{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T23:18:07Z","timestamp":1779405487161,"version":"3.53.1"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":126,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783032226365","type":"print"},{"value":"9783032226372","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-22637-2_6","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T22:25:40Z","timestamp":1779402340000},"page":"131-157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trophoblast Fusion Deficiency in Placenta-Related Pregnancy Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Xiong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Bin","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"6_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-020-00342-6","volume":"17","author":"A Abdelkhaliq","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abdelkhaliq A, van der Zande M, Peters RJB, Bouwmeester H (2020) Combination of the BeWo b30 placental transport model and the embryonic stem cell test to assess the potential developmental toxicity of silver nanoparticles. Part Fibre Toxicol 17:11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12989-020-00342-6","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"key":"6_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2015.44","volume":"22","author":"M Aghababaei","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aghababaei M, Hogg K, Perdu S, Robinson WP, Beristain AG (2015) ADAM12-directed ectodomain shedding of E-cadherin potentiates trophoblast fusion. Cell Death Differ 22:1970\u20131984. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/cdd.2015.44","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"6_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-181","volume":"14","author":"Y Aiko","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aiko Y et al (2014) Differential levels of amino acid transporters system L and ASCT2, and the mTOR protein in placenta of preeclampsia and IUGR. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 14:181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2393-14-181","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"6_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.05.033","volume":"324","author":"AA Alfaifi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alfaifi AA et al (2020) Megalin-targeting liposomes for placental drug delivery. J Control Release 324:366\u2013378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.05.033","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"6_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.633937","volume":"9","author":"C Apicella","year":"2021","unstructured":"Apicella C et al (2021) Urothelial cancer associated 1 (UCA1) and miR-193 are two non-coding RNAs involved in trophoblast fusion and placental diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 9:633937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcell.2021.633937","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"6_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2017.12.011","volume":"22","author":"CL Baker","year":"2018","unstructured":"Baker CL, Pera MF (2018) Capturing totipotent stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 22:25\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.stem.2017.12.011","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"6_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/s0143-4004(03)00173-5","volume":"24","author":"M Borges","year":"2003","unstructured":"Borges M, Bose P, Frank HG, Kaufmann P, Potgens AJ (2003) A two-colour fluorescence assay for the measurement of syncytial fusion between trophoblast-derived cell lines. Placenta 24:959\u2013964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0143-4004(03)00173-5","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"6_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-023-01114-3","volume":"13","author":"BA Brugger","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brugger BA et al (2023) Fluid shear stress induces a shift from glycolytic to amino acid pathway in human trophoblasts. Cell Biosci 13:163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13578-023-01114-3","journal-title":"Cell Biosci"},{"key":"6_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201901017","volume":"218","author":"NG Brukman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brukman NG, Uygur B, Podbilewicz B, Chernomordik LV (2019) How cells fuse. J Cell Biol 218:1436\u20131451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1083\/jcb.201901017","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"6_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-024-01337-y","volume":"31","author":"M Cesana","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cesana M et al (2024) TFEB controls syncytiotrophoblast formation and hormone production in placenta. Cell Death Differ 31:1439\u20131451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41418-024-01337-y","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"6_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3820","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.05582-11","volume":"31","author":"CW Chang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chang CW, Chang GD, Chen H (2011) A novel cyclic AMP\/Epac1\/CaMKI signaling cascade promotes GCM1 desumoylation and placental cell fusion. Mol Cell Biol 31:3820\u20133831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/MCB.05582-11","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"6_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1104799","volume":"308","author":"EH Chen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chen EH, Olson EN (2005) Unveiling the mechanisms of cell-cell fusion. Science 308:369\u2013373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1104799","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"6_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200211046","volume":"160","author":"H Chen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chen H et al (2003) Mitofusins Mfn1 and Mfn2 coordinately regulate mitochondrial fusion and are essential for embryonic development. J Cell Biol 160:189\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1083\/jcb.200211046","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"6_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.105.039941","volume":"73","author":"YH Cheng","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cheng YH, Handwerger S (2005) A placenta-specific enhancer of the human syncytin gene. Biol Reprod 73:500\u2013509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1095\/biolreprod.105.039941","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"6_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2015.11.010","volume":"420","author":"MA Costa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Costa MA (2016) Scrutinising the regulators of syncytialization and their expression in pregnancy-related conditions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 420:180\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mce.2015.11.010","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"6_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.113.3.767","volume":"113","author":"C Coutifaris","year":"1991","unstructured":"Coutifaris C et al (1991) E-cadherin expression during the differentiation of human trophoblasts. Development 113:767\u2013777. