{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T13:46:34Z","timestamp":1782481594533,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783032297433","type":"print"},{"value":"9783032297440","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782518400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-29744-0_10","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T12:52:55Z","timestamp":1782478375000},"page":"140-155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Generating Personalized Programming Exercises via\u00a0Cognitive State Graphs and\u00a0ZPD-Driven Prompting"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1566-4902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2701-2525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiangyiyang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1866-9685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"10_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Al-Hossami, E., Bunescu, R., Smith, J., Teehan, R.: Can language models employ the socratic method? Experiments with code debugging. In: Proceedings of the 55th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, vol. 1, pp. 53\u201359. SIGCSE 2024, ACM (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3626252.3630799","DOI":"10.1145\/3626252.3630799"},{"key":"10_CR2","unstructured":"Anderson, L.W., Krathwohl, D.R.: A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing\u202f: A Revision of Bloom\u2019s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Complete Inc, Addison Wesley Longman (2001)"},{"issue":"11","key":"10_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2013.02.007","volume":"40","author":"K Chrysafiadi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chrysafiadi, K., Virvou, M.: Student modeling approaches: a literature review for the last decade. Expert Syst. Appl. 40(11), 4715\u20134729 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2013.02.007","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"issue":"4","key":"10_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021258506583","volume":"12","author":"C Conati","year":"2002","unstructured":"Conati, C., Gertner, A., VanLehn, K.: Using bayesian networks to manage uncertainty in student modeling. User Model. User-Adapt. Interact. 12(4), 371\u2013417 (2002). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1021258506583","journal-title":"User Model. User-Adapt. Interact."},{"key":"10_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Del Carpio Gutierrez, A., Denny, P., Luxton-Reilly, A.: Evaluating automatically generated contextualised programming exercises. In: Proceedings of the 55th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, vol. 1, pp. 289\u2013295. ACM (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3626252.3630863","DOI":"10.1145\/3626252.3630863"},{"key":"10_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Doughty, J., Wan, Z., Bompelli, A., et\u00a0al.: A comparative study of AI-generated (GPT-4) and human-crafted MCQs in programming education. In: Proceedings of the 26th Australasian Computing Education Conference, pp. 114\u2013123. ACE \u201924, ACM, New York (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3636243.3636256","DOI":"10.1145\/3636243.3636256"},{"key":"10_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gao, Z., Cui, C., Yan, H., Liu, J., Sun, X., Feng, J.: Towards a quantitative competency model for CS1 via five-channel learning sequences. In: Proceedings of the 56th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, vol. 1, pp. 367\u2013373. SIGCSETS 2025, ACM (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3641554.3701837","DOI":"10.1145\/3641554.3701837"},{"key":"10_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jordan, M., Ly, K., Soosai\u00a0Raj, A.G.: Need a programming exercise generated in your native language? ChatGPT\u2019s got your back: automatic generation of non-english programming exercises using OpenAI GPT-3.5. In: Proceedings of the 55th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, vol. 1, pp. 618\u2013624. SIGCSE 2024, ACM (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3626252.3630897","DOI":"10.1145\/3626252.3630897"},{"issue":"4","key":"10_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s44366-025-0071-x","volume":"2","author":"H Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li, H., Yu, J., Ouyang, Y., et al.: Explainable few-shot knowledge tracing. Front. Digit. Educ. 2(4), 34 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44366-025-0071-x","journal-title":"Front. Digit. Educ."},{"key":"10_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu, R., Zenke, C., Liu, C., et\u00a0al.: Teaching CS50 with AI: leveraging generative artificial intelligence in computer science education. In: Proceedings of the 55th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, vol. 2, p.\u00a01927. SIGCSE 2024, ACM, New York (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3626253.3635427","DOI":"10.1145\/3626253.3635427"},{"key":"10_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Logacheva, E., Hellas, A., Prather, J., Sarsa, S., Leinonen, J.: Evaluating contextually personalized programming exercises created with generative AI. In: Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research. ICER \u201924, vol.\u00a01, pp. 95\u2013113. ACM, New York (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3632620.3671103","DOI":"10.1145\/3632620.3671103"},{"key":"10_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mittal, K., O\u2019Neill, A., Schlegel, H., Ranade, G., Norouzi, N.: Modeling student knowledge progression across concepts in\u00a0intelligent tutoring interactions. In: Cristea, A.I., Walker, E., Lu, Y., Santos, O.C., Isotani, S. (eds.) Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 105\u2013118. Springer, Cham (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-98417-4_8","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-98417-4_8"},{"key":"10_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nguyen, M.H., P\u0103durean, V.A., Gotovos, A., Tschiatschek, S., Singla, A.: Synthesizing high-quality programming tasks with\u00a0LLM-based expert and\u00a0student agents. In: Cristea, A.I., Walker, E., Lu, Y., Santos, O.C., Isotani, S. (eds.) Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 77\u201391. Springer, Cham (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-98414-3_6","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-98414-3_6"},{"issue":"13","key":"10_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13132537","volume":"13","author":"K Qu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qu, K., Li, K.C., Wong, B.T.M., Wu, M.M.F., Liu, M.: A survey of knowledge graph approaches and applications in education. Electronics 13(13), 2537 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics13132537","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"10_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sarsa, S., Denny, P., Hellas, A., Leinonen, J.: Automatic generation of programming exercises and code explanations using large language models. In: Proceedings of the 2022 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research, vol. 1, pp. 27\u201343. ACM (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3501385.3543957","DOI":"10.1145\/3501385.3543957"},{"key":"10_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Scarlatos, A., Baker, R.S., Lan, A.: Exploring knowledge tracing in tutor-student dialogues using LLMs. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference, pp. 249\u2013259. ACM, New York (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3706468.3706501 LAK &apos;25","DOI":"10.1145\/3706468.3706501"},{"key":"10_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schmucker, R., Xia, M., Azaria, A., Mitchell, T.: Ruffle&riley: insights from\u00a0designing and\u00a0evaluating a\u00a0large language model-based conversational tutoring system. In: Olney, A.M., Chounta, I.A., Liu, Z., Santos, O.C., Bittencourt, I.I. (eds.) Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 75\u201390. Springer, Cham (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-64302-6_6","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-64302-6_6"},{"key":"10_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shridhar, K., Macina, J., El-Assady, M., et\u00a0al.: Automatic generation of socratic subquestions for teaching math word problems. In: Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp. 4136\u20134149. Association for Computational Linguistics (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2022.emnlp-main.277","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.emnlp-main.277"},{"key":"10_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Speth, S., Mei\u00dfner, N., Becker, S.: Investigating the use of AI-generated exercises for beginner and intermediate programming courses: a ChatGPT case study. In: IEEE 35th International Conference on Software Engineering Education and Training, CSEET, pp. 142\u2013146. IEEE (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CSEET58097.2023.00030","DOI":"10.1109\/CSEET58097.2023.00030"},{"key":"10_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vygotsky, L.S.: Mind in Society: Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Harvard University Press (1978). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/j.ctvjf9vz4","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvjf9vz4"},{"key":"10_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zaffalon, F., Prisco, A., de Souza, R., et\u00a0al.: Estimating programming skills with combined M-ERS and ELO multidimensional models. In: 2020 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE), pp.\u00a01\u20136. IEEE (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/FIE44824.2020.9274205","DOI":"10.1109\/FIE44824.2020.9274205"},{"key":"10_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2023.3348690","volume":"17","author":"A Zanellati","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zanellati, A., Mitri, D.D., Gabbrielli, M., Levrini, O.: Hybrid models for knowledge tracing: a systematic literature review. IEEE Trans. Learn. Technol. 17, 1021\u20131036 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TLT.2023.3348690","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Learn. Technol."}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Artificial Intelligence in Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-032-29744-0_10","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T12:53:04Z","timestamp":1782478384000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-032-29744-0_10"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]]},"ISBN":["9783032297433","9783032297440"],"references-count":22,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-032-29744-0_10","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 June 2026","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"During the preparation of this work, the authors used DeepSeek for language polishing and sentence restructuring to improve clarity and readability. All core research ideas, methodology, experimental design, data analysis, and the initial manuscript draft were solely developed by the human authors. Following the use of the tool, the authors carefully reviewed and revised all content and take full responsibility for the final version of this paper.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declaration of AI Assistance"}},{"value":"AIED","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Seoul","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Korea (Republic of)","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2026","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"29 June 2026","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"3 July 2026","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"27","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"aied2026","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/www.aied-conference.org\/2026","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}