{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T17:50:17Z","timestamp":1787507417390,"version":"build-2736575974"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":106,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783319038643","type":"print"},{"value":"9783319038650","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-03865-0_6","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,10]],"date-time":"2014-04-10T01:45:55Z","timestamp":1397094355000},"page":"163-217","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Refined Avian Risk Assessment for Chlorpyrifos in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Dwayne R. J.","family":"Moore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Scott","family":"Teed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colleen D.","family":"Greer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith R.","family":"Solomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Giesy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"6_CR1","first-page":"49","volume-title":"Species sensitivity distributions in ecotoxicology","author":"T Aldenberg","year":"2002","unstructured":"Aldenberg T, Jaworska JS, Traas TP (2002) Normal species sensitivity distributions and probabilistic ecological risk assessment. In: Posthuma L, Suter GW, Traas T (eds) Species sensitivity distributions in ecotoxicology. CRC, Boca Raton, FL, pp 49\u2013102"},{"key":"6_CR2","volume-title":"Hierarchy: perspectives for ecological complexity","author":"TFH Allen","year":"1982","unstructured":"Allen TFH, Starr TB (1982) Hierarchy: perspectives for ecological complexity. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 326 pp"},{"key":"6_CR3","volume-title":"Avian response to chlorpyrifos exposure in corn agroecosystems","author":"TA Anderson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Anderson TA, Richards SM, McMurray ST, Hooper MJ (1998) Avian response to chlorpyrifos exposure in corn agroecosystems. Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, IN (unpublished report)"},{"key":"6_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-2550-8_1","volume":"144","author":"MG Barron","year":"1995","unstructured":"Barron MG, Woodburn KB (1995) Ecotoxicology of chlorpyrifos. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 144:1\u201393","journal-title":"Rev Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"6_CR5","volume-title":"Fate of 14C-chlorpyrifos administered to laying hens","author":"WR Bauriedel","year":"1986","unstructured":"Bauriedel WR (1986) Fate of 14C-chlorpyrifos administered to laying hens. Dow Chemical, USA, Midland, MI (unpublished report)"},{"key":"6_CR6","volume-title":"GF-1668: a dietary LC50 study with the northern bobwhite","author":"JB Beavers","year":"2007","unstructured":"Beavers JB, Martin KH, Gallagher SP (2007) GF-1668: a dietary LC50 study with the northern bobwhite. Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI (unpublished report)"},{"key":"6_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620080811","volume":"8","author":"RS Bennett","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bennett RS (1989) Role of dietary choices in the ability of bobwhite to discriminate between insecticide-treated and untreated food. Environ Toxicol Chem 8:731\u2013738","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"6_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1093\/auk\/94.2.308","volume":"94","author":"LB Best","year":"1977","unstructured":"Best LB (1977) Nestling biology of the field sparrow. Auk 94:308\u2013319","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"6_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620130610","volume":"13","author":"LB Best","year":"1994","unstructured":"Best LB, Gionfriddo JP (1994) House sparrow preferential consumption of carriers used for pesticide granules. Environ Toxicol Chem 13:919\u2013925","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"6_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620151017","volume":"15","author":"LB Best","year":"1996","unstructured":"Best LB, Stafford TR, Mihaich EM (1996) House sparrow preferential consumption of pesticide granules with different surface coatings. Environ Toxicol Chem 15:1763\u20131768","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"6_CR11","volume-title":"Estimating the proportion of diet birds take from treated agricultural fields","author":"LB Best","year":"2003","unstructured":"Best LB, Murray LD (2003) Estimating the proportion of diet birds take from treated agricultural fields. CropLife America, Washington, DC"},{"key":"6_CR12","volume-title":"Degradation of chlorpyrifos in soil under aerobic, aerobic\/anaerobic and anaerobic conditions","author":"HD Bidlack","year":"1979","unstructured":"Bidlack HD (1979) Degradation of chlorpyrifos in soil under aerobic, aerobic\/anaerobic and anaerobic conditions. Dow Chemical, Midland, MI (unpublished report)"},{"key":"6_CR13","volume-title":"Effects of furadan 4F on birds associated with Kansas and Oklahoma alfalfa fields","author":"GM Booth","year":"1989","unstructured":"Booth GM, Best LB, Carter MW, Jorgensen CD (1989) Effects of furadan 4F on birds associated with Kansas and Oklahoma alfalfa fields. FMC Corporation, Philadelphia, PA (unpublished report)"},{"key":"6_CR14","volume-title":"Dursban 10.5 LEE: 14-day avian acute oral toxicity test with northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus)","author":"LW Brewer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brewer LW, Kaczor MH, Miller VC (2000a) Dursban 10.5 LEE: 14-day avian acute oral toxicity test with northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus). Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI (unpublished report)"},{"key":"6_CR15","volume-title":"Lorsban 2.5P: 14-day avian acute oral toxicity test with northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus)","author":"LW Brewer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brewer LW, Kaczor MH, Miller VC (2000b) Lorsban 2.5P: 14-day avian acute oral toxicity test with northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus). Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI (unpublished report)"},{"key":"6_CR16","volume-title":"Refinement of the risk to birds following application of chlorpyrifos to vines in Southern France","author":"KC Brown","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brown KC, Stamp G, Kitson J (2007) Refinement of the risk to birds following application of chlorpyrifos to vines in Southern France. Dow Chemical Company, Indianapolis, IN (unpublished report)"},{"key":"6_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620100512","volume":"10","author":"MA Cairns","year":"1991","unstructured":"Cairns MA, Maguire CC, Williams BA, Bennett JK (1991) Brain cholinesterase activity of bobwhite acutely exposed to chlorpyrifos. Environ Toxicol Chem 10:657\u2013664","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"6_CR18","volume-title":"3,5,6-Trichloro-2-pyridinol: an acute oral toxicity study with the northern bobwhite","author":"S Campbell","year":"1990","unstructured":"Campbell S, Hoxter KA, Jaber M (1990) 3,5,6-Trichloro-2-pyridinol: an acute oral toxicity study with the northern bobwhite. Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI (unpublished report)"},{"key":"6_CR19","unstructured":"CCME (2013) Determination of hazardous concentrations with species sensitivity distributions, SSD master. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, Ottawa, ON, Canada"},{"key":"6_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/03601238009372162","volume":"15","author":"RA Chapman","year":"1980","unstructured":"Chapman RA, Harris CR (1980) Persistence of chlorpyrifos in a mineral and an organic soil. J Environ Sci Health B 15:39\u201346","journal-title":"J Environ Sci Health B"},{"key":"6_CR21","first-page":"219","volume":"231","author":"GC Cutler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cutler GC, Purdy J, Giesy JP, Solomon KR (2014) Risk to pollinators from the use of chlorpyrifos in the United States. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 231:219\u2013265","journal-title":"Rev Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"6_CR22","volume-title":"A study on the route and rate of aerobic degradation of 14C-chlorpyrifos in four European soils","author":"HQM Vette de","year":"2001","unstructured":"de Vette HQM, Schoonmade JA (2001) A study on the route and rate of aerobic degradation of 14C-chlorpyrifos in four European soils. Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, IN (unpublished report)"},{"key":"6_CR23","volume-title":"Chlorpyrifos in citrus orchards\u2014field study on the status of bird communities and reproductive performance","author":"R Dittrich","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dittrich R, Staedtler T (2010) Chlorpyrifos in citrus orchards\u2014field study on the status of bird communities and reproductive performance. Dow AgroSciences, Abingdon, UK (unpublished report)"},{"key":"6_CR24","volume-title":"Lorsban 15G granular insecticide specimen label","author":"Dow AgroSciences","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dow AgroSciences (2008) Lorsban 15G granular insecticide specimen label. Dow AgroSciences LLC, Indianapolis, IN"},{"key":"6_CR25","volume-title":"Lorsban advanced insecticide supplemental labeling","author":"Dow AgroSciences","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dow AgroSciences (2009) Lorsban advanced insecticide supplemental labeling. Dow AgroSciences LLC, Indianapolis, IN"},{"key":"6_CR26","unstructured":"ECOFRAM (1999) ECOFRAM aquatic final draft reports. