{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T07:47:09Z","timestamp":1782546429635,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783032297594","type":"print"},{"value":"9783032297600","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782604800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-29760-0_39","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T07:07:40Z","timestamp":1782544060000},"page":"351-360","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring Question Isomorphism Through Different Numerical Representations"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0860-2084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matheus","family":"Valentim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4730-447X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Max","family":"Fowler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"39_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Benedetto, L., Wang, N., Rebolledo-Mendez, G., Dimitrova, V., Matsuda, N.: Artificial intelligence in education. Posters and late breaking results, workshops and tutorials, industry and innovation tracks, practitioners, doctoral consortium and blue sky. In: A Quantitative Study of NLP Approaches to Question Difficulty Estimation (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-36336-8_67","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-36336-8_67"},{"key":"39_CR2","unstructured":"Benedetto, L., Aradelli, G., Cremonesi, P., Cappelli, A., Giussani, A., Turrin, R.: On the application of transformers for estimating the difficulty of multiple-choice questions from text. In: Proceedings of the 16th Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications (2021)"},{"key":"39_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boldt, R.F., Freedle, R.: Using a neural net to predict item difficulty. ETS Res. Rep. Ser (2) (1996). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/j.2333-8504.1996.tb01709.x","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2333-8504.1996.tb01709.x"},{"key":"39_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Demirta\u015f, M.A., Zheng, C., Cunningham, K.: Detecting programming plans in open-ended code submissions. In: Proceedings of the 56th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education V. 2, pp. 1435\u20131436. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3641555.3705166 SIGCSETS 2025","DOI":"10.1145\/3641555.3705166"},{"issue":"1","key":"39_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/09585176.2016.1232201","volume":"28","author":"YH El Masri","year":"2017","unstructured":"El Masri, Y.H., Ferrara, S., Foltz, P.W., Baird, J.A.: Predicting item difficulty of science national curriculum tests: the case of key stage 2 assessments. Curricul. J. 28(1), 59\u201382 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09585176.2016.1232201","journal-title":"Curricul. J."},{"issue":"3","key":"39_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.1987.tb00692.x","volume":"21","author":"DS Fleisher","year":"1987","unstructured":"Fleisher, D.S., Schwenker, J.: Isomorphic patient management problems: a method of creating equivalent problem-solving tests. Med. Educ. 21(3), 207\u2013212 (1987). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2923.1987.tb00692.x","journal-title":"Med. Educ."},{"key":"39_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fowler, M., Smith, D.H., Zilles, C.: Quickly producing \u201c\u2018isomorphic\u201d exercises: quantifying the impact of programming question permutations. In: Proceedings of the 2024 on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education V. 1, pp. 178\u2013184. ACM, Milan Italy (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3649217.3653617","DOI":"10.1145\/3649217.3653617"},{"key":"39_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fowler, M., Zilles, C.: Superficial code-guise: investigating the impact of surface feature changes on students\u2019 programming question scores. In: Proceedings of the 52nd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, pp.\u00a03\u20139. ACM, Virtual Event USA (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3408877.3432413","DOI":"10.1145\/3408877.3432413"},{"issue":"4","key":"39_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1080\/0047231X.2023.12290629","volume":"52","author":"C Goolsby-Cole","year":"2023","unstructured":"Goolsby-Cole, C., Bass, S.M., Stanwyck, L., Leupen, S., Carpenter, T.S., Hodges, L.C.: Issues of question equivalence in online exam pools. J. Coll. Sci. Teach. 52(4), 24\u201330 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0047231X.2023.12290629","journal-title":"J. Coll. Sci. Teach."},{"issue":"1","key":"39_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-3123(99)80058-3","volume":"17","author":"B Greer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Greer, B., Harel, G.: The role of isomorphisms in mathematical cognition. J. Math. Behav. 17(1), 5\u201324 (1998). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0732-3123(99)80058-3","journal-title":"J. Math. Behav."},{"key":"39_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ha, L.A., Yaneva, V., Baldwin, P., Mee, J.: Predicting the difficulty of multiple choice questions in a high-stakes medical exam. In: Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications, pp. 11\u201320. Association for Computational Linguistics (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/W19-4402","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W19-4402"},{"key":"39_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Johnson-Yu, S., Bowman, N., Sahami, M., Piech, C.: SimGrade: using code similarity measures for more accurate human grading (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2403.14637, arXiv:2403.14637","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2403.14637"},{"issue":"2","key":"39_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(85)90009-X","volume":"17","author":"K Kotovsky","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kotovsky, K., Hayes, J., Simon, H.: Why are some problems hard? Evidence from Tower of Hanoi. Cogn. Psychol. 