{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T18:08:08Z","timestamp":1784138888875,"version":"3.55.0"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783032312846","type":"print"},{"value":"9783032312853","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Hybrid events have become increasingly common, yet supporting accessible participation for deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) audiences remains challenging. Although accessibility practices for in-person and virtual settings are relatively well established, hybrid environments introduce additional coordination demands, particularly in aligning sign language interpretation, captioning, and audiovisual (AV) workflows across modalities. We present a case study of a large DHH-focused hybrid conference with over 300 virtual and approximately 90 in-person and hybrid attendees. Drawing on planning materials, live workflow observations, and post-event reflections, we examine how accessibility was implemented across in-person and remote contexts. Our analysis identifies recurring challenges in interpreter configuration, Q&amp;A management, and AV coordination. We further identify strategies that supported equitable participation, including the use of separate interpreter teams, structured Q&amp;A workflows, and coordinated AV control across environments. Our findings highlight key trade-offs in supporting visual communication across modalities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-31285-3_3","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T17:24:39Z","timestamp":1784136279000},"page":"18-27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Accessible Deaf and\u00a0Hard of\u00a0Hearing Hybrid Events in\u00a0the\u00a02020s"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5224-6696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michaela","family":"Okosi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7499-1367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua","family":"Prado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1763-4352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abraham","family":"Glasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0493-413X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raja","family":"Kushalnagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2590-6880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Vogler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"3_CR1","unstructured":"Adams, J.W., Rohring, P.: Handbook to service the deaf and hard of hearing: A bridge to accessibility, Brill (2021)"},{"key":"3_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alharbi, R., Tang, J., Henderson, K.: Accessibility barriers, conflicts, and repairs: understanding the experience of professionals with disabilities in hybrid meetings. In: Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1\u201315. (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3544548.3581541","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581541"},{"key":"3_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3773967.3773977","volume":"139","author":"O Alonzo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alonzo, O., McDonnell, E.J., Martinez, J.J., Henderson, J.: Enabling synchronous hybrid participation at assets 2024. ACM SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing 139, 1\u20131 (2025)","journal-title":"ACM SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing"},{"issue":"4","key":"3_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.5194\/gc-7-227-2024","volume":"7","author":"AL Doran","year":"2024","unstructured":"Doran, A.L., et al.: Planning virtual and hybrid events: steps to improve inclusion and accessibility. Geosci. Commun. 7(4), 227\u2013244 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/gc-7-227-2024","journal-title":"Geosci. Commun."},{"key":"3_CR5","unstructured":"ITU-T: Guidelines for accessible meetings. Standard FSTP.AM, Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU, Geneva, CH, October 2015. https:\/\/handle.itu.int\/11.1002\/pub\/80d1f733-en"},{"key":"3_CR6","unstructured":"ITU-T: Guidelines for supporting remote participation in meetings for all. Standard FSTP.ACC-RemPart, Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU, Geneva, CH, October 2015. https:\/\/www.itu.int\/dms_pub\/itu-t\/opb\/tut\/T-TUT-FSTP-2015-ACC-PDF-E.pdf"},{"key":"3_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kushalnagar, R.S., Vogler, C.: Teleconference accessibility and guidelines for deaf and hard of hearing users. In: Proceedings of the 22nd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, pp. 1\u20136 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3373625.3417299","DOI":"10.1145\/3373625.3417299"},{"key":"3_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McDonnell, E.J., et al.: \u201cEasier or harder, depending on who the hearing person is\u201d: Codesigning videoconferencing tools for small groups with mixed hearing status. In: Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1\u201315, April 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3544548.3580809","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3580809"},{"issue":"418417","key":"3_CR9","first-page":"18417","volume":"4","author":"RP Meier","year":"2004","unstructured":"Meier, R.P.: Tislr 8: enabling full access for deaf & hearing Americans and increasing representation of deaf Americans. NSF Award 4(418417), 18417 (2004)","journal-title":"NSF Award"},{"issue":"2143969","key":"3_CR10","first-page":"43969","volume":"21","author":"D Quinto-Pozos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Quinto-Pozos, D.: Supporting and providing access for deaf students in signed language research. NSF Award 21(2143969), 43969 (2022)","journal-title":"NSF Award"},{"key":"3_CR11","unstructured":"Shabbir, M.: Igf dcad accessibility guidelines. Guidelines, Internet Governance Forum Dynamic Coalition on Accessibility and Disability, February 2025. https:\/\/igf-dcad.org\/accessibility-guidelines\/. Accessed 15-02-2026"},{"issue":"CSCW2","key":"3_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3610200","volume":"7","author":"JC Tang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tang, J.C., et al.: Perspectives: creating inclusive and equitable hybrid meeting experiences. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 7(CSCW2), 1\u201325 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3610200","journal-title":"Proc. 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