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/oppefed1\/ecorisk\/aquareport.pdf"},{"key":"6_CR27","first-page":"1","volume":"734","author":"EFSA","year":"2008","unstructured":"EFSA (2008) Scientific opinion of the panel on plant protection products and their residues on a request from the EFSA PRAPeR Unit on risk assessment for birds and mammals. EFSA J 734:1\u2013181","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"6_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.2307\/4079105","volume":"58","author":"RW Fautin","year":"1941","unstructured":"Fautin RW (1941) Development of nestling yellow-headed blackbirds. Auk 58:215\u2013232","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"6_CR29","volume-title":"Eight-week feeding study\u2014mallard duck: chlorpyrifos","author":"R Fink","year":"1977","unstructured":"Fink R (1977) Eight-week feeding study\u2014mallard duck: chlorpyrifos. Dow Chemical, Midland MI (unpublished report)"},{"key":"6_CR30","volume-title":"One-generation reproduction study\u2014mallard duck: chlorpyrifos","author":"R Fink","year":"1978","unstructured":"Fink R (1978a) One-generation reproduction study\u2014mallard duck: chlorpyrifos. Dow Chemical, Midland, MI (unpublished report)"},{"key":"6_CR31","volume-title":"The effect of chlorpyrifos during a one-generation reproduction study on bobwhite","author":"R Fink","year":"1978","unstructured":"Fink R (1978b) The effect of chlorpyrifos during a one-generation reproduction study on bobwhite. Dow Chemical, Midland, MI (unpublished report)"},{"key":"6_CR32","volume-title":"Lorsban insecticide: an evaluation of its effects upon avian and mammalian species on and around corn fields in Iowa","author":"LT Frey","year":"1994","unstructured":"Frey LT, Krueger HO, Palmer DA (1994) Lorsban insecticide: an evaluation of its effects upon avian and mammalian species on and around corn fields in Iowa. DowElanco, Indianapolis, IN (unpublished report)"},{"key":"6_CR33","volume-title":"Lorsban insecticide a pilot year evaluation of its effects upon avian and mammalian species on and around citrus groves in California","author":"SP Gallagher","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gallagher SP, Palmer DA, Krueger HO (1994) Lorsban insecticide a pilot year evaluation of its effects upon avian and mammalian species on and around citrus groves in California. DowElanco, Indianapolis, IN (unpublished report)"},{"key":"6_CR34","volume-title":"Chlorpyrifos technical: an acute oral toxicity study with the house sparrow","author":"SP Gallagher","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gallagher SP, Palmer DA, Krueger HO (1996) Chlorpyrifos technical: an acute oral toxicity study with the house sparrow. Dow Chemical, Midland, MI (unpublished report)"},{"key":"6_CR35","volume-title":"GF-1668: an acute oral toxicity study with the northern bobwhite","author":"SP Gallagher","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gallagher SP, Beavers JB (2006) GF-1668: an acute oral toxicity study with the northern bobwhite. Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI (unpublished report)"},{"key":"6_CR36","volume-title":"Chlorpyrifos technical: a single day dietary exposure with the northern bobwhite","author":"SP Gallagher","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gallagher SP, Beavers JB (2007) Chlorpyrifos technical: a single day dietary exposure with the northern bobwhite. Dow Chemical, Midland, MI (unpublished report)"},{"key":"6_CR37","first-page":"119","volume":"231","author":"JM Giddings","year":"2014","unstructured":"Giddings JM, Williams WM, Solomon KR, Giesy JP (2014) Risks to aquatic organisms from the use of chlorpyrifos in the United States. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 231:119\u2013162","journal-title":"Rev Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"6_CR38","unstructured":"Giddings JM, Anderson TA, Hall LW Jr, Kendall RJ, Richards RP, Solomon KR, Williams WM (2005) A probabilistic aquatic ecological risk assessment of atrazine in North American surface waters. SETAC, Pensacola, FL, 432 pp"},{"key":"6_CR39","volume-title":"Use and benefits of chlorpyrifos in U.S. Agriculture","author":"LE Gomez","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gomez LE (2009) Use and benefits of chlorpyrifos in U.S. Agriculture. Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, IN (unpublished report)"},{"key":"6_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-6513(84)90015-0","volume":"8","author":"EF Hill","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hill EF, Camardese MB (1984) Toxicity of acetylcholinesterase insecticides to birds: technical grade versus granular formulations. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 8:551\u2013563","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"6_CR41","unstructured":"HSDB (2013) Hazardous substances data bank. Chlorpyrifos. National Library of Medicine. http:\/\/toxnet.nlm.nih.gov\/cgi-bin\/sis\/search\/f?.