{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T04:04:50Z","timestamp":1780373090533,"version":"3.54.1"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783032272416","type":"print"},{"value":"9783032272423","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-27242-3_37","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T03:23:58Z","timestamp":1780370638000},"page":"631-648","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Large Neighborhood Search Meets Iterative Neural Constraint Heuristics"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Yudong W.","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Sanner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elias B.","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"37_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrett, T., Clements, W., Foerster, J., Lvovsky, A.: Exploratory combinatorial optimization with reinforcement learning. In: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, vol.\u00a034, pp. 3243\u20133250 (2020)","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i04.5723"},{"key":"37_CR2","unstructured":"Barrett, T.D., Parsonson, C.W., Laterre, A.: Learning to solve combinatorial graph partitioning problems via efficient exploration. arXiv preprint arXiv:2205.14105 (2022)"},{"key":"37_CR3","unstructured":"Ben-Hamu, H., Gat, I., Severo, D., Nolte, N., Karrer, B.: Accelerated sampling from masked diffusion models via entropy bounded unmasking. In: The Thirty-ninth Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (2025). https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=WBcBhT1NKO"},{"issue":"2","key":"37_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2020.07.063","volume":"290","author":"Y Bengio","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bengio, Y., Lodi, A., Prouvost, A.: Machine learning for combinatorial optimization: a methodological tour d\u2019horizon. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 290(2), 405\u2013421 (2021)","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"37_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cappart, Q., Guns, T., Lombardi, M., Pesant, G., Tsouros, D.: Combining constraint programming and machine learning: from current progress to future opportunities. J. Artif. Intell. Res. 84 (2025)","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.1.19533"},{"key":"37_CR6","unstructured":"Cardei, M., Christopher, J.K., Hartvigsen, T., Bartoldson, B.R., Kailkhura, B., Fioretto, F.: Constrained discrete diffusion. arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.09790 (2025)"},{"key":"37_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, H., Zhang, H., Jiang, L., Liu, C., Freeman, W.T.: MaskGIT: masked generative image transformer. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 11315\u201311325 (2022)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01103"},{"key":"37_CR8","unstructured":"Dehghani, M., Gouws, S., Vinyals, O., Uszkoreit, J., Kaiser, L.: Universal transformers. In: International Conference on Learning Representations (2019). https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=HyzdRiR9Y7"},{"key":"37_CR9","unstructured":"Du, Y., Mao, J., Tenenbaum, J.B.: Learning iterative reasoning through energy diffusion. In: International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML) (2024)"},{"key":"37_CR10","unstructured":"Falkner, J.K., Thyssens, D., Schmidt-Thieme, L.: Large neighborhood search based on neural construction heuristics. arXiv preprint arXiv:2205.00772 (2022)"},{"key":"37_CR11","unstructured":"Fan, Y., Du, Y., Ramchandran, K., Lee, K.: Looped transformers for length generalization. In: The Thirteenth International Conference on Learning Representations (2025). https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=2edigk8yoU"},{"key":"37_CR12","unstructured":"Feng, S., Sun, W., Li, S., Talwalkar, A., Yang, Y.: FrontierCO: Real-world and large-scale evaluation of machine learning solvers for combinatorial optimization. In: The Fourteenth International Conference on Learning Representations (2026). https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=BVprkacwFY"},{"key":"37_CR13","unstructured":"Feng, S., Sun, Z., Yang, Y.: SPL-LNS: sampling-enhanced large neighborhood search for solving integer linear programs. arXiv preprint arXiv:2508.16171 (2025)"},{"issue":"6","key":"37_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1145\/227683.227684","volume":"42","author":"MX Goemans","year":"1995","unstructured":"Goemans, M.X., Williamson, D.P.: Improved approximation algorithms for maximum cut and satisfiability problems using semidefinite programming. J. ACM (JACM) 42(6), 1115\u20131145 (1995)","journal-title":"J. ACM (JACM)"},{"key":"37_CR15","unstructured":"Hottung, A., Tierney, K.: Neural large neighborhood search for the capacitated vehicle routing problem. In: ECAI 2020, pp. 443\u2013450. IOS Press (2020)"},{"key":"37_CR16","unstructured":"Hottung, A., Wong-Chung, P., Tierney, K.: Neural deconstruction search for vehicle routing problems. Trans. Mach. Learn. Res. (2025). https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=bCmEP1Ltwq"},{"key":"37_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2022.103786","volume":"313","author":"A Hottung","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hottung, A., Tierney, K.: Neural large neighborhood search for routing problems. Artif. Intell. 