{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T23:13:59Z","timestamp":1783552439354,"version":"3.55.0"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783032307835","type":"print"},{"value":"9783032307842","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-30784-2_33","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T22:18:35Z","timestamp":1783549115000},"page":"514-535","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transitioning from\u00a0First Language Acquisition to\u00a0Learning the\u00a0Language of\u00a0Schooling: An Explainable-AI Approach Supporting the\u00a0Identification of\u00a0Developmentally Proximal Reading Material for\u00a0Young Learners"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Svea","family":"Klaus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Detmar","family":"Meurers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heiko","family":"Holz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"33_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ballestracci, S.: Der Erwerb von Verbzweits\u00e4tzen mit Subjekt im Mittelfeld bei italophonen DaF-Studierenden: Erwerbsphasen, Lernschwierigkeiten und didaktische Implikationen. Linguistik Online 41(1) (2010)","DOI":"10.13092\/lo.41.425"},{"key":"33_CR2","volume-title":"Lesen - Verstehen - Lernen - Schreiben","author":"R Bamberger","year":"1984","unstructured":"Bamberger, R., Vanecek, E.: Lesen - Verstehen - Lernen - Schreiben. Die Schwierigkeitsstufen von Texten in Deutscher Sprache. Jugend u. Volk Sauerlaender, Wien (1984)"},{"key":"33_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berkling, K., et al.: A database of freely written texts of German school students for the purpose of automatic spelling error classification. In: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC\u201914), pp. 1212\u20131217. European Language Resources Association (ELRA), Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland (2014)","DOI":"10.63317\/4xbffgrc66et"},{"key":"33_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Berkling, K., Fay, J., St\u00fcker, S.: Speech technology-based framework for quantitative analysis of German spelling errors in freely composed children\u2019s texts. In: Speech and Language Technology in Education (SLaTE 2011), pp. 65\u201368. ISCA (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21437\/slate.2011-21","DOI":"10.21437\/slate.2011-21"},{"key":"33_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertram, C., Weiss, Z., Zachrich, L., Ziai, R.: Artificial intelligence in history education: linguistic content and complexity analyses of student writings in the CAHIST project. Comput. Educ. Artif. Intell. 100038 (2021)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2021.100038"},{"issue":"4","key":"33_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.2307\/747382","volume":"18","author":"CH Bjornsson","year":"1983","unstructured":"Bjornsson, C.H.: Readability of newspapers in 11 languages. Read. Res. Q. 18(4), 480\u201397 (1983)","journal-title":"Read. Res. Q."},{"issue":"1","key":"33_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1177\/0267658316643125","volume":"35","author":"V Brezina","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brezina, V., Pallotti, G.: Morphological complexity in written L2 texts. Second. Lang. Res. 35(1), 99\u2013119 (2019)","journal-title":"Second. Lang. Res."},{"key":"33_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Broeder, P., Martyniuk, W.: Language education in Europe: the common European framework of reference, pp. 209\u2013226 (2008). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-0-387-30424-3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-30424-3"},{"key":"33_CR9","unstructured":"CCSSO: Common core state standards for English language arts & literacy in history\/social studies, science, and technical subjects. Tech. rep., National Governors Association Center for Best Practices, Council of Chief State School Officers \/ National Governors Association Center for Best Practices, Council of Chief State School Officers, Washington D.C. (2010)"},{"key":"33_CR10","unstructured":"Chen, X., Meurers, D.: CTAP: a web-based tool supporting automatic complexity analysis. In: Brunato, D., Dell\u2019Orletta, F., Venturi, G., Fran\u00e7ois, T., Blache, P. (eds.) Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Linguistic Complexity (CL4LC), pp. 113\u2013119. The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee, Osaka, Japan (2016)"},{"issue":"2","key":"33_CR11","first-page":"97","volume":"165","author":"K Collins-Thompson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Collins-Thompson, K.: Computational assessment of text readability: a survey of past, present, and future research. Int. J. Appl. Linguist. 165(2), 97\u2013135 (2014)","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Linguist."},{"key":"33_CR12","unstructured":"Collins-Thompson, K., Callan, J.P.: A language modeling approach to predicting reading difficulty. In: Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: HLT-NAACL 2004, pp. 193\u2013200. Association for Computational Linguistics, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (2004)"},{"issue":"3","key":"33_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.17239\/jowr-2020.11.03.01","volume":"11","author":"SA Crossley","year":"2020","unstructured":"Crossley, S.A.: Linguistic features in writing quality and development: an overview. J. Writing Res. 11(3), 415\u2013443 (2020)","journal-title":"J. Writing Res."