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/dev.113.3.767","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"6_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dang Q et al (2024) Nuclear binding protein 2\/Nesfatin-1 affects trophoblast cell fusion during placental development via the EGFR-PLCG1-CAMK4 pathway. Int J Mol Sci 25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25031925","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031925"},{"key":"6_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.089326","volume":"566","author":"G Daoud","year":"2005","unstructured":"Daoud G et al (2005) ERK1\/2 and p38 regulate trophoblasts differentiation in human term placenta. J Physiol 566:409\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.089326","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"6_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2221526120","volume":"120","author":"KM Davenport","year":"2023","unstructured":"Davenport KM et al (2023) Single-nuclei RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) uncovers trophoblast cell types and lineages in the mature bovine placenta. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 120:e2221526120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2221526120","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"6_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2013.81","volume":"4","author":"M Desforges","year":"2013","unstructured":"Desforges M, Parsons L, Westwood M, Sibley CP, Greenwood SL (2013) Taurine transport in human placental trophoblast is important for regulation of cell differentiation and survival. Cell Death Dis 4:e559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/cddis.2013.81","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"6_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04285-3","volume":"79","author":"B Dietrich","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dietrich B, Haider S, Meinhardt G, Pollheimer J, Knofler M (2022) WNT and NOTCH signaling in human trophoblast development and differentiation. Cell Mol Life Sci 79:292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00018-022-04285-3","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"6_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7146","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29613","volume":"235","author":"S Drewlo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Drewlo S et al (2020) Irisin induces trophoblast differentiation via AMPK activation in the human placenta. J Cell Physiol 235:7146\u20137158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcp.29613","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"6_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2020.05.007","volume":"8","author":"FM Duan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Duan FM et al (2021) THBS1 regulates trophoblast fusion through a CD36-dependent inhibition of cAMP, and its upregulation participates in preeclampsia. Genes Dis 8:353\u2013363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gendis.2020.05.007","journal-title":"Genes Dis"},{"key":"6_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.111.096925","volume":"86","author":"CE Dunk","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dunk CE et al (2012) The molecular role of connexin 43 in human trophoblast cell fusion. Biol Reprod 86:115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1095\/biolreprod.111.096925","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"6_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5378","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13810","volume":"22","author":"CE Dunk","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dunk CE et al (2018) P-glycoprotein (P-gp)\/ABCB1 plays a functional role in extravillous trophoblast (EVT) invasion and is decreased in the pre-eclamptic placenta. J Cell Mol Med 22:5378\u20135393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcmm.13810","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"6_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12127","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0902925106","volume":"106","author":"A Dupressoir","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dupressoir A et al (2009) Syncytin-a knockout mice demonstrate the critical role in placentation of a fusogenic, endogenous retrovirus-derived, envelope gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:12127\u201312132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0902925106","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"6_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.351633.124","volume":"38","author":"MN Esbin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Esbin MN et al (2024) TFEB controls expression of human syncytins during cell-cell fusion. Genes Dev 38:718\u2013737. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/gad.351633.124","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"6_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-020-01892-8","volume":"154","author":"S Fantone","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fantone S et al (2020) AT-rich interactive domain 1A protein expression in normal and pathological pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia. Histochem Cell Biol 154:339\u2013346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00418-020-01892-8","journal-title":"Histochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"6_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.19650070203","volume":"7","author":"DJ Finney","year":"1965","unstructured":"Finney DJ (1965) Statistics in the university and in the community. Biom Z 7:78\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bimj.19650070203","journal-title":"Biom Z"},{"key":"6_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-025-01362-7","volume":"23","author":"AL Gehl","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gehl AL et al (2025) The proteomic landscape of trophoblasts unravels calcium-dependent syncytialization processes and beta-chorionic gonadotropin (ss-hCG) production. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 23:33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12958-025-01362-7","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"6_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2014.12.015","volume":"36","author":"P Gerbaud","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gerbaud P, Pidoux G (2015) Review: an overview of molecular events occurring in human trophoblast fusion. Placenta 36(Suppl 1):S35\u2013S42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.placenta.2014.12.015","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"6_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/s0012-1606(03)00041-1","volume":"257","author":"S Getsios","year":"2003","unstructured":"Getsios S, MacCalman CD (2003) Cadherin-11 modulates the terminal differentiation and fusion of human trophoblastic cells in vitro. Dev Biol 257:41\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0012-1606(03)00041-1","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"6_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/s0099-2399(06)80094-4","volume":"20","author":"JA Gilles","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gilles JA, Carnes DL, Windeler AS (1994) Development of an in vitro culture system for the study of osteoclast activity and function. J Endodont 20:327\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0099-2399(06)80094-4","journal-title":"J Endodont"},{"key":"6_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2010.01.014","volume":"31","author":"T Groten","year":"2010","unstructured":"Groten T et al (2010) Differential expression of VE-cadherin and VEGFR2 in placental syncytiotrophoblast during preeclampsia - new perspectives to explain the pathophysiology. Placenta 31:339\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.placenta.2010.01.014","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"6_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hahn L et al (2022) Gal-2 increases H3K4me(3) and H3K9ac in trophoblasts and preeclampsia. Biomolecules 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom12050707","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12050707"},{"key":"6_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2018.07.004","volume":"11","author":"S Haider","year":"2018","unstructured":"Haider S et al (2018) Self-renewing trophoblast organoids recapitulate the developmental program of the early human placenta. Stem Cell Rep 11:537\u2013551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.stemcr.2018.07.004","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep"},{"issue":"Suppl A","key":"6_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2006.10.007","volume":"28","author":"AE Heazell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Heazell AE, Moll SJ, Jones CJ, Baker PN, Crocker IP (2007) Formation of syncytial knots is increased by hyperoxia, hypoxia and reactive oxygen species. Placenta 28(Suppl A):S33\u2013S40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.placenta.2006.10.007","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"6_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4481","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.155523","volume":"144","author":"JM Hernandez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hernandez JM, Podbilewicz B (2017) The hallmarks of cell-cell fusion. Development 144:4481\u20134495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/dev.155523","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"6_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-102-25149","volume":"102","author":"R Hertz","year":"1959","unstructured":"Hertz R (1959) Choriocarcinoma of women maintained in serial passage in hamster and rat. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 102:77\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3181\/00379727-102-25149","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"6_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2013.01.011","volume":"182","author":"U Hiden","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hiden U et al (2013) Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase 1 regulates trophoblast functions and is reduced in fetal growth restriction. Am J Pathol 182:1563\u20131571. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajpath.2013.01.011","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"6_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2013.01.008","volume":"25","author":"Q Huang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Huang Q et al (2013) Syncytin-1 modulates placental trophoblast cell proliferation by promoting G1\/S transition. Cell Signal 25:1027\u20131035. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cellsig.2013.01.008","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"6_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.12.011","volume":"37","author":"B Huppertz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Huppertz B, Bartz C, Kokozidou M (2006) Trophoblast fusion: fusogenic proteins, syncytins and ADAMs, and other prerequisites for syncytial fusion. Micron 37:509\u2013517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micron.2005.12.011","journal-title":"Micron"},{"key":"6_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-2500-6","volume":"11","author":"G Jaju Bhattad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jaju Bhattad G et al (2020) Histone deacetylase 1 and 2 drive differentiation and fusion of progenitor cells in human placental trophoblasts. Cell Death Dis 11:311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41419-020-2500-6","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"6_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.127.3.549","volume":"127","author":"MJ Janatpour","year":"2000","unstructured":"Janatpour MJ et al (2000) Id-2 regulates critical aspects of human cytotrophoblast differentiation, invasion and migration. Development 127:549\u2013558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/dev.127.3.549","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"6_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.674162","volume":"9","author":"A Jaremek","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jaremek A, Jeyarajah MJ, Jaju Bhattad G, Renaud SJ (2021) Omics approaches to study formation and function of human placental Syncytiotrophoblast. Front Cell Dev Biol 9:674162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcell.2021.674162","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"6_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.006","volume":"193","author":"A Jaremek","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jaremek A et al (2023) Genome-wide analysis of hypoxia-inducible factor binding reveals targets implicated in impaired human placental Syncytiotrophoblast formation under low oxygen. Am J Pathol 193:846\u2013865. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.006","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"6_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108643","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20586","volume":"8","author":"B Jasmer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jasmer B et al (2017) Involvement of the oncogene B-cell lymphoma 6 in the fusion and differentiation process of trophoblastic cells of the placenta. Oncotarget 8:108643\u2013108654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/oncotarget.20586","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"6_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M500095-JLR200","volume":"46","author":"ED Johnstone","year":"2005","unstructured":"Johnstone ED et al (2005) Sphingosine-1-phosphate inhibition of placental trophoblast differentiation through a G(i)-coupled receptor response. J Lipid Res 46:1833\u20131839. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1194\/jlr.M500095-JLR200","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"6_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2003-4-11-236","volume":"4","author":"M Kinoshita","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kinoshita M (2003) The septins. Genome Biol 4:236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/gb-2003-4-11-236","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"6_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-118-4-1567","volume":"118","author":"HJ Kliman","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kliman HJ, Nestler JE, Sermasi E, Sanger JM, Strauss JF 3rd. (1986) Purification, characterization, and in vitro differentiation of cytotrophoblasts from human term placentae. Endocrinology 118:1567\u20131582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endo-118-4-1567","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"6_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2005.06.029","volume":"579","author":"I Knerr","year":"2005","unstructured":"Knerr I et al (2005) Stimulation of GCMa and syncytin via cAMP mediated PKA signaling in human trophoblastic cells under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. FEBS Lett 579:3991\u20133998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.febslet.2005.06.029","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"6_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.21874","volume":"105","author":"I Knerr","year":"2008","unstructured":"Knerr I, Soder S, Licha E, Aigner T, Rascher W (2008) Response of HEK293 and CHO cells overexpressing fusiogenic syncytin-1 to mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis induced by antimycin a. J Cell Biochem 105:766\u2013775. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcb.21874","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"6_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-32-5-683","volume":"32","author":"PO Kohler","year":"1971","unstructured":"Kohler PO, Bridson WE (1971) Isolation of hormone-producing clonal lines of human choriocarcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 32:683\u2013687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem-32-5-683","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"6_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kosinska-Kaczynska K (2022) Placental syndromes-a new paradigm in perinatology. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19127392","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19127392"},{"key":"6_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E9579","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1708341114","volume":"114","author":"C Krendl","year":"2017","unstructured":"Krendl C et al (2017) GATA2\/3-TFAP2A\/C transcription factor network couples human pluripotent stem cell differentiation to trophectoderm with repression of pluripotency. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 114:E9579\u2013E9588. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1708341114","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"6_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/s0925-4439(03)00043-7","volume":"1638","author":"Y Kudo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kudo Y, Boyd CA, Sargent IL, Redman CW (2003) Hypoxia alters expression and function of syncytin and its receptor during trophoblast cell fusion of human placental BeWo cells: implications for impaired trophoblast syncytialisation in pre-eclampsia. Biochim Biophys Acta 1638:63\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0925-4439(03)00043-7","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"6_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135089","volume":"10","author":"P Kumar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kumar P, Thirkill TL, Ji J, Monte LH, Douglas GC (2015) Differential effects of sodium butyrate and lithium chloride on rhesus monkey trophoblast differentiation. PLoS One 10:e0135089. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0135089","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"6_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kupper N, Pritz E, Siwetz M, Guettler J, Huppertz B (2021) Placental villous explant culture 2.0: flow culture allows studies closer to the in vivo situation. Int J Mol Sci 22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22147464","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147464"},{"key":"6_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.111.094334","volume":"86","author":"K Leduc","year":"2012","unstructured":"Leduc K et al (2012) Leukemia inhibitory factor regulates differentiation of trophoblastlike BeWo cells through the activation of JAK\/STAT and MAPK3\/1 MAP kinase-signaling pathways. Biol Reprod 86:54. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1095\/biolreprod.111.094334","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"6_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-14-0424","volume":"149","author":"Y Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li Y et al (2015) Involvement of nephrin in human placental trophoblast syncytialization. Reproduction 149:339\u2013346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/REP-14-0424","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"6_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2020.1812261","volume":"9","author":"H Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li H et al (2020) Internalization of trophoblastic small extracellular vesicles and detection of their miRNA cargo in P-bodies. J Extracell Vesicles 9:1812261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20013078.2020.1812261","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"6_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-023-01670-0","volume":"9","author":"X Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li X, Li ZH, Wang YX, Liu TH (2023) A comprehensive review of human trophoblast fusion models: recent developments and challenges. Cell Death Discov 9:372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41420-023-01670-0","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"6_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2016.02.040","volume":"585","author":"R Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu R, Jin JP (2016) Calponin isoforms CNN1, CNN2 and CNN3: regulators for actin cytoskeleton functions in smooth muscle and non-muscle cells. Gene 585:143\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gene.2016.02.040","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"6_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36193","volume":"6","author":"M Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu M, Hassana S, Stiles JK (2016) Heme-mediated apoptosis and fusion damage in BeWo trophoblast cells. Sci Rep 6:36193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep36193","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"6_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-018-0066-y","volume":"28","author":"Y Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu Y et al (2018) Single-cell RNA-seq reveals the diversity of trophoblast subtypes and patterns of differentiation in the human placenta. Cell Res 28:819\u2013832. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41422-018-0066-y","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"6_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmac027","volume":"28","author":"F Louwen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Louwen F et al (2022) BCL6, a key oncogene, in the placenta, pre-eclampsia and endometriosis. Hum Reprod Update 28:890\u2013909. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humupd\/dmac027","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"6_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2016.01.008","volume":"39","author":"X Lu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lu X et al (2016) Twist1 is involved in trophoblast syncytialization by regulating GCM1. Placenta 39:45\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.placenta.2016.01.008","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"6_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000187","volume":"17","author":"B Lv","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lv B et al (2019) Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals regulatory mechanism for trophoblast cell-fate divergence in human peri-implantation conceptuses. PLoS Biol 17:e3000187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000187","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"6_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lye P et al (2019) Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP\/ABCG2) inhibits extra villous trophoblast migration: the impact of bacterial and viral infection. Cells 8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells8101150","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8101150"},{"key":"6_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1551","volume":"2","author":"K Matsuura","year":"2011","unstructured":"Matsuura K et al (2011) Identification of a link between Wnt\/beta-catenin signalling and the cell fusion pathway. Nat Commun 2:548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms1551","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"6_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-030123-032748","volume":"39","author":"ED McKenna","year":"2023","unstructured":"McKenna ED, Sarbanes SL, Cummings SW, Roll-Mecak A (2023) The tubulin code, from molecules to health and disease. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 39:331\u2013361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-030123-032748","journal-title":"Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"6_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13562","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2002630117","volume":"117","author":"G Meinhardt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meinhardt G et al (2020) Pivotal role of the transcriptional co-activator YAP in trophoblast stemness of the developing human placenta. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 117:13562\u201313570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2002630117","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"6_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2021.12.006","volume":"117","author":"AL Miranda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Miranda AL et al (2022) Kruppel-like factor 6 (KLF6) requires its amino terminal domain to promote villous trophoblast cell fusion. Placenta 117:139\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.placenta.2021.12.006","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"6_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mizutani T et al (2022) Inhibition of YAP\/TAZ-TEAD activity induces cytotrophoblast differentiation into syncytiotrophoblast in human trophoblast. Mol Hum Reprod 28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molehr\/gaac032","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gaac032"},{"key":"6_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-003-0191-0","volume":"193","author":"K Mori","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mori K et al (2004) The functional interaction between CD98 and CD147 in regulation of virus-induced cell fusion and osteoclast formation. Med Microbiol Immunol 193:155\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00430-003-0191-0","journal-title":"Med Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"6_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gaz061","volume":"25","author":"H Msheik","year":"2019","unstructured":"Msheik H et al (2019) Transcriptomic profiling of trophoblast fusion using BeWo and JEG-3 cell lines. Mol Hum Reprod 25:811\u2013824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molehr\/gaz061","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"key":"6_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2008.071169","volume":"173","author":"A Nakashima","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nakashima A et al (2008) Granulysin produced by uterine natural killer cells induces apoptosis of extravillous trophoblasts in spontaneous abortion. Am J Pathol 173:653\u2013664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2353\/ajpath.2008.071169","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"6_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3881","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2714","volume":"96","author":"YH Ng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ng YH, Zhu H, Leung PC (2011) Twist regulates cadherin-mediated differentiation and fusion of human trophoblastic cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:3881\u20133890. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2010-2714","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"6_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gar005","volume":"17","author":"B Novakovic","year":"2011","unstructured":"Novakovic B et al (2011) Wide-ranging DNA methylation differences of primary trophoblast cell populations and derived cell lines: implications and opportunities for understanding trophoblast function. Mol Hum Reprod 17:344\u2013353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molehr\/gar005","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"key":"6_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2023.116611","volume":"474","author":"N Ohyama","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ohyama N et al (2023) Effects of valproic acid on syncytialization in human placental trophoblast cell lines. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 474:116611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.taap.2023.116611","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"6_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e81003","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081003","volume":"8","author":"W Omata","year":"2013","unstructured":"Omata W, Ackerman WE, t., Vandre, D. D. & Robinson, J. M. (2013) Trophoblast cell fusion and differentiation are mediated by both the protein kinase C and a pathways. PLoS One 8:e81003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0081003","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"6_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-61747-3","volume":"14","author":"PK Parameshwar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Parameshwar PK et al (2024) Directed biomechanical compressive forces enhance fusion efficiency in model placental trophoblast cultures. Sci Rep 14:11312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-61747-3","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"6_CR83","first-page":"1231","volume":"28","author":"RA Pattillo","year":"1968","unstructured":"Pattillo RA, Gey GO (1968) The establishment of a cell line of human hormone-synthesizing trophoblastic cells in vitro. Cancer Res 28:1231\u20131236","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"6_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1126\/science.159.3822.1467","volume":"159","author":"RA Pattillo","year":"1968","unstructured":"Pattillo RA, Gey GO, Delfs E, Mattingly RF (1968) Human hormone production in vitro. Science 159:1467\u20131469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.159.3822.1467","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"6_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2025.111633","volume":"128","author":"V Penugurti","year":"2025","unstructured":"Penugurti V et al (2025) Potential role of hematopoietic PBX-interacting protein (HPIP) in trophoblast fusion and invasion: implications in pre-eclampsia pathogenesis. Cell Signal 128:111633. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cellsig.2025.111633","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"6_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-3746-3_9","volume":"2781","author":"I Perez-Garcia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Perez-Garcia I, Perez-Garcia V (2024) CRISPR activation in mouse trophoblast stem cells. Methods Mol Biol 2781:93\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-0716-3746-3_9","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"6_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C1517","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00484.2008","volume":"298","author":"G Pidoux","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pidoux G et al (2010) ZO-1 is involved in trophoblastic cell differentiation in human placenta. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 298:C1517\u2013C1526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpcell.00484.2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"6_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2011.11.007","volume":"33","author":"G Pidoux","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pidoux G et al (2012) Review: human trophoblast fusion and differentiation: lessons from trisomy 21 placenta. Placenta 33(Suppl):S81\u2013S86. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.placenta.2011.11.007","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"6_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04475-z","volume":"79","author":"SJ Renaud","year":"2022","unstructured":"Renaud SJ, Jeyarajah MJ (2022) How trophoblasts fuse: an in-depth look into placental syncytiotrophoblast formation. Cell Mol Life Sci 79:433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00018-022-04475-z","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"6_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E6175","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1507397112","volume":"112","author":"SJ Renaud","year":"2015","unstructured":"Renaud SJ et al (2015) OVO-like 1 regulates progenitor cell fate in human trophoblast development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112:E6175\u2013E6184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1507397112","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"6_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1016\/s0024-3205(01)01299-1","volume":"69","author":"BD Richardson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Richardson BD, Cheng YH, Langland RA, Handwerger S (2001) Differential expression of AP-2gamma and AP-2alpha during human trophoblast differentiation. Life Sci 69:2157\u20132165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0024-3205(01)01299-1","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"6_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2021.01.006","volume":"113","author":"RM Roberts","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roberts RM et al (2021) Syncytins expressed in human placental trophoblast. Placenta 113:8\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.placenta.2021.01.006","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"6_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019000014","volume":"134","author":"JP Rosa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rosa JP, Raslova H, Bryckaert M (2019) Filamin a: key actor in platelet biology. Blood 134:1279\u20131288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood.2019000014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"6_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-010-0656-8","volume":"88","author":"M Ruebner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ruebner M et al (2010) Impaired cell fusion and differentiation in placentae from patients with intrauterine growth restriction correlate with reduced levels of HERV envelope genes. J Mol Med (Berl) 88:1143\u20131156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00109-010-0656-8","journal-title":"J Mol Med (Berl)"},{"key":"6_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.24110","volume":"113","author":"M Ruebner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ruebner M et al (2012) Regulation of the human endogenous retroviral Syncytin-1 and cell-cell fusion by the nuclear hormone receptors PPARgamma\/RXRalpha in placentogenesis. J Cell Biochem 113:2383\u20132396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcb.24110","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"6_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17864","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2002449117","volume":"117","author":"B Saha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saha B et al (2020) TEAD4 ensures postimplantation development by promoting trophoblast self-renewal: an implication in early human pregnancy loss. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 117:17864\u201317875. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2002449117","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"6_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schust DJ et al (2021) The immunology of Syncytialized trophoblast. Int J Mol Sci 22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22041767","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041767"},{"key":"6_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2015.10.010","volume":"36","author":"K Shankar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shankar K et al (2015) Transcriptomic and epigenomic landscapes during cell fusion in BeWo trophoblast cells. Placenta 36:1342\u20131351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.placenta.2015.10.010","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"6_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3973","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.E10-03-0261","volume":"21","author":"Y Shibukawa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shibukawa Y et al (2010) Calponin 3 regulates actin cytoskeleton rearrangement in trophoblastic cell fusion. Mol Biol Cell 21:3973\u20133984. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1091\/mbc.E10-03-0261","journal-title":"Mol Biol Cell"},{"key":"6_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7660","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15401","volume":"24","author":"H Shoaito","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shoaito H et al (2020) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-ligand-binding domain mutations associated with familial partial lipodystrophy type 3 disrupt human trophoblast fusion and fibroblast migration. J Cell Mol Med 24:7660\u20137669. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcmm.15401","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"6_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-1823","volume":"154","author":"T Sivasubramaniyam","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sivasubramaniyam T et al (2013) Where polarity meets fusion: role of Par6 in trophoblast differentiation during placental development and preeclampsia. Endocrinology 154:1296\u20131309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2012-1823","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"6_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dew097","volume":"31","author":"B Soygur","year":"2016","unstructured":"Soygur B, Moore H (2016) Expression of Syncytin 1 (HERV-W), in the preimplantation human blastocyst, embryonic stem cells and trophoblast cells derived in vitro. Hum Reprod 31:1455\u20131461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/dew097","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"6_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-022-00742-2","volume":"17","author":"JP Tan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tan JP, Liu X, Polo JM (2022) Establishment of human induced trophoblast stem cells via reprogramming of fibroblasts. Nat Protoc 17:2739\u20132759. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41596-022-00742-2","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"6_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1017\/S0967199423000369","volume":"31","author":"HY Tang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tang HY et al (2023) Tspan5 promotes the EMT process to regulate the syncytialization of trophoblast cells by activating Notch signalling. Zygote 31:498\u2013506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0967199423000369","journal-title":"Zygote"},{"key":"6_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2012.10.012","volume":"34","author":"C Toufaily","year":"2013","unstructured":"Toufaily C et al (2013) MFSD2a, the Syncytin-2 receptor, is important for trophoblast fusion. Placenta 34:85\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.placenta.2012.10.012","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"6_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2012.12.009","volume":"34","author":"L Tuohey","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tuohey L et al (2013) PLAC4 is upregulated in severe early onset preeclampsia and upregulated with syncytialisation but not hypoxia. Placenta 34:256\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.placenta.2012.12.009","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"6_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0753-3","volume":"564","author":"MY Turco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Turco MY et al (2018) Trophoblast organoids as a model for maternal-fetal interactions during human placentation. Nature 564:263\u2013267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-018-0753-3","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"6_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719111404608","volume":"18","author":"A Vargas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vargas A et al (2011) Reduced expression of both syncytin 1 and syncytin 2 correlates with severity of preeclampsia. Reprod Sci 18:1085\u20131091. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1933719111404608","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"6_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029353","volume":"7","author":"M Vatish","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vatish M et al (2012) Inhibition of Akt activity and calcium channel function coordinately drive cell-cell fusion in the BeWO choriocarcinoma placental cell line. PLoS One 7:e29353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0029353","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"6_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110674","volume":"502","author":"Y Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Y et al (2020) Silencing DAPK3 blocks the autophagosome-lysosome fusion by mediating SNAP29 in trophoblast cells under high glucose treatment. Mol Cell Endocrinol 502:110674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110674","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"6_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29312-6","volume":"13","author":"LJ Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang LJ et al (2022a) Functional antagonism between DeltaNp63alpha and GCM1 regulates human trophoblast stemness and differentiation. Nat Commun 13:1626. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-022-29312-6","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"6_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2022.03.016","volume":"121","author":"YN Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang YN et al (2022b) Inducible knockout of syncytin-a leads to poor placental glucose transport in mice. Placenta 121:155\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.placenta.2022.03.016","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"6_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.171101","volume":"921","author":"Y Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang Y et al (2024) Gestational exposure to PM(2.5) disrupts fetal development by suppressing placental trophoblast syncytialization via progranulin\/mTOR signaling. Sci Total Environ 921:171101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.171101","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"6_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(90)90310-7","volume":"186","author":"B Wice","year":"1990","unstructured":"Wice B, Menton D, Geuze H, Schwartz AL (1990) Modulators of cyclic AMP metabolism induce syncytiotrophoblast formation in vitro. Exp Cell Res 186:306\u2013316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0014-4827(90)90310-7","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"6_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wildner JM et al (2019) RITA is expressed in trophoblastic cells and is involved in differentiation processes of the placenta. Cells 8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells8121484","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8121484"},{"key":"6_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-023-02917-6","volume":"40","author":"ZH Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu ZH et al (2023) miR-181d-5p, which is upregulated in fetal growth restriction placentas, inhibits trophoblast fusion via CREBRF. J Assist Reprod Genet 40:2725\u20132737. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10815-023-02917-6","journal-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet"},{"key":"6_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2020.03.003","volume":"94","author":"X Xiao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xiao X et al (2020) Upregulation of pannexin-1 hemichannels explains the apparent death of the syncytiotrophoblast during human placental explant culture. Placenta 94:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.placenta.2020.03.003","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"6_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1007\/s00232-022-00242-0","volume":"255","author":"L Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu L, Sun S (2022) Reconstitution of fusion-competent human placental Fusogen Syncytin-2. J Membr Biol 255:723\u2013732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00232-022-00242-0","journal-title":"J Membr Biol"},{"key":"6_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202302705R","volume":"38","author":"YF Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang YF et al (2024) Evaluating the role of DNA methyltransferases in trophoblast fusion and preeclampsia development: insights from methylation-regulated genes. FASEB J 38:e23706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.202302705R","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"6_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2024.07.003","volume":"31","author":"X Yu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yu X et al (2024) Acetyl-CoA metabolism maintains histone acetylation for syncytialization of human placental trophoblast stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 31:1280\u20131297 e1287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.stem.2024.07.003","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"6_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000003541","volume":"41","author":"X Yuan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yuan X et al (2023) Endoplasmic reticulum stress impairs trophoblast syncytialization through upregulation of HtrA4 and causes early-onset preeclampsia. J Hypertens 41:2095\u20132106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HJH.0000000000003541","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"6_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2013.1","volume":"4","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang Q et al (2013) CUL1 promotes trophoblast cell invasion at the maternal-fetal interface. Cell Death Dis 4:e502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/cddis.2013.1","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"6_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba0310","volume":"6","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang Y et al (2020) TMEM16F phospholipid scramblase mediates trophoblast fusion and placental development. Sci Adv 6:eaba0310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.aba0310","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"6_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang Y et al (2022) Functional coupling between TRPV4 channel and TMEM16F modulates human trophoblast fusion. elife 11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.78840","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.78840"},{"key":"6_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-023-03664-4","volume":"98","author":"X Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao X et al (2024) 27-hydroxycholesterol inhibits trophoblast fusion during placenta development by activating PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR signaling pathway. Arch Toxicol 98:849\u2013863. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-023-03664-4","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"6_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.2174\/13816128113199990541","volume":"20","author":"XW Zhuang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhuang XW et al (2014) Decreased expression and altered methylation of syncytin-1 gene in human placentas associated with preeclampsia. Curr Pharm Des 20:1796\u20131802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/13816128113199990541","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"}],"container-title":["Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology","Cell Fusion"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-032-22637-2_6","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T22:25:42Z","timestamp":1779402342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-032-22637-2_6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"ISBN":["9783032226365","9783032226372"],"references-count":126,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-032-22637-2_6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0065-2598","2214-8019"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0065-2598","type":"print"},{"value":"2214-8019","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 May 2026","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}}]}}