313, 103786 (2022)","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"37_CR18","unstructured":"Huang, T., Ferber, A.M., Tian, Y., Dilkina, B., Steiner, B.: Searching large neighborhoods for integer linear programs with contrastive learning. In: International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 13869\u201313890. PMLR (2023)"},{"key":"37_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jolicoeur-Martineau, A.: Less is More: recursive reasoning with tiny networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:2510.04871 (2025)","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-8148771\/v1"},{"key":"37_CR20","unstructured":"Kim, J., Shah, K., Kontonis, V., Kakade, S.M., Chen, S.: Train for the worst, plan for the best: understanding token ordering in masked diffusions. In: Forty-second International Conference on Machine Learning (2025). https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=DjJmre5IkP"},{"key":"37_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2022.105903","volume":"146","author":"STW Mara","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mara, S.T.W., Norcahyo, R., Jodiawan, P., Lusiantoro, L., Rifai, A.P.: A survey of adaptive large neighborhood search algorithms and applications. Comput. Oper. Res. 146, 105903 (2022)","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"37_CR22","unstructured":"Palm, R., Paquet, U., Winther, O.: Recurrent relational networks. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 31 (2018)"},{"key":"37_CR23","unstructured":"Perron, L., Didier, F.: CP-SAT. https:\/\/developers.google.com\/optimization\/cp\/cp_solver\/"},{"key":"37_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pisinger, D., Ropke, S.: Large neighborhood search. In: Handbook of Metaheuristics, pp. 99\u2013127. Springer (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-91086-4_4","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-91086-4_4"},{"issue":"1","key":"37_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s10844-021-00666-5","volume":"58","author":"A Popescu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Popescu, A., et al.: An overview of machine learning techniques in constraint solving. J. Intell. Inf. Syst. 58(1), 91\u2013118 (2022)","journal-title":"J. Intell. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"37_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25531","DOI":"10.52202\/068431-1851","volume":"35","author":"R Qiu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qiu, R., Sun, Z., Yang, Y.: Dimes: a differentiable meta solver for combinatorial optimization problems. Adv. Neural. Inf. Process. Syst. 35, 25531\u201325546 (2022)","journal-title":"Adv. Neural. Inf. Process. Syst."},{"issue":"4","key":"37_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.1050.0135","volume":"40","author":"S Ropke","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ropke, S., Pisinger, D.: An adaptive large neighborhood search heuristic for the pickup and delivery problem with time windows. Transp. Sci. 40(4), 455\u2013472 (2006)","journal-title":"Transp. Sci."},{"key":"37_CR28","unstructured":"Sanokowski, S., Hochreiter, S., Lehner, S.: A diffusion model framework for unsupervised neural combinatorial optimization. In: International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 43346\u201343367. PMLR (2024)"},{"key":"37_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shaw, P.: Using constraint programming and local search methods to solve vehicle routing problems. In: Maher, M., Puget, JF. (eds.) International Conference on Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming, pp. 417\u2013431. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1998). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/3-540-49481-2_30","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-49481-2_30"},{"key":"37_CR30","first-page":"103131","volume":"37","author":"J Shi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shi, J., Han, K., Wang, Z., Doucet, A., Titsias, M.: Simplified and generalized masked diffusion for discrete data. Adv. Neural. Inf. Process. Syst. 37, 103131\u2013103167 (2024)","journal-title":"Adv. Neural. Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"37_CR31","first-page":"20012","volume":"33","author":"J Song","year":"2020","unstructured":"Song, J., Yue, Y., Dilkina, B., et al.: A general large neighborhood search framework for solving integer linear programs. Adv. Neural. Inf. Process. Syst. 33, 20012\u201320023 (2020)","journal-title":"Adv. Neural. Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"37_CR32","unstructured":"Sonnerat, N., Wang, P., Ktena, I., Bartunov, S., Nair, V.: Learning a large neighborhood search algorithm for mixed integer programs. arXiv preprint arXiv:2107.10201 (2021)"},{"key":"37_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3706","DOI":"10.52202\/075280-0164","volume":"36","author":"Z Sun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sun, Z., Yang, Y.: DIFUSCO: graph-based diffusion solvers for combinatorial optimization. Adv. Neural. Inf. Process. Syst. 36, 3706\u20133731 (2023)","journal-title":"Adv. Neural. Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"37_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2020.580607","volume":"3","author":"J Toenshoff","year":"2021","unstructured":"Toenshoff, J., Ritzert, M., Wolf, H., Grohe, M.: Graph neural networks for maximum constraint satisfaction. Front. Artif. Intell. 3, 580607 (2021)","journal-title":"Front. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"37_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"T\u00f6nshoff, J., Kisin, B., Lindner, J., Grohe, M.: One model, any CSP: graph neural networks as fast global search heuristics for constraint satisfaction. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. IJCAI \u201923 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24963\/ijcai.2023\/476","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2023\/476"},{"key":"37_CR36","unstructured":"Wang, G., Schiff, Y., Sahoo, S.S., Kuleshov, V.: Remasking discrete diffusion models with inference-time scaling. In: The Thirty-ninth Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (2025). https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=IJryQAOy0p"},{"key":"37_CR37","unstructured":"Wang, P.W., Donti, P., Wilder, B., Kolter, Z.: SATNet: bridging deep learning and logical reasoning using a differentiable satisfiability solver. In: International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 6545\u20136554. PMLR (2019)"},{"key":"37_CR38","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Song, W., Cao, Z., Zhang, J.: Learning large neighborhood search policy for integer programming. In: Beygelzimer, A., Dauphin, Y., Liang, P., Vaughan, J.W. (eds.) Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (2021). https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=IaM7U4J-w3c"},{"key":"37_CR39","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Li, W., Sanner, S., Khalil, E.B.: Self-supervised transformers as iterative solution improvers for constraint satisfaction. In: Forty-second International Conference on Machine Learning (2025). https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=IQN6ID0snT"},{"key":"37_CR40","unstructured":"Yang, Z., Ishay, A., Lee, J.: Learning to solve constraint satisfaction problems with recurrent transformer. In: The Eleventh International Conference on Learning Representations (2023). https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=udNhDCr2KQe"},{"key":"37_CR41","unstructured":"Ye, Y.: The GSet dataset (2003)"},{"issue":"9","key":"37_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9769","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2023.3249799","volume":"35","author":"J Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou, J., Wu, Y., Cao, Z., Song, W., Zhang, J., Chen, Z.: Learning large neighborhood search for vehicle routing in airport ground handling. IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng. 35(9), 9769\u20139782 (2023)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng."}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Integration of Constraint Programming, Artificial Intelligence, and Operations Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-032-27242-3_37","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T03:24:05Z","timestamp":1780370645000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-032-27242-3_37"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"ISBN":["9783032272416","9783032272423"],"references-count":42,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-032-27242-3_37","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 June 2026","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"CPAIOR","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on the Integration of Constraint Programming, Artificial Intelligence, and Operations Research","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Rabat","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Morocco","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2026","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"26 May 2026","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"29 May 2026","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"23","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"cpaior2026","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/view\/cpaior2026\/home","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}