\/temp\/~ntQQXy:1 . Accessed February 2013"},{"key":"6_CR42","volume-title":"GF-2153: an acute oral toxicity study with the northern bobwhite","author":"PM Hubbard","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hubbard PM, Beavers JB (2008) GF-2153: an acute oral toxicity study with the northern bobwhite. Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI (unpublished report)"},{"key":"6_CR43","volume-title":"Chlorpyrifos: an acute oral toxicity study with the northern bobwhite using two excipients","author":"PM Hubbard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hubbard PM, Beavers JB (2009) Chlorpyrifos: an acute oral toxicity study with the northern bobwhite using two excipients. Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI (unpublished report)"},{"key":"6_CR44","volume-title":"Handbook of toxicity of pesticides to wildlife","author":"RH Hudson","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hudson RH, Tucker RK, Haegele MA (1984) Handbook of toxicity of pesticides to wildlife, 2nd edn. United States Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC","edition":"2"},{"key":"6_CR45","volume-title":"Effects of Furadan\u00ae 4F on birds associated with Nebraska and Texas\/New Mexico corn fields","author":"CD Jorgensen","year":"1989","unstructured":"Jorgensen CD, Whitmore RC, Booth GM, Carter MW, Smith HD (1989) Effects of Furadan\u00ae 4F on birds associated with Nebraska and Texas\/New Mexico corn fields. FMC Corporation, Philadelphia, PA (unpublished report)"},{"key":"6_CR46","volume-title":"Lorsban 50W: 14-day avian acute oral toxicity test with northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus)","author":"MH Kaczor","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kaczor MH, Miller VC (2000) Lorsban 50W: 14-day avian acute oral toxicity test with northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus). Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI (unpublished report)"},{"key":"6_CR47","volume-title":"Dietary toxicity tests with mallards simulating residue decline of chlorpyrifos and avoidance of treated food","author":"EE Kenaga","year":"1978","unstructured":"Kenaga EE, Fink RJ, Beavers JB (1978) Dietary toxicity tests with mallards simulating residue decline of chlorpyrifos and avoidance of treated food. Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI (unpublished report)"},{"key":"6_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.2307\/2422615","volume":"58","author":"B Kessel","year":"1957","unstructured":"Kessel B (1957) A study of the breeding biology of the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris L.) in North America. Am Midl Nat 58:257\u2013331","journal-title":"Am Midl Nat"},{"key":"6_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kluijver HN (1950) Daily routines of the great tit, Parus m major L 38:99\u2013135","DOI":"10.5253\/arde.v38.p99"},{"key":"6_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/65.4.1208","volume":"65","author":"SE Kunz","year":"1972","unstructured":"Kunz SE, Radeleff RD (1972) Evaluation of the hazard of chlorpyrifos soil treatments on turkeys. J Econ Entomol 65:1208\u20131209","journal-title":"J Econ Entomol"},{"key":"6_CR51","first-page":"131","volume-title":"Casaret and Doull\u2019s toxicology: the basic science of poisons","author":"LD Lehman-McKeeman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lehman-McKeeman LD (2008) Adsoption, distribution, and excretion of toxicants. In: Klaasen CD (ed) Casaret and Doull\u2019s toxicology: the basic science of poisons. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, pp 131\u2013159"},{"key":"6_CR52","volume-title":"3,5,6-Trichloro-2-pyridinol: a dietary LC50 study with the mallard","author":"RD Long","year":"1990","unstructured":"Long RD, Hoxter KA, Jaber M (1990) 3,5,6-Trichloro-2-pyridinol: a dietary LC50 study with the mallard. Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI (unpublished report)"},{"key":"6_CR53","volume-title":"XRM 5160 (microencapsulated insecticide): a dietary LC50 study with the mallard","author":"RD Long","year":"1991","unstructured":"Long RD, Smith GJ, Beavers JB (1991) XRM 5160 (microencapsulated insecticide): a dietary LC50 study with the mallard. Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI (unpublished report)"},{"key":"6_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0147-6513(03)00034-4","volume":"57","author":"R Luttik","year":"2004","unstructured":"Luttik R, de Snoo GR (2004) Characterization of grit in arable birds to improve pesticide risk assessment. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 57:319\u2013329","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"6_CR55","first-page":"35","volume":"231","author":"D Mackay","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mackay D, Giesy JP, Solomon KR (2014) Fate in the environment and long-range atmospheric transport of the organophosphorus insecticide, chlorpyrifos and its oxon. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 231:35\u201376","journal-title":"Rev Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"6_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0015-6264(74)90321-6","volume":"12","author":"SB McCollister","year":"1974","unstructured":"McCollister SB, Kociba RJ, Humiston CG, McCollister DD, Gehring PJ (1974) Studies of the acute and long-term oral toxicity of chlorpyrifos (O, O-diethyl-O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothionate). Food Cosmet Toxicol 12:45\u201361","journal-title":"Food Cosmet Toxicol"},{"key":"6_CR57","volume-title":"Toxicity studies on turkeys confined on soil treated with Dursban","author":"WS McGregor","year":"1968","unstructured":"McGregor WS, Swart RW (1968) Toxicity studies on turkeys confined on soil treated with Dursban. Dow Chemical Company, Lake Jackson, TX (unpublished report)"},{"key":"6_CR58","volume-title":"Toxicity studies on turkeys with Dursban insecticide (Wettable Powder Formulation TF-137) applied as a spray to range pens","author":"WS McGregor","year":"1969","unstructured":"McGregor WS, Swart RW (1969) Toxicity studies on turkeys with Dursban insecticide (Wettable Powder Formulation TF-137) applied as a spray to range pens. Dow Chemical Company, Lake Jackson, TX (unpublished report)"},{"key":"6_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620210723","volume":"21","author":"P Mineau","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mineau P (2002) Estimating the probability of bird mortality from pesticide sprays on the basis of the field study record. Environ Toxicol Chem 21:1497\u20131506","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"6_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(72)90041-5","volume":"23","author":"S Miyazaki","year":"1972","unstructured":"Miyazaki S, Hodgson GC (1972) Chronic toxicity of Dursban and its metabolite, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol in chickens. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 23:391\u2013398","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"6_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1080\/10807039891285027","volume":"4","author":"DRJ Moore","year":"1998","unstructured":"Moore DRJ (1998) The ecological component of ecological risk assessment: lessons from a field experiment. Human Ecol Risk Assess 4:1103\u20131123","journal-title":"Human Ecol Risk Assess"},{"key":"6_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1897\/IEAM_2009-024.1","volume":"6","author":"DRJ Moore","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moore DRJ, Thompson RP, Rodney SI, Fischer DL, Ramanaryanan T, Hall T (2010a) Refined aquatic risk assessment for aldicarb in the United States. Integr Environ Assess Manag 6:102\u2013118","journal-title":"Integr Environ Assess Manag"},{"key":"6_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1897\/IEAM_2009-022.1","volume":"6","author":"DRJ Moore","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moore DRJ, Teed RS, Rodney SI, Thompson RP, Fischer DL (2010b) Refined avian risk assessment for aldicarb in the United States. Integr Environ Assess Manag 6:83\u2013101","journal-title":"Integr Environ Assess Manag"},{"key":"6_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1897\/IEAM_2009-021.1","volume":"6","author":"DRJ Moore","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moore DRJ, Fischer DL, Teed RS, Rodney SI (2010c) Probabilistic risk-assessment model for birds exposed to granular pesticides. Integr Environ Assess Manag 6:260\u2013272","journal-title":"Integr Environ Assess Manag"},{"key":"6_CR65","volume-title":"Chlorpyrifos (Dursban 480 EC) in brassica crops\u2014field study on exposure and effects on wild birds","author":"P Moosmayer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Moosmayer P, Wilkens S (2008) Chlorpyrifos (Dursban 480 EC) in brassica crops\u2014field study on exposure and effects on wild birds. Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, IN (unpublished report)"},{"key":"6_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2307\/1942620","volume":"57","author":"KA Nagy","year":"1987","unstructured":"Nagy KA (1987) Field metabolic rate and food requirement scaling in mammals and birds. Ecol Monogr 57:11\u2013128","journal-title":"Ecol Monogr"},{"key":"6_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.19.1.247","volume":"19","author":"KA Nagy","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nagy KA, Girard IA, Brown TK (1999) Energetics of free-ranging mammals, reptiles, and birds. Annu Rev Nutr 19:247\u2013277","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"6_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620190514","volume":"19","author":"KC Parsons","year":"2000","unstructured":"Parsons KC, Matz AC, Hooper MJ, Pokras MA (2000) Monitoring wading bird exposure to agricultural chemicals using serum cholinesterase