{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T14:51:04Z","timestamp":1782485464771,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783032297624","type":"print"},{"value":"9783032297631","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782518400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-29763-1_3","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T14:30:50Z","timestamp":1782484250000},"page":"30-44","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparing the Impact of Pedagogy-Informed Custom and General-Purpose GAI Chatbots on Students\u2019 Science Problem-Solving Processes and Performance Using Heterogeneous Interaction Network Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2947-6056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanyu","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0120-3017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huilin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5572-276X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shihui","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"3_CR1","first-page":"64","volume":"2","author":"MM Rahman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rahman, M.M.: 21st century skill\u2019problem solving\u2019: defining the concept. Asian J. Interdisc. Res. 2(1), 64\u201374 (2019)","journal-title":"Asian J. Interdisc. Res."},{"key":"3_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yerushalmi, E., Eylon, B.S.: Problem Solving in Science Learning, pp. 786\u2013790. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht (2015)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-2150-0_129"},{"issue":"4","key":"3_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/1998384.1998392","volume":"7","author":"W Ward","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ward, W., et al.: My science tutor: a conversational multimedia virtual tutor for elementary school science. ACM Trans. Speech Lang. Process. (TSLP) 7(4), 1\u201329 (2011)","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Speech Lang. Process. (TSLP)"},{"key":"3_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calvo-Utrilla, M., Pa\u00f1os, E., Ruiz-Gallardo, J.R.: Chatbots in science education: a scoping review of early empirical evidence. J. Sci. Educ. Technol., 1\u201319 (2025)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10956-025-10260-x"},{"key":"3_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105323","volume":"234","author":"T Debets","year":"2025","unstructured":"Debets, T., Banihashem, S.K., Joosten-Ten Brinke, D., Vos, T.E., de Buy Wenniger, G.M., Camp, G.: Chatbots in education: a systematic review of objectives, underlying technology and theory, evaluation criteria, and impacts. Comput. Educ. 234, 105323 (2025)","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"3_CR6","unstructured":"Achiam, J., et al.: GPT-4 technical report. arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.08774 (2023)"},{"issue":"1","key":"3_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-024-00316-7","volume":"11","author":"C Zhai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhai, C., Wibowo, S., Li, L.D.: The effects of over-reliance on AI dialogue systems on students\u2019 cognitive abilities: a systematic review. Smart Learn. Environ. 11(1), 28 (2024)","journal-title":"Smart Learn. Environ."},{"key":"3_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giannakos, M., et al.: The promise and challenges of generative AI in education. Behav. Inf. Technol. 44(11), 2518\u20132544 (2025)","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2024.2394886"},{"issue":"5","key":"3_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1080\/00098659809602729","volume":"71","author":"L Elder","year":"1998","unstructured":"Elder, L., Paul, R.: The role of socratic questioning in thinking, teaching, and learning. Clear. House 71(5), 297\u2013301 (1998)","journal-title":"Clear. House"},{"key":"3_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c7ava\u015f, B., \u00c7ava\u015f, P., Y\u0131lmaz, Y. \u00d6.: Problem-solving in science and technology education. In: Contemporary Issues in Science and Technology Education, pp. 253\u2013265. Springer (2023)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-24259-5_18"},{"issue":"11","key":"3_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1080\/09500693.2016.1214766","volume":"38","author":"R Kelly","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kelly, R., McLoughlin, E., Finlayson, O.E.: Analysing student written solutions to investigate if problem-solving processes are evident throughout. Int. J. Sci. Educ. 38(11), 1766\u20131784 (2016)","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Educ."},{"issue":"1","key":"3_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevPhysEducRes.21.010111","volume":"21","author":"P Tschisgale","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tschisgale, P., Kubsch, M., Wulff, P., Petersen, S., Neumann, K.: Exploring the sequential structure of students\u2019 physics problem-solving approaches using process mining and sequence analysis. Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res. 21(1), 010111 (2025)","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res."