17(2), 248\u2013294 (1985). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0010-0285(85)90009-X","journal-title":"Cogn. Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"39_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.92.4.1043","volume":"92","author":"F Lievens","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lievens, F., Sackett, P.R.: Situational judgment tests in high-stakes settings: issues and strategies with generating alternate forms. J. Appl. Psychol. 92(4), 1043\u20131055 (2007). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-9010.92.4.1043","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"issue":"2","key":"39_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevSTPER.7.020104","volume":"7","author":"SY Lin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lin, S.Y., Singh, C.: Using isomorphic problems to learn introductory physics. Phys. Rev. Spec. Top. Phys. Educ. Res. 7(2), 020104 (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevSTPER.7.020104","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Spec. Top. Phys. Educ. Res."},{"key":"39_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Malzer, C., Baum, M.: A hybrid approach to hierarchical density-based cluster selection. In: 2020 IEEE International Conference on Multisensor Fusion and Integration for Intelligent Systems (MFI), pp. 223\u2013228. IEEE (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/mfi49285.2020.9235263","DOI":"10.1109\/mfi49285.2020.9235263"},{"key":"39_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Parker, M.C., Garcia, L., Kao, Y.S., Franklin, D., Krause, S., Warschauer, M.: A pair of ACES: an analysis of isomorphic questions on an elementary computing assessment. In: Proceedings of the 2022 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research - Volume 1, pp. 2\u201314. ACM, Lugano and Virtual Event Switzerland (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3501385.3543979","DOI":"10.1145\/3501385.3543979"},{"issue":"1","key":"39_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1397\/1\/012083","volume":"1397","author":"FM Pastoriko","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pastoriko, F.M., Retnowati, E.: How to create isomorphic example-problem pairs for facilitating analogical thinking. J. Phys: Conf. Ser. 1397(1), 012083 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1742-6596\/1397\/1\/012083","journal-title":"J. Phys: Conf. Ser."},{"key":"39_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Singh, C.: Assessing student expertise in introductory physics with isomorphic problems. II. Effect of some potential factors on problem solving and transfer. Phys. Rev. Special Top. Phys. Educ. Res. 4(1), 010105 (2008). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevSTPER.4.010105","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevSTPER.4.010105"},{"issue":"1","key":"39_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2333-8504.2005.tb01983.x","volume":"2005","author":"S Sinharay","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sinharay, S., Johnson, M.: Analysis of data from an admissions test with item models. ETS Res. Rep. Ser. 2005(1), 32 (2005). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/j.2333-8504.2005.tb01983.x","journal-title":"ETS Res. Rep. Ser."},{"key":"39_CR21","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Zhang, W., Wang, J.: Estimating difficulty levels of programming problems with pre-trained model. ArXiv abs\/2406.08828 (2024). https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:270440564"},{"key":"39_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xu, J., Tingting Wei, Lv, P.: SQL-DP: A novel difficulty prediction framework for SQL programming problems. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Educational Data Mining (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/ZENODO.6852986, publisher: Zenodo","DOI":"10.5281\/ZENODO.6852986"},{"key":"39_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zingaro, D., Porter, L.: Tracking student learning from class to exam using isomorphic questions. In: Proceedings of the 46th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, pp. 356\u2013361. ACM, Kansas City Missouri USA (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2676723.2677239","DOI":"10.1145\/2676723.2677239"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Artificial Intelligence in Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-032-29760-0_39","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T07:07:46Z","timestamp":1782544066000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-032-29760-0_39"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]]},"ISBN":["9783032297594","9783032297600"],"references-count":23,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-032-29760-0_39","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 June 2026","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclosure of Interests"}},{"value":"AIED","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Seoul","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Korea (Republic of)","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2026","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"29 June 2026","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"3 July 2026","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"27","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"aied2026","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/www.aied-conference.org\/2026","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}