{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T13:46:30Z","timestamp":1782481590912,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783032297433","type":"print"},{"value":"9783032297440","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782518400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-29744-0_42","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T12:52:25Z","timestamp":1782478345000},"page":"632-646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Simulating Novice Students Using Machine Unlearning and\u00a0Relearning in\u00a0Large Language Models"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7840-5576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiajia","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7638-6779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhihan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3320-3907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jionghao","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"42_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benedetto, L., Aradelli, G., Donvito, A., Lucchetti, A., Cappelli, A., Buttery, P.: Using llms to simulate students\u2019 responses to exam questions. In: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024, pp. 11351\u201311368 (2024)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.findings-emnlp.663"},{"issue":"1","key":"42_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0057-9","volume":"26","author":"G Biswas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Biswas, G., Segedy, J.R., Bunchongchit, K.: From design to implementation to practice a learning by teaching system: Betty\u2019s brain. Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ. 26(1), 350\u2013364 (2016)","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ."},{"key":"42_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bourtoule, L., et al.: Machine Unlearning. In: 2021 IEEE Symposium on Security And Privacy (SP), pp. 141\u2013159. IEEE (2021)","DOI":"10.1109\/SP40001.2021.00019"},{"key":"42_CR4","unstructured":"Chaplot, D.S., et al.: arXiv preprint 3 arXiv:2310.06825 (2023)"},{"issue":"4","key":"42_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1007\/s10956-009-9180-4","volume":"18","author":"CC Chase","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chase, C.C., Chin, D.B., Oppezzo, M.A., Schwartz, D.L.: Teachable agents and the prot\u00e9g\u00e9 effect: Increasing the effort towards learning. J. Sci. Educ. Technol. 18(4), 334\u2013352 (2009)","journal-title":"J. Sci. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"42_CR6","unstructured":"Chen, A., Wei, Y., Le, H., Zhang, Y.: Learning by teaching with chatgpt: the effect of teachable chatgpt agent on programming education. Br. J. Edu. Technol. ,= (2024)"},{"key":"42_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiorella, L., Mayer, R.E.: Learning as a generative activity. Cambridge University Press (2015)","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107707085"},{"key":"42_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, H., Lee, S., Shin, H., Kim, J.: Teach ai how to code: using large language models as teachable agents for programming education. In: Proceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1\u201328 (2024)","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642349"},{"issue":"3","key":"42_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/jpr.12221","volume":"61","author":"K Kobayashi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kobayashi, K.: Learning by preparing-to-teach and teaching: a meta-analysis. Jpn. Psychol. Res. 61(3), 192\u2013203 (2019)","journal-title":"Jpn. Psychol. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"42_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10734-022-00977-8","volume":"86","author":"A Kozanitis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kozanitis, A., Nenciovici, L.: Effect of active learning versus traditional lecturing on the learning achievement of college students in humanities and social sciences: A meta-analysis. High. Educ. 86(6), 1377\u20131394 (2023)","journal-title":"High. Educ."},{"key":"42_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H.P., Sarkar, A., Tankelevitch, L., Drosos, I., Rintel, S., Banks, R., Wilson, N.: The impact of generative ai on critical thinking: self-reported reductions in cognitive effort and confidence effects from a survey of knowledge workers. In: Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1\u201322. (2025)","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713778"},{"key":"42_CR12","unstructured":"Liu, A., et\u00a0al.: Deepseek-v3. 2: pushing the frontier of open large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2512.02556 (2025)"},{"key":"42_CR13","unstructured":"Liu, S., et\u00a0al.: Rethinking machine unlearning for large language models. Nat. Mach. Intell., 1\u201314 (2025)"},{"key":"42_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Zhang, Y., Jaakkola, T., Chang, S.: Revisiting who\u2019s harry potter: towards targeted unlearning from a causal intervention perspective (2024). https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2407.16997","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.emnlp-main.495"},{"key":"42_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lu, X., Wang, X.: Generative students: using llm-simulated student profiles to support question item evaluation. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale, L@S 2024, pp. 16\u201327. ACM (Jul 2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3657604.3662031","DOI":"10.1145\/3657604.3662031"},{"key":"42_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ma, Q., Shen, H., Koedinger, K., Wu, S.T.: How to teach programming in the ai era? using llms as a teachable agent for debugging. In: International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 265\u2013279. Springer (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-64302-6_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-64302-6_1"},{"key":"42_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martynova, D., Macina, J., Daheim, N., Yalcin, N., Zhang, X., Sachan, M.: Can llms effectively simulate human learners? teachers\u2019 insights from tutoring llm students. In: Proceedings of the 20th Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications (BEA 2025), pp. 100\u2013117 (2025)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.bea-1.8"},{"issue":"1","key":"42_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-021-00265-z","volume":"32","author":"N Matsuda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Matsuda, N.: Teachable agent as an interactive tool for cognitive task analysis: a case study for authoring an expert model. Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ. 32(1), 48\u201375 (2022)","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ."},{"issue":"1","key":"42_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-014-0020-1","volume":"25","author":"N Matsuda","year":"2015","unstructured":"Matsuda, N., Cohen, W.W., Koedinger, K.R.: Teaching the teacher: tutoring simstudent leads to more effective cognitive tutor authoring. Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ. 25(1), 1\u201334 (2015)","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ."},{"key":"42_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rogers, K., Davis, M., Maharana, M., Etheredge, P., Chernova, S.: Playing dumb to get smart: Creating and evaluating an llm-based teachable agent within university computer science classes. In: Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1\u201322 (2025)","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713644"},{"key":"42_CR21","unstructured":"Scarlatos, A., Lee, J., Woodhead, S., Lan, A.: Simulated students in tutoring dialogues: Substance or illusion? arXiv preprint (2026). arXiv:2601.04025"},{"key":"42_CR22","unstructured":"Sharma, M., et al.: Towards understanding sycophancy in language models, arXiv preprint, arXiv:2310.13548 (2023)"},{"key":"42_CR23","unstructured":"Team Q: Qwen3 technical report (2025). https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2505.09388"},{"key":"42_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thaker, P., Hu, S., Kale, N., Maurya, Y., Wu, Z.S., Smith, V.: Position: Llm unlearning benchmarks are weak measures of progress (2025). https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2410.02879","DOI":"10.1109\/SaTML64287.2025.00035"},{"key":"42_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, X., Pan, G., Wang, H.: Large language models in student simulation: A survey, (2025)","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-8148343\/v1"},{"key":"42_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., et al.: Reasoning model unlearning: Forgetting traces, not just answers, while preserving reasoning skills, arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.12963 (2025)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.emnlp-main.220"},{"key":"42_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, H., Zhao, N., Yang, L., Zhao, S., Deng, S., Wang, M., Hooi, B., Oo, N., Chen, H., Zhang, N.: Relearn: Unlearning via learning for large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.11190 (2025)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.acl-long.297"},{"issue":"3","key":"42_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.18608\/jla.2021.7161","volume":"8","author":"Z Yingbin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yingbin, Z., et al.: Can strategic behaviour facilitate confusion resolution? the interplay between confusion and metacognitive strategies in betty\u2019s brain. J. Learn. Analy. 8(3), 28\u201344 (2021)","journal-title":"J. Learn. Analy."},{"key":"42_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2025.102199","volume":"100","author":"E Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang, E.: Unravelling the quality of processes of learning from errors: Insights from students\u2019 written error reflections in factoring tasks. Learn. Instr. 100, 102199 (2025)","journal-title":"Learn. Instr."},{"key":"42_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2024.102326","volume":"79","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, Q., Fiorella, L.: Effects of self-explaining feedback on learning from problem-solving errors. Contemp. Educ. Psychol. 79, 102326 (2024)","journal-title":"Contemp. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"42_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2024.101897","volume":"91","author":"W Zhu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhu, W., Wang, F., Mayer, R.E., Liu, T.: Effects of explaining a science lesson to others or to oneself: A cognitive neuroscience approach. Learn. Instr. 91, 101897 (2024)","journal-title":"Learn. Instr."}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Artificial Intelligence in Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-032-29744-0_42","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T12:52:55Z","timestamp":1782478375000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-032-29744-0_42"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]]},"ISBN":["9783032297433","9783032297440"],"references-count":31,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-032-29744-0_42","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 June 2026","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"AIED","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Seoul","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Korea (Republic of)","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2026","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"29 June 2026","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"3 July 2026","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"27","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"aied2026","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/www.aied-conference.org\/2026","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}