},{"key":"3_CR13","unstructured":"P\u00f3lya, G.: How to Solve It. Princeton University Press (1945)"},{"key":"3_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ervynck, G.: Mathematical Creativity, pp. 42\u201353. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht (1991)","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-47203-1_3"},{"key":"3_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T\u00f3thov\u00e1, M., Rusek, M.: \u201cDo you just have to know that?\u201d Novice and experts\u2019 procedure when solving science problem tasks. Front. Educ. 7 (2022)","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2022.1051098"},{"key":"3_CR16","unstructured":"Rusek, M., Korenekov\u00e1, K., T\u00f3thov\u00e1, M.: How much do we know about the way students solve problem-tasks. In: Project-Based Education and Other Activating Strategies in Science Education, vol. XVI, pp. 98\u2013104 (2021)"},{"key":"3_CR17","unstructured":"Mullis, I.V., Martin, M.O., Fishbein, B., Foy, P., Moncaleano, S.: Findings from the TIMSS 2019 problem solving and inquiry tasks. https:\/\/timss2019.org\/psi\/. Accessed 26 Jan 2026"},{"key":"3_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scherer, R., Me\u00dfinger-Koppelt, J., Tiemann, R.: Developing a computer-based assessment of complex problem solving in Chemistry. Int. J. STEM Educ. 1(1) (2014)","DOI":"10.1186\/2196-7822-1-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"3_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-11177-3","volume":"28","author":"MA Kuhail","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kuhail, M.A., Alturki, N., Alramlawi, S., Alhejori, K.: Interacting with educational chatbots: a systematic review. Educ. Inf. Technol. 28(1), 973\u20131018 (2022)","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"issue":"8","key":"3_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4529","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2023.2202704","volume":"32","author":"R Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, R., Zou, D., Cheng, G.: A review of chatbot-assisted learning: pedagogical approaches, implementations, factors leading to effectiveness, theories, and future directions. Interact. Learn. Environ. 32(8), 4529\u20134557 (2023)","journal-title":"Interact. Learn. Environ."},{"issue":"9","key":"3_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7319","DOI":"10.1007\/s10115-025-02462-x","volume":"67","author":"G Yigit","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yigit, G., Bayraktar, R.: Chatbot development strategies: a review of current studies and applications. Knowl. Inf. Syst. 67(9), 7319\u20137354 (2025)","journal-title":"Knowl. Inf. Syst."},{"issue":"1","key":"3_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevPhysEducRes.20.010152","volume":"20","author":"T Wan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wan, T., Chen, Z.: Exploring generative AI assisted feedback writing for students\u2019 written responses to a physics conceptual question with prompt engineering and few-shot learning. Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res. 20(1), 010152 (2024)","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"3_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.70027","volume":"41","author":"Q Tang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tang, Q., Deng, W., Huang, Y., Wang, S., Zhang, H.: Can generative artificial intelligence be a good teaching assistant? An empirical analysis based on generative AI-assisted teaching. J. Comput. Assist. Learn. 41(3), 1\u201320 (2025)","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Learn."},{"key":"3_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De La Roca, M., Chan, M. M., Garcia\u2010Cabot, A., Garcia\u2010Lopez, E., Amado\u2010Salvatierra, H.: The impact of a Chatbot working as an assistant in a course for supporting student learning and engagement. Comput. Appl. Eng. Educ. 32(5) (2024)","DOI":"10.1002\/cae.22750"},{"key":"3_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-025-13410-1","volume":"30","author":"T Min","year":"2025","unstructured":"Min, T., Lee, B., Jho, H.: Integrating generative artificial intelligence in the design of scientific inquiry for middle school students. Educ. Inf. Technol. 30, 1\u201332 (2025)","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"3_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivera-Novoa, A., Arias, D.A.: Generative artificial intelligence and extended cognition in science learning contexts. Sci. Educ., 1\u201322 (2025)","DOI":"10.1007\/s11191-025-00660-1"},{"key":"3_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, K., Putra, G.B.S.: Generative AI as a dialogic partner: enhancing multiple perspectives, reasoning, and argumentation in science education with customized Chatbots. J. Sci. Educ. Technol. (2025)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10956-025-10240-1"},{"issue":"4","key":"3_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13454","volume":"55","author":"DTK Ng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ng, D.T.K., Tan, C.W., Leung, J.K.L.: Empowering student self-regulated learning and science education through ChatGPT: a pioneering pilot study. Br. J. Edu. Technol. 55(4), 1328\u20131353 (2024)","journal-title":"Br. J. Edu. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"3_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2012.02.005","volume":"59","author":"H She","year":"2012","unstructured":"She, H., et al.: Web-based undergraduate chemistry problem-solving: the interplay of task performance, domain knowledge and web-searching strategies. Comput. Educ. 59(2), 750\u2013761 (2012)","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"3_CR30","unstructured":"Dang, B., Huynh, L., Gul, F., Ros\u00e9, C., J\u00e4rvel\u00e4, S., Nguyen, A.: Human\u2013AI collaborative learning in mixed reality: examining the cognitive and socio\u2010emotional interactions. Br. J. Educ. Technol. (2025)"},{"key":"3_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, S.: Group interaction patterns in generative AI\u2010supported collaborative problem solving: network analysis of the interactions among students and a GAI chatbot. Br. J. Educ. Technol. (2025)","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13611"},{"key":"3_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2016.01.005","volume":"43","author":"S J\u00e4rvel\u00e4","year":"2016","unstructured":"J\u00e4rvel\u00e4, S., J\u00e4rvenoja, H., Malmberg, J., Isoh\u00e4t\u00e4l\u00e4, J., Sobocinski, M.: How do types of interaction and phases of self-regulated learning set a stage for collaborative engagement? Learn. Instr. 43, 39\u201351 (2016)","journal-title":"Learn. Instr."},{"issue":"1","key":"3_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104","volume":"20","author":"J Cohen","year":"1960","unstructured":"Cohen, J.: A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educ. Psychol. Measur. 20(1), 37\u201346 (1960)","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Measur."},{"key":"3_CR34","unstructured":"Feng, S., He, B., Gasevic, D., Kirkley, A.: Heterogeneous Interaction network analysis (HINA): a new learning analytics approach for modelling, analyzing, and visualizing complex interactions in learning processes. arXiv preprint arXiv:2601.06771 (2026)"},{"issue":"111","key":"3_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8299","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.08299","volume":"10","author":"S Feng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Feng, S., He, B., Kirkley, A.: HINA: a learning analytics tool for heterogenous interaction network analysis in Python. J. Open Source Softw. 10(111), 8299 (2025)","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw."},{"key":"3_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., Liu, J., Dong, Q.: Generative artificial intelligence-supported programming education: effects on learning performance, self-efficacy and processes. Australas. J. Educ. Technol. (2025)","DOI":"10.14742\/ajet.9932"},{"issue":"7","key":"3_CR37","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"X Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen, X., Ruan, K., Ju, K.P., Yap, N., Wang, X.: More AI assistance reduces cognitive engagement: examining the AI assistance dilemma in AI-supported note-taking. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 9(7), 1\u201329 (2025)","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."},{"key":"3_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, Y., et al.: Beware of metacognitive laziness: effects of generative artificial intelligence on learning motivation, processes, and performance. Br. J. Educ. Technol. 56(2), 489\u2013530 (2025)","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13544"},{"issue":"1","key":"3_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.55056\/etq.671","volume":"2024","author":"AV Riabko","year":"2024","unstructured":"Riabko, A.V., Vakaliuk, T.A.: Physics on autopilot: exploring the use of an AI assistant for independent problem-solving practice. Educ. Technol. Q. 2024(1), 56\u201375 (2024)","journal-title":"Educ. Technol. Q."},{"key":"3_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xi, L., Zhang, Y., Wang, Q.: Investigating the effects of an LLM-based Socratic conversational agent on students\u2019 academic performance and reflective thinking in higher education. Comput. Educ., 105494 (2025)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105494"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Artificial Intelligence in Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-032-29763-1_3","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T14:31:18Z","timestamp":1782484278000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-032-29763-1_3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]]},"ISBN":["9783032297624","9783032297631"],"references-count":40,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-032-29763-1_3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 June 2026","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"AIED","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Seoul","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Korea (Republic of)","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2026","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"29 June 2026","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"3 July 2026","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"27","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"aied2026","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/www.aied-conference.org\/2026","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}