, C., de Vries, A.P.: GeeseDB: a python graph engine for exploration and search. In: Alonso, O., Marchesin, S., Najork, M., Silvello, G. (eds.) Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Design of Experimental Search & Information Retrieval Systems, Padova, Italy, 15\u201318 September 2021. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol.\u00a02950, pp. 10\u201318. CEUR-WS.org (2021)"},{"key":"25_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Karpukhin, V., et al.: Dense passage retrieval for open-domain question answering. In: Webber, B., Cohn, T., He, Y., Liu, Y. (eds.) Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), pp. 6769\u20136781. Association for Computational Linguistics, Online (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.550","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.550"},{"key":"25_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kulkarni, A., Callan, J.: Selective search: efficient and effective search of large textual collections. ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. 33(4), 17:1\u201317:33 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2738035","DOI":"10.1145\/2738035"},{"issue":"4","key":"25_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1145\/3312479","volume":"62","author":"D Lewandowski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lewandowski, D.: The web is missing an essential part of infrastructure: an open web index. Commun. ACM 62(4), 24 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3312479","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"25_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lin, J., et al.: Toward reproducible baselines: the open-source IR reproducibility challenge. In: Ferro, N., et al. (eds.) Advances in Information Retrieval, LNCS, pp. 408\u2013420. Springer, Cham (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-30671-1_30","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-30671-1_30"},{"key":"25_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lin, J., et al.: Supporting interoperability between open-source search engines with the common index file format. In: Proceedings of the 43rd International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, pp. 2149\u20132152. SIGIR \u201920, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3397271.3401404","DOI":"10.1145\/3397271.3401404"},{"key":"25_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lin, J., Trotman, A.: Anytime ranking for impact-ordered indexes. In: Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on The Theory of Information Retrieval, pp. 301\u2013304. ICTIR \u201915, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2808194.2809477","DOI":"10.1145\/2808194.2809477"},{"key":"25_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"MacAvaney, S.: Artifact sharing for information retrieval research. In: Proceedings of the 48th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, pp. 3974\u20133979. SIGIR \u201925, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3726302.3730147","DOI":"10.1145\/3726302.3730147"},{"issue":"4","key":"25_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2018.2889473","volume":"42","author":"YA Malkov","year":"2020","unstructured":"Malkov, Y.A., Yashunin, D.A.: Efficient and robust approximate nearest neighbor search using hierarchical navigable small world graphs. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 42(4), 824\u2013836 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TPAMI.2018.2889473","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"25_CR24","unstructured":"Mallia, A., Siedlaczek, M., Mackenzie, J., Suel, T.: PISA: performant indexes and search for academia. In: Proceedings of the Open-Source IR Replicability Challenge (2019)"},{"key":"25_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M\u00fchleisen, H., Samar, T., Lin, J., de Vries, A.: Old dogs are great at new tricks: column stores for IR prototyping. In: Proceedings of the 37th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research & Development in Information Retrieval, pp. 863\u2013866. SIGIR \u201914, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2600428.2609460","DOI":"10.1145\/2600428.2609460"},{"key":"25_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Potthast, M., et al.: ChatNoir: a search engine for the ClueWeb09 corpus. In: Proceedings of the 35th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, p.\u00a01004. SIGIR \u201912, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2348283.2348429","DOI":"10.1145\/2348283.2348429"},{"key":"25_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Raasveldt, M., M\u00fchleisen, H.: DuckDB: an embeddable analytical database. In: Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Management of Data, pp. 1981\u20131984. SIGMOD \u201919, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3299869.3320212","DOI":"10.1145\/3299869.3320212"},{"key":"25_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Scells, H., Zhuang, S., Zuccon, G.: Reduce, reuse, recycle: green information retrieval research. In: Proceedings of the 45th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, pp. 2825\u20132837. SIGIR \u201922, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3477495.3531766","DOI":"10.1145\/3477495.3531766"},{"issue":"1","key":"25_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1561\/1500000010","volume":"5","author":"M Shokouhi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shokouhi, M., Si, L.: Federated search. Found. Trends Inf. Retr. 5(1), 1\u2013102 (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1561\/1500000010","journal-title":"Found. Trends Inf. Retr."},{"key":"25_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Soboroff, I.: Dynamic test collections: measuring search effectiveness on the live web. In: Proceedings of the 29th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, pp. 276\u2013283. SIGIR \u201906, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2006). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1148170.1148220","DOI":"10.1145\/1148170.1148220"},{"key":"25_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Teevan, J., Collins-Thompson, K., White, R.W., Dumais, S.T., Kim, Y.: Slow search: information retrieval without time constraints. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Human-Computer Interaction and Information Retrieval, pp. 1\u201310. ACM, Vancouver, BC, Canada (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2528394.2528395","DOI":"10.1145\/2528394.2528395"},{"key":"25_CR32","unstructured":"Trotman, A., Jia, X., Crane, M.: Towards an efficient and effective search engine. In: Trotman, A., Clarke, C.L.A., Ounis, I., Culpepper, J.S., Cartright, M.A., Geva, S. (eds.) Proceedings of the SIGIR 2012 Workshop on Open Source Information Retrieval, OSIR@SIGIR 2012, Portland, Oregon, USA, 16th August 2012, pp. 40\u201347. University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (2012)"},{"key":"25_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vohra, D.: Apache parquet. In: Vohra, D. (ed.) Practical Hadoop Ecosystem: A Definitive Guide to Hadoop-Related Frameworks and Tools, pp. 325\u2013335. Apress, Berkeley, CA (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4842-2199-0_8","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4842-2199-0_8"},{"issue":"4","key":"25_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1007\/s10791-014-9243-x","volume":"17","author":"JBP Vuurens","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vuurens, J.B.P., de Vries, A.P.: Distance matters! Cumulative proximity expansions for ranking documents. Inf. Retr. 17(4), 380\u2013406 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10791-014-9243-x","journal-title":"Inf. Retr."},{"issue":"2","key":"25_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1145\/3130348.3130364","volume":"51","author":"J Xu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xu, J., Croft, W.B.: Query expansion using local and global document analysis. SIGIR Forum 51(2), 168\u2013175 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3130348.3130364","journal-title":"SIGIR Forum"},{"key":"25_CR36","unstructured":"Zhang, D., Smucker, M.D., Clarke, C.L.A.: Overview of the TREC 2024 lateral reading track. In: Soboroff, I., Dang, H., Awad, G. (eds.) Proceedings of the Thirty-Third Text REtrieval Conference, TREC 2024, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, 18\u201322 November 2024. NIST Special Publication, vol.\u00a01329. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) (2024)"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Advances in Information Retrieval"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-032-21289-4_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T01:04:00Z","timestamp":1774314240000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-032-21289-4_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"ISBN":["9783032212887","9783032212894"],"references-count":36,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-032-21289-4_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 March 2026","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclosure of Interests"}},{"value":"ECIR","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"European Conference on Information Retrieval","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Delft","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"The Netherlands","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2026","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"29 March 2026","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2 April 2026","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"48","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"ecir2026","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/ecir2026.eu\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}