},{"key":"33_CR14","unstructured":"Cummins, J.: BICS and CALP: Empirical and Theoretical Status of the Distinction"},{"key":"33_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ennemoser, M., Kuhl, J., Pepouna, S.: Evaluation des dialogischen Lesens zur Sprachf\u00f6rderung bei Kindern mit Migrationshintergrund. Zeitschrift f\u00fcr P\u00e4dagogische Psychologie , (2013)","DOI":"10.1024\/1010-0652\/a000109"},{"issue":"3","key":"33_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1037\/h0057532","volume":"32","author":"R Flesch","year":"1948","unstructured":"Flesch, R.: A new readability yardstick. J. Appl. Psychol. 32(3), 221\u2013233 (1948). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0057532","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"33_CR17","unstructured":"Fran\u00e7ois, T., Miltsakaki, E.: Do NLP and machine learning improve traditional readability formulas? In: Williams, S., Siddharthan, A., Nenkova, A. (eds.) Proceedings of the First Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for Target Reader Populations, pp. 49\u201357. Association for Computational Linguistics, Montr\u00e9al, Canada (2012)"},{"key":"33_CR18","first-page":"95","volume-title":"Image, Language, Brain: Papers from the First Mind Articulation Project Symposium","author":"E Gibson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gibson, E.: The dependency locality theory: a distance-based theory of linguistic complexity. In: Marantz, A., Miyashita, Y., O\u2019Neil, W. (eds.) Image, Language, Brain: Papers from the First Mind Articulation Project Symposium, pp. 95\u2013126. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (2000)"},{"key":"33_CR19","unstructured":"Hancke, J., Vajjala, S., Meurers, D.: Readability classification for German using lexical, syntactic, and morphological features. In: Kay, M., Boitet, C. (eds.) Proceedings of COLING 2012, pp. 1063\u20131080. The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee, Mumbai, India (2012)"},{"key":"33_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Housen, A., Kuiken, F., Vedder, I.: Complexity, accuracy and fluency: definitions, measurement and research. In: Housen, A., Kuiken, F., Vedder, I. (eds.) Language Learning & Language Teaching, vol.\u00a032, pp. 1\u201320. John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1075\/lllt.32.01hou","DOI":"10.1075\/lllt.32.01hou"},{"key":"33_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00fchberger, C., Bramann, C., Weiss, Z., Meurers, D.: Task complexity in history textbooks: a multidisciplinary case study on triangulation in history education research. History Educ. Int. Res. J. 16(1) (2019)","DOI":"10.18546\/HERJ.16.1.12"},{"key":"33_CR22","unstructured":"Lavalley, R., Berkling, K., St\u00fcker, S.: Preparing children\u2019s writing database for automated processing. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Learning and Teaching with Language Technology (LTLT) @ SLaTE, pp. 9\u201315 (2015)"},{"issue":"1","key":"33_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1162\/coli_a_00398","volume":"47","author":"M Martinc","year":"2021","unstructured":"Martinc, M., Pollak, S., Robnik-\u0160ikonja, M.: Supervised and unsupervised neural approaches to text readability. Comput. Linguist. 47(1), 141\u2013179 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/coli_a_00398","journal-title":"Comput. Linguist."},{"key":"33_CR24","unstructured":"Ministerium f\u00fcr Kultus: Jugend und Sport Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg: Grundwortschatz F\u00fcr Den Rechtschreibunterricht an Den Grundschulen in Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg. Ministerium f\u00fcr Kultus, Jugend und Sport Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Stuttgart (2020)"},{"key":"33_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asw.2021.100561","volume":"50","author":"A Riemenschneider","year":"2021","unstructured":"Riemenschneider, A., Weiss, Z., Schr\u00f6ter, P., Meurers, D.: Linguistic complexity in teachers\u2019 assessment of German essays in high stakes testing. Assess. Writ. 50, 100561 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.asw.2021.100561","journal-title":"Assess. Writ."},{"key":"33_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rooein, D., Rottger, P., Shaitarova, A., Hovy, D.: Beyond flesch-kincaid: prompt-based metrics improve difficulty classification of educational texts. In: Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.2405.09482","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.2405.09482"},{"issue":"4","key":"33_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/S0898-5898(01)00073-0","volume":"12","author":"MJ Schleppegrell","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schleppegrell, M.J.: Linguistic features of the language of schooling. Linguist. Educ. 12(4), 431\u2013459 (2001). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0898-5898(01)00073-0","journal-title":"Linguist. Educ."},{"issue":"4","key":"33_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-014-0528-1","volume":"47","author":"S Schroeder","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schroeder, S., W\u00fcrzner, K.M., Heister, J., Geyken, A., Kliegl, R.: ChildLex: a lexical database of German read by children. Behav. Res. Methods 47(4), 1085\u20131094 (2015)","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"33_CR29","volume-title":"Automated Readability Index","author":"RJ Senter","year":"1967","unstructured":"Senter, R.J., Smith, E.A.: Automated Readability Index. Tech. rep, Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, USA (1967)"},{"key":"33_CR30","unstructured":"Shain, C., van Schijndel, M., Futrell, R., Gibson, E., Schuler, W.: Memory access during incremental sentence processing causes reading time latency. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Linguistic Complexity (CL4LC), pp. 49\u201358. Osaka, Japan (2016)"},{"key":"33_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snow, C.E., Uccelli, P.: The Challenge of Academic Language. In: Olson, D.R., Torrance, N. (eds.) The Cambridge Handbook of Literacy, pp. 112\u2013133. The Cambridge Handbook of Literacy (2009)","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511609664.008"},{"key":"33_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vajjala, S.: Trends, limitations and open challenges in automatic readability assessment research. In: Calzolari, N., et al., (eds.) Proceedings of the Thirteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, pp. 5366\u20135377. European Language Resources Association, Marseille, France (2022)","DOI":"10.63317\/4m3qnx8g9ebv"},{"key":"33_CR33","unstructured":"Weiss, Z., et al.: Using broad linguistic complexity modeling for cross-lingual readability assessment. In: Borin, L. (ed.) Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on NLP for Computer Assisted Language Learning, pp. 38\u201354. LiU Electronic Press, Online (2021)"},{"key":"33_CR34","unstructured":"Weiss, Z., Dittrich, S., Meurers, D.: A linguistically-informed search engine to identifiy reading material for functional illiteracy classes. In: Pil\u00e1n, I., Volodina, E., Alfter, D., Borin, L. (eds.) Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on NLP for Computer Assisted Language Learning, pp. 79\u201390. LiU Electronic Press, Stockholm, Sweden (2018)"},{"key":"33_CR35","unstructured":"Wei\u00df, Z., Meurers, D.: Modeling the readability of German targeting adults and children: an empirically broad analysis and its cross-corpus validation. In: Bender, E.M., Derczynski, L., Isabelle, P. (eds.) Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, pp. 303\u2013317. Association for Computational Linguistics, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA (2018)"},{"key":"33_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Weiss, Z., Meurers, D.: Analyzing linguistic complexity and accuracy in academic language development of german across elementary and secondary school. In: Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications, pp. 380\u2013393. Association for Computational Linguistics (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/w19-4440","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/w19-4440"},{"issue":"1","key":"33_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1075\/ijlcr.20006.wei","volume":"7","author":"Z Weiss","year":"2021","unstructured":"Weiss, Z., Meurers, D.: Analyzing the linguistic complexity of German learner language in a reading comprehension task: using proficiency classification to investigate short answer data, cross-data generalizability, and the impact of linguistic analysis quality. Int. J. Learner Corpus Res. 7(1), 83\u2013130 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1075\/ijlcr.20006.wei","journal-title":"Int. J. Learner Corpus Res."},{"key":"33_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Weiss, Z., et al.: Assessing sentence readability for German language learners with broad linguistic modeling or readability formulas: when do linguistic insights make a difference? In: Zesch, T. (ed.) Proceedings of the 17th Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications (BEA 2022), pp. 141\u2013153. Association for Computational Linguistics, Seattle, Washington (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2022.bea-1.19","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.bea-1.19"},{"key":"33_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Weiss, Z., et al.: Computationally modeling the impact of task-appropriate language complexity and accuracy on human grading of German essays. In: Zesch, T. (ed.) Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications, pp. 30\u201345. Association for Computational Linguistics, Florence, Italy (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/W19-4404","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W19-4404"},{"key":"33_CR40","volume-title":"Second Language Development in Writing: Measures of Fluency","author":"K Wolfe-Quintero","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wolfe-Quintero, K., Inagaki, S., Kim, H.Y.: Second Language Development in Writing: Measures of Fluency. University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Accuracy & Complexity. Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center (1998)"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Learning and Collaboration Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-032-30784-2_33","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T22:18:38Z","timestamp":1783549118000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-032-30784-2_33"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"ISBN":["9783032307835","9783032307842"],"references-count":40,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-032-30784-2_33","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 July 2026","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclosure of Interests"}},{"value":"HCII","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Montreal, QC","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Canada","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2026","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"26 July 2026","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"31 July 2026","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"28","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"hcii2026","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/2026.hci.international\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}