{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:19:40Z","timestamp":1783037980380,"version":"3.54.6"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783032307972","type":"print"},{"value":"9783032307989","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-30798-9_19","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T23:48:36Z","timestamp":1783036116000},"page":"299-318","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Towards a\u00a0Neurosymbolic Cognitive Digital Twin for\u00a0Aircraft Pilots: An Ontology-Driven ACT-R Architecture for\u00a0Procedural Behavior Modeling"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Daril","family":"Kengne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Mankejeu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Nkambou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ange","family":"Tato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"19_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alshiekh, M., Bloem, R., Ehlers, R., K\u00f6nighofer, B., Niekum, S., Topcu, U.: Safe reinforcement learning via shielding. In: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1708.08611","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1708.08611"},{"key":"19_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anderson, G., Verma, A., Dillig, I., Chaudhuri, S.: Neurosymbolic reinforcement learning with formally verified exploration. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2009.12612","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2009.12612"},{"key":"19_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, J.R.: ACT: A simple theory of complex cognition. American Psychologist (1996). http:\/\/act-r.psy.cmu.edu\/?post_type=publications&p=13748","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.51.4.355"},{"key":"19_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195324259.001.0001","volume-title":"How Can the Human Mind Occur in the Physical Universe?","author":"JR Anderson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Anderson, J.R.: How Can the Human Mind Occur in the Physical Universe? Oxford University Press, New York (2007)"},{"issue":"4","key":"19_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.111.4.1036","volume":"111","author":"JR Anderson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Anderson, J.R., Bothell, D., Byrne, M.D., Douglass, S., Lebiere, C., Qin, Y.: An integrated theory of the mind. Psychol. Rev. 111(4), 1036\u20131060 (2004). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295X.111.4.1036","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"19_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Antoine, M., Abdessalem, H.B., Frasson, C.: Cognitive workload assessment of aircraft pilots. J. Behav. Brain Sci. 12(10), 474\u2013484 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/jbbs.2022.1210027, https:\/\/www.scirp.org\/journal\/paperinformation?paperid=120327, number: 10","DOI":"10.4236\/jbbs.2022.1210027"},{"key":"19_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.4236\/jbbs.2024.142006","volume":"14","author":"A Bonyad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bonyad, A., Ben Abdessalem, H., Frasson, C.: The relation between mental workload and face temperature in flight simulation. J. Behav. Brain Sci. 14, 64\u201392 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/jbbs.2024.142006","journal-title":"J. Behav. Brain Sci."},{"key":"19_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2013.04.038","volume":"59","author":"S Cao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cao, S., Liu, Y.: Concurrent processing of vehicle lane keeping and speech comprehension tasks. Accid. Anal. Prev. 59, 46\u201354 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2013.04.038","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"19_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cao, S., Liu, Y.: (PDF) Queueing network-adaptive control of thought rational (QN-ACTR): an integrated cognitive architecture for modelling complex cognitive and multi-task performance. Int. J. Hum. Factors Model. Simul. (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1504\/IJHFMS.2013.055790, https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/264438895_Queueing_network-adaptive_control_of_thought_rational_QN-ACTR_An_integrated_cognitive_architecture_for_modelling_complex_cognitive_and_multi-task_performance","DOI":"10.1504\/IJHFMS.2013.055790"},{"key":"19_CR10","unstructured":"Carnegie Mellon University: ACT-R (2026). https:\/\/act-r.psy.cmu.edu\/"},{"key":"19_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Corsi, D., Amir, G., Rodriguez, A., Sanchez, C., Katz, G., Fox, R.: Verification-guided shielding for deep reinforcement learning. In: Proceedings of the 1st Reinforcement Learning Conference (RLC) (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2406.06507","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2406.06507"},{"key":"19_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Courtemanche, M.A., Tato, A., Nkambou, R.: Ontological reference model for piloting procedures. In: Crossley, S., Popescu, E. (eds.) Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp. 95\u2013104. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-09680-8_9","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-09680-8_9"},{"key":"19_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Deng, C., Cao, S., Wu, C., Lyu, N.: Modeling driver take-over reaction time and emergency response time using an integrated cognitive architecture. Transp. Res. Rec. (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0361198119842114","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198119842114"},{"issue":"4","key":"19_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-its.2018.5160","volume":"13","author":"C Deng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Deng, C., Cao, S., Wu, C., Lyu, N.: Predicting drivers\u2019 direction sign reading reaction time using an integrated cognitive architecture. IET Intel. Transport Syst. 13(4), 622\u2013627 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/iet-its.2018.5160","journal-title":"IET Intel. Transport Syst."},{"issue":"1","key":"19_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1518\/001872095779049543","volume":"37","author":"MR Endsley","year":"1995","unstructured":"Endsley, M.R.: Toward a theory of situation awareness in dynamic systems. Hum. Factors 37(1), 32\u201364 (1995). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1518\/001872095779049543","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"19_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Garcez, A.d., Lamb, L.C.: Neurosymbolic AI: the 3rd wave. Artifi. Intell. Rev. 56(11), 12387\u201312406 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10462-023-10448-w","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-023-10448-w"},{"key":"19_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-31264-w","author":"A Hamann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hamann, A., Carstengerdes, N.: Assessing the development of mental fatigue during simulated flights with concurrent EEG-fNIRS measurement. Sci. Rep. (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-31264-w","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"19_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hart, S.G.: NASA-task load index (NASA-TLX): 20 years later. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 50th Annual Meeting (2006)","DOI":"10.1037\/e577632012-009"},{"key":"19_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Keller, R.M., Ranjan, S., Wei, M.Y., Eshow, M.M.: Semantic representation and scale-up of integrated air traffic management data. In: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Semantic Big Data, pp. 1\u20136. Association for Computing Machinery (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2928294.2928296","DOI":"10.1145\/2928294.2928296"},{"issue":"3","key":"19_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1111\/tops.12515","volume":"12","author":"OW Klaproth","year":"2020","unstructured":"Klaproth, O.W., Halbr\u00fcgge, M., Krol, L.R., Vernaleken, C., Zander, T.O., Russwinkel, N.: A neuroadaptive cognitive model for dealing with uncertainty in tracing pilots\u2019 cognitive state. Top. Cogn. Sci. 12(3), 1012\u20131029 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tops.12515","journal-title":"Top. Cogn. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"19_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0210-5","volume":"21","author":"N Kriegeskorte","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kriegeskorte, N., Douglas, P.K.: Cognitive computational neuroscience. Nat. Neurosci. 21(9), 1148\u20131160 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-018-0210-5","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"19_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marcus, G.: The next decade in AI: Four steps towards robust artificial intelligence (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2002.06177","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2002.06177"},{"issue":"2","key":"19_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1037\/h0043158","volume":"63","author":"GA Miller","year":"1956","unstructured":"Miller, G.A.: The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychol. Rev. 63(2), 81\u201397 (1956). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0043158","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"issue":"10","key":"19_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.3390\/aerospace8100283","volume":"8","author":"S Naeeri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Naeeri, S., Kang, Z., Mandal, S., Kim, K.: Multimodal analysis of eye movements and fatigue in a simulated glass cockpit environment. Aerospace 8(10), 283 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/aerospace8100283","journal-title":"Aerospace"},{"key":"19_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/K-11-2024-3169","author":"H Pei","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pei, H., Gong, H., Ma, Y., Ding, M., Liu, X., Zhang, C.: A prediction model of the mental workload of pilots based on improved multiple resource theory. Kybernetes (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/K-11-2024-3169","journal-title":"Kybernetes"},{"key":"19_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2024.104737","volume":"165","author":"U Rehman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rehman, U., Cao, S., MacGregor, C.G.: Modelling level 1 situation awareness in driving: a cognitive architecture approach. Transp. Res. Part C: Emerg. Technol. 165, 104737 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trc.2024.104737","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C: Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"19_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tchio, G.C.T., Courtemanche, M.A., Tato, A.A.N., Nkambou, R., Psych\u00e9, V.: Integrating an ontological reference model of piloting procedures in ACT-R cognitive architecture to simulate piloting tasks. In: Augmented Intelligence and Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp. 183\u2013194. Springer Nature Switzerland (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-32883-1_16","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-32883-1_16"},{"key":"19_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tchio, R., Nkambou, R., Courtemanche, F.: Towards cognitive coaching in aircraft piloting tasks: building an ACT-R synthetic pilot integrating an ontological reference model. In: Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Springer (2024)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-63028-6_16"},{"key":"19_CR29","unstructured":"Transport Canada: Prise de d\u00e9cision du pilote. TP 13897F (2019). gouvernement du Canada"},{"issue":"4","key":"19_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2014.986722","volume":"28","author":"SJ Vine","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vine, S.J., Uiga, L., Lavric, A., Moore, L.J., Tsaneva-Atanasova, K., Wilson, M.R.: Individual reactions to stress predict performance during a critical aviation incident. Anxiety Stress Coping 28(4), 467\u2013477 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10615806.2014.986722","journal-title":"Anxiety Stress Coping"},{"key":"19_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wickens, C.D., Helton, W.S., Hollands, J.G., Banbury, S.: Engineering Psychology and Human Performance. Routledge, New York, 5 edn. (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781003177616","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003177616"},{"key":"19_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xu, R., Cao, S.: Modeling pilot flight performance in a cognitive architecture: model demonstration. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1071181321651008","DOI":"10.1177\/1071181321651008"},{"key":"19_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xu, R., Cao, S., Kearns, S., Niechwiej-Szwedo, E., Irving, E.: Computational cognitive modeling of pilot performance in pre-flight and take-off procedures. J. Aviat.\/Aerosp. Educ. Res. 33(4) (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.58940\/2329-258X.2026","DOI":"10.58940\/2329-258X.2026"},{"key":"19_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang, X., Zhou, K., Lai, Y., Li, G.: Defense-as-a-service: Black-box shielding against backdoored graph models. In: arXiv preprint (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2410.04916","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2410.04916"},{"key":"19_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/tops.12711","volume":"16","author":"YC Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang, Y.C., Stocco, A.: Allocating mental effort in cognitive tasks: a model of motivation in the ACT-R cognitive architecture. Top. Cogn. Sci. 16, 74\u201391 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tops.12711","journal-title":"Top. Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"19_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zemla, J., Ustun, V., Byrne, M.D., Kirlik, A.: An ACT-R model of commercial jetliner taxiing. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1071181311551173","DOI":"10.1177\/1071181311551173"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","HCI in Mobility, Transport, and Automotive Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-032-30798-9_19","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T23:48:39Z","timestamp":1783036119000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-032-30798-9_19"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"ISBN":["9783032307972","9783032307989"],"references-count":36,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-032-30798-9_19","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 July 2026","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"HCII","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Montreal, QC","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Canada","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2026","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"26 July 2026","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"31 July 2026","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"28","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"hcii2026","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/2026.hci.international\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}