activity. Environ Toxicol Chem 19:1317\u20131323","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"6_CR69","first-page":"84","volume":"90","author":"BC Pinkowski","year":"1978","unstructured":"Pinkowski BC (1978) Feeding of nestling and fledgling eastern bluebirds. Wilson Bull 90:84\u201398","journal-title":"Wilson Bull"},{"key":"6_CR70","volume-title":"Probabilistic environmental risk assessment for terrestrial biota exposed to CPY","author":"PMRA","year":"2007","unstructured":"PMRA (2007) Probabilistic environmental risk assessment for terrestrial biota exposed to CPY, vol III. Pest Management Regulatory Agency, Environmental Assessment Division, Ottawa, ON"},{"key":"6_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/65.2.454","volume":"65","author":"MA Price","year":"1972","unstructured":"Price MA, Kunz SE, Everett RF (1972) Further evaluation of insecticides to control the chigger Neoschongastia americana on turkeys. J Econ Entomol 65:454\u2013455","journal-title":"J Econ Entomol"},{"key":"6_CR72","first-page":"1","volume":"131","author":"KD Racke","year":"1993","unstructured":"Racke KD (1993) Environmental fate of chlorpyrifos. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 131:1\u2013151","journal-title":"Rev Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"6_CR73","volume-title":"Modelling the laboratory soil degradation kinetics of CPY and two metabolites (TCP and TMP) using FOCUS methodology","author":"G Reeves","year":"2008","unstructured":"Reeves G (2008) Modelling the laboratory soil degradation kinetics of CPY and two metabolites (TCP and TMP) using FOCUS methodology. Dow Agrosciences, Abingdon, UK (unpublished report)"},{"key":"6_CR74","unstructured":"SAP (2000) Implementation plan for probabilistic ecological assessment: a consultation. FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel Meeting, 5\u20137 April 2000. United States Environmental Protection Agency, FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel, Arlington, VA. No. 2000-02"},{"key":"6_CR75","unstructured":"SAP (2001) Probabilistic Models and Methodologies: Advancing the ecological risk assessment process in the EPA Office of pesticide programs. FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel Meeting, 13\u201316 March 2001. United States Environmental Protection Agency, FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel, Arlington, VA. No. 2001-06"},{"key":"6_CR76","unstructured":"SAP (2004) Refined (level II) Terrestrial and aquatic models\u2014probabilistic ecological assessments for pesticides: terrestrial. FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel Meeting, 30\u201331 March 2004. United States Environmental Protection Agency, FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel, Arlington, VA. No. 2004-03"},{"key":"6_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.2307\/3799717","volume":"35","author":"EW Schafer","year":"1971","unstructured":"Schafer EW, Brunton RB (1971) Chemicals as bird repellents: two promising agents. J Wildl Manag 35:569\u2013572","journal-title":"J Wildl Manag"},{"key":"6_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1520\/STP34970S","volume-title":"Vertebrate pest control and management materials","author":"EW Schafer","year":"1979","unstructured":"Schafer EW, Brunton RB (1979) Indicator bird species for toxicity determinations: is the technique usable in test method development. In: Beck JR (ed) Vertebrate pest control and management materials, vol ASTM STP 680. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, pp 157\u2013168"},{"key":"6_CR79","volume-title":"Chlorpyrifos (Dursban 75 WG) in citrus orchards\u2014field study on exposure and effects on wild birds","author":"A Selbach","year":"2008","unstructured":"Selbach A, Wilkens S (2008a) Chlorpyrifos (Dursban 75 WG) in citrus orchards\u2014field study on exposure and effects on wild birds. Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, IN (unpublished report)"},{"key":"6_CR80","volume-title":"Chlorpyrifos (Dursban 75 WG) in citrus orchards\u2014field study on exposure and effects on wild birds","author":"A Selbach","year":"2008","unstructured":"Selbach A, Wilkens S (2008b) Chlorpyrifos (Dursban 75 WG) in citrus orchards\u2014field study on exposure and effects on wild birds. Dow AgroSciences, Abingdon, UK (unpublished report)"},{"key":"6_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1021\/jf60149a017","volume":"15","author":"GN Smith","year":"1967","unstructured":"Smith GN, Watson BS, Fischer FS (1967) The metabolism of 36Cl O, O-diethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate in rats. J Agric Food Chem 15:132\u2013138","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"6_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1080\/20018091094510","volume":"7","author":"KR Solomon","year":"2001","unstructured":"Solomon KR, Giesy JP, Kendall RJ, Best LB, Coats JR, Dixon KR, Hooper MJ, Kenaga EE, McMurry ST (2001) Chlorpyrifos: ecotoxicological risk assessment for birds and mammals in corn agroecosystems. Human Ecol Risk Assess 7:497\u2013632","journal-title":"Human Ecol Risk Assess"},{"key":"6_CR83","first-page":"13","volume":"231","author":"KR Solomon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Solomon KR, Williams M, Mackay D, Purdy J, Giddings JM, Giesy JP (2014) Properties and uses of chlorpyrifos in the United States. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 231:13\u201334","journal-title":"Rev Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"6_CR84","volume-title":"Assessment of the differential toxicity of carbofuran to northern mallard ducks when dosed as a single aqueous bolus versus the same dose mixed with feed","author":"JM Stafford","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stafford JM (2007a) Assessment of the differential toxicity of carbofuran to northern mallard ducks when dosed as a single aqueous bolus versus the same dose mixed with feed. FMC Corporation, Philadelphia, PA (unpublished report)"},{"key":"6_CR85","volume-title":"Assessment of the differential toxicity of carbofuran to northern bobwhite Quail when dosed as a single aqueous bolus versus the same dose mixed with feed","author":"JM Stafford","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stafford JM (2007b) Assessment of the differential toxicity of carbofuran to northern bobwhite Quail when dosed as a single aqueous bolus versus the same dose mixed with feed. FMC Corporatio, Philadelphia, PA (unpublished report)"},{"key":"6_CR86","volume-title":"Evaluation of northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) food consumption relative to the concentration of chlorpyrifos in the diet","author":"JM Stafford","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stafford JM (2010) Evaluation of northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) food consumption relative to the concentration of chlorpyrifos in the diet. Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, IN (unpublished report)"},{"key":"6_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620150926","volume":"15","author":"TR Stafford","year":"1996","unstructured":"Stafford TR, Best LB, Fischer DL (1996) Effects of different formulations of granular pesticides on birds. Environ Toxicol Chem 15:1606\u20131611","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"6_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620160817","volume":"16","author":"TR Stafford","year":"1997","unstructured":"Stafford TR, Best LB (1997) Effects of granular pesticide formulations and soil moisture on avian exposure. Environ Toxicol Chem 16:1687\u20131693","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"6_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420056693","volume-title":"Ecological risk assessment for contaminated sites","author":"GW Suter II","year":"2000","unstructured":"Suter GW II, Efroymson RA, Sample BE, Jones DS (2000) Ecological risk assessment for contaminated sites. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 460 pp"},{"key":"6_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-374367-1.00070-7","volume-title":"Handbook of pesticide toxicology","author":"E Testai","year":"2010","unstructured":"Testai E, Buratti FM, Consiglio ED (2010) Chlorpyrifos. In: Krieger RI, Doull J, van Hemmen JJ, Hodgson E, Maibach HI, Ritter L, Ross J, Slikker W (eds) Handbook of pesticide toxicology, vol 2. Elsevier, Burlington, MA, pp 1505\u20131526"},{"key":"6_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Timchalk C (2010) Organophosphorus insecticide pharmacokinetics. In: Krieger RI, Doull J, van Hemmen JJ, Hodgson E, Maibach HI, Ritter L, Ross J, Slikker W (eds) Handbook of pesticide toxicology, vol 2. Elsevier, Burlington, MA, pp 1409\u20131433","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-374367-1.00066-5"},{"key":"6_CR92","unstructured":"USEPA (1999) Reregistration eligibility science chapter for chlorpyrifos: fate and environmental risk assessment chapter. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC."},{"key":"6_CR93","unstructured":"USEPA (2002) Calcasieu estuary remedial investigation\/feasibility study (RI\/FS): baseline ecological risk assessment (BERA). United States Environmental Protection Agency, Region 6, Dallas, TX, USA. http:\/\/mapping2.orr.noaa.gov\/portal\/calcasieu\/calc_html\/pdfs\/reports\/berassessws.pdf"},{"key":"6_CR94","unstructured":"USEPA (2004a) Ecological risk assessment for General Electric (GE)\/Housatonic River Site, Rest of River. United States Environmental Protection Agency, New England Region, Boston, MA. http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/region1\/ge\/thesite\/restofriver\/reports\/era_nov04\/215498_ERA_FNL_TOC_MasterCD.pdf"},{"key":"6_CR95","unstructured":"USEPA (2004b) Overview of the ecological risk assessment process in the office of pesticide programs: endangered and threatened species effects determinations. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC"},{"key":"6_CR96","unstructured":"USEPA (2005) Reregistration eligibility science chapter for carbofuran. environmental fate and effects chapter. environmental risk assessment and human drinking water exposure assessment. United States Environmental Protection Program, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC"},{"key":"6_CR97","unstructured":"USEPA (2008) Terrestrial investigation model version 2.1. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC."},{"key":"6_CR98","volume-title":"problem formulation for the environmental fate and ecological risk, endangered species and drinking water assessments in support of the registration review of chlorpyrifos","author":"USEPA","year":"2008","unstructured":"USEPA (2008b) problem formulation for the environmental fate and ecological risk, endangered species and drinking water assessments in support of the registration review of chlorpyrifos. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC"},{"key":"6_CR99","volume-title":"Chlorpyrifos final work plan. Registration review","author":"USEPA","year":"2009","unstructured":"USEPA (2009) Chlorpyrifos final work plan. Registration review. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC"},{"key":"6_CR100","unstructured":"USEPA (2010) Screening tool for inhalation risk (STIR) version 1.0 Washington, DC. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC."},{"key":"6_CR101","unstructured":"USEPA (2011) Revised chlorpyrifos preliminary registration review drinking water assessment. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, Washington, DC, USA. PC Code 059101 http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/oppsrrd1\/registration_review\/chlorpyrifos\/EPA-HQ-OPP-2008-0850-DRAFT-0025%5B1%5D.pdf"},{"key":"6_CR102","volume-title":"Eleven-day toxicant 2 x LC50 option with untreated food\u2014mallard duck","author":"Wildlife International","year":"1978","unstructured":"Wildlife International (1978) Eleven-day toxicant 2 x LC50 option with untreated food\u2014mallard duck. Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI (unpublished report)"},{"key":"6_CR103","volume-title":"Chlorpyrifos (Dursban 480 EC): residues of chlorpyrifos in invertebrates after spray application of Dursban 75 WP in citrus orchards\u2014magnitude and time course of residue decline","author":"S Wilkens","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wilkens S, Frese I, Schneider K (2008) Chlorpyrifos (Dursban 480 EC): residues of chlorpyrifos in invertebrates after spray application of Dursban 75 WP in citrus orchards\u2014magnitude and time course of residue decline. Dow AgroSciences, Abingdon, UK (unpublished report)"},{"key":"6_CR104","first-page":"77","volume":"231","author":"WM Williams","year":"2014","unstructured":"Williams WM, Giddings JM, Purdy J, Solomon KR, Giesy JP (2014) Exposures of aquatic organisms resulting from the use of chlorpyrifos in the United States. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 231:77\u2013118","journal-title":"Rev Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"6_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.133","volume":"29","author":"C Wolf","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wolf C, Riffel M, Weyman G, Douglas M, Norman S (2010) Telemetry-based field studies for assessment of acute and short-term risk to birds from spray applications of chlorpyrifos. Environ Toxicol Chem 29:1795\u20131803","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"6_CR106","volume-title":"Dursban insecticide: an evaluation of its effects upon avian and mammalian species on and around golf courses in fall in Florida","author":"KB Worley","year":"1994","unstructured":"Worley KB, Frey LT, Palmer DA, Krueger HO (1994) Dursban insecticide: an evaluation of its effects upon avian and mammalian species on and around golf courses in fall in Florida. Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI (unpublished report)"}],"container-title":["Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","Ecological Risk Assessment for Chlorpyrifos in Terrestrial and Aquatic Systems in the United States"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-319-03865-0_6","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T05:54:30Z","timestamp":1746165270000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-319-03865-0_6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"ISBN":["9783319038643","9783319038650"],"references-count":106,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-03865-0_6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0179-5953","2197-6554"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0179-5953","type":"print"},{"value":"2197-6554